Marie Curie was a physicist, chemist, scientist, and philosopher.
Madame Curie (full name Maria Sk?odowska Curie?, English name: Marie Sk?odowska Curie, November 7, 1867---July 4, 1934 ), a famous French female scientist, physicist, and radiochemist of Polish origin. Born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867. On June 25, 1903, Marie Curie discovered radium. In 1903, she and her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1911, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their achievements in radiochemistry. She was the founder of the Curie Institute. He has won 10 bonuses, 16 medals, and 107 honorary titles in his lifetime. He is also the first scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Science twice. There is a social impact that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her example has inspired many people. Due to long-term exposure to radioactive substances, Marie Curie died of malignant leukemia on July 3, 1934 at the age of 67.
Marie Curie’s signature schooling stage
On November 7, 1867, Marie Jury was born into a family of middle school teachers in Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland.
In September 1891, he went to Paris to study, and in November he entered the Physics Department of the Faculty of Science of the University of Solbourg (the University of Paris).
In April 1894, he got acquainted with Pierre Curie through the introduction of Joseph Kowalski, a Polish scholar and professor of physics at the University of Fortress in Switzerland, in order to make better use of the equipment led by Curie. 's laboratory.
In April 1895, Marie Sklodowska's paper "Radioactivity of Compounds of Uranium and Thorium" was read by Lippmann at the Academy of Sciences.
On July 26, 1895, Marie and Pierre Curie got married in Saus, a suburb of Paris. Marie Curie was a teacher at a girls' middle school.
Marie Curie at the age of 16
Research stage
In March 1896, in August Marie passed the professional title examination for university graduates to serve as teachers. With the support of Schutzenberg (1827-1897), the principal of the School of Physics and Chemistry, Mary found a position, worked in the school's physics laboratory, and had an affair with Pierre (director).
In July 1898, the Curies proposed "On a New Radioactive Substance in Pitchblende" to the Academy of Sciences, describing the discovery of a new radioactive element, No. 84, which is four hundred times stronger than uranium and similar to bismuth. Marie Curie suggested constructing the name polonium (polonium) for the new element after her native Poland. From then on, the Curies worked closely together, conducted joint research, and established the earliest working methods of radiochemistry.
In December 1898, the Curies and their colleague Bemont proposed to the Academy of Sciences "On the Containing a Highly Radioactive New Substance in Pitchblende", explaining that a new element No. 88 was discovered, which is more radioactive than uranium. A million times stronger, named radium (Radium). Marie Curie's report on the discovery of the new element polonium was published in Polish in the Warsaw illustrated monthly Sviatro.
In March 1900, Marie taught physics at the école Normale Sèvres de Sèvres, southwest of Paris. Mary's paper "On the Atomic Weight of Radioactive Barium Compounds." The Curies read a paper "On New Radioactive Substances and the Lines They Emit" at the International Physics Society in Paris.
In October 1900, two German scholars Valkov and Gizer claimed that radium had strange effects on biological tissues. Later, the Curies confirmed that laser rays can burn the skin.
In 1902, after three years and nine months of refining, the Curies separated a trace amount (one decigram) of radium chloride RaCl2 from several tons of residue, and measured the atomic weight of radium to be 225. Later they obtained The exact number is 226.
In 1903, the Curies and Becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 1908, he wrote a preface to "Collected Works of Pierre Curie", tracing the author's achievements. The book was commissioned by the French Physical Society to be edited by Langevin and published in Paris. Promoted to professor.
In 1911, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for isolating pure radium metal. ?
In 1915, it moved from the physics laboratory of Solburn University to the radiology laboratory of the Radium Institute. He traveled around the country and abroad to guide eighteen field medical service teams.
In 1916, a crash course in radiology was held for health workers at the Radium Institute to teach doctors a new method of finding the location of foreign objects (such as shrapnel) in the human body, which was praised by the Allied military.
In 1921, based on his wartime notes, he wrote "Radiology and War" and published it in Paris.
On March 8, 1921, he met with Cai Yuanpei, President of Peking University in China. Cai arrived in Paris on his way abroad and invited Madame Curie to give lectures at Peking University. The answer was: "We can't go here. We should plan for it during the summer vacation in the future." It never happened.
In May 1921, mother and daughter crossed the sea to the United States to receive one gram of radium (currently worth US$100,000) from the "Marie Curie Committee", the U.S. Marie Curie Radium Fund Fundraising Committee. ). The gift ceremony was held at the White House in Washington on the 20th, hosted by the President of the United States. She went to Philadelphia to receive the new thorium centigram; she donated her original piezoelectric quartz meter to the American Philosophical Society. The paper "On Isotopology and Isotopic Elements" was published in Paris.
In February 1922, he was elected as an academician of the Paris Academy of Medical Sciences.
In May 1922, at the invitation of Sir Eric Drummond, Secretary-General of the League of Nations established after World War I, based on the decision of the International Council, he participated in the International League established the previous year. Cultural Cooperation Committee. He first served as a member and was later elected as Vice Chairman. To this end, I often go to Geneva to attend meetings.
In 1930, the French government applied for a special research subsidy and received 500,000 francs.
In 1934, the book "Radioactivity" (two volumes) was written and published in 1935. Joliot-Curie and his wife discovered artificial radioactivity under the guidance of Marie Curie. Marie Curie felt that her body and mind were declining day by day, but she felt new comfort seeing the progress in laboratory research work and the achievements of the second generation she had trained personally. She expected that her daughter and his wife would receive Nobel prizes for their achievements, and sure enough they won the prize the next year.
June 1934: Admitted to Sancelome Sanatorium in Haute-Savoie. July 4: Died in a sanatorium of pernicious anemia (caused by radium). July 6: Buried in Curie's tomb in Saussure, Paris. Her brother (Joseph Sklodowski) and sister (Bronischlava Dluska) sprinkled soil brought from Poland to the grave.
The Curies’ laboratory research fields
Radiation physics, chemistry, mathematics
1. Discovered the radioactive elements polonium (Po) and radium (Ra)
2. Proposed the view that rays (now known to be composed of electrons) are negatively charged particles. Scientific achievements
Madame Curie in the laboratory During experimental research, Marie Curie designed a measuring instrument that can not only detect the presence of rays in a certain substance, but also measure the intensity of the rays. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is proportional to the amount of uranium in the material, and has nothing to do with the state of uranium existence and external conditions. ?
Madame Curie conducted a comprehensive examination of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can also automatically emit invisible rays. This shows that the fact that elements can emit rays is not just a characteristic of uranium, but a unique characteristic of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity and the elements with this property called radioactive elements. The rays they emit are called "radiation." ?
At the end of 1902, Marie Curie refined one-tenth of a gram of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is an extremely difficult-to-obtain natural radioactive substance. It is in the form of shiny, white crystals like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral lines of any known element. Although radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by humans, it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, many new properties of radiation can be further identified. to enable further practical application of many elements. Medical research has found that radium rays have very different effects on various cells and tissues. Those cells that reproduce quickly are quickly destroyed by radium irradiation. This discovery made radium a powerful tool in the treatment of cancer. Cancerous tumors are composed of cells that reproduce abnormally rapidly, and laser rays can damage them far more than the surrounding healthy tissue. This new treatment method was quickly developed in countries around the world. In the French Republic, radium therapy was called Curie therapy.
The discovery of radium fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics and was of great significance in promoting the development of scientific theories and their practical applications. Who's book?
"On the Chemical Action of Radium Rays" (co-authored with Pierre Curie) 1899
"On the Atomic Weight of Radioactive Barium" 1900
"Newly Discovered Radioactive Substances and the Rays They Emit" (co-authored with Pierre Curie) 1900
"Theory of Decay of Radioactive Processes" 1900
"On Radioactive Substances" 1901
"On the Atomic Weight of Radium" 1902
"Research on Radioactive Substances" 1903
"On Radioactivity" 1910
"Isotopes and Their Compositions" 1921
"The Biography of Pierre Curie" 1924
"Radiology" 1935
p>Personal Honors
Marie Curie was the first person in history to win two Nobel Prizes, and she won the Nobel Prizes in two different fields.
In her lifetime, Madame Curie won 10 famous prizes including the Nobel Prize (1903, 1911. The first scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Science twice). , received 16 medals from high-level international academic institutions; more than 100 various titles awarded by governments and scientific research institutions around the world.
Her various honorary titles include: 56 members, 2 presidents, 19 academicians, 1 dean, 20 doctorates, 1 professor, and 3 honorary citizens.
Prize
Jonier Prize 1898, Paris Academy of Sciences.
1900 Jonier Prize, Paris Academy of Sciences.
Jonier Prize in 1902, Paris Academy of Sciences.
1903 Nobel Prize in Physics (shared with Henri Becquerel and Pierre Curie).
1904 Osili Prize (awarded by the Paris Press Syndicate, jointly won with Edouard Brownlee).
1907 Actonian Prize, Royal Society of Science.
1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
1921 Ellen Richards Research Fellowship.
The 1923 Grand Prize of the Marquis of Argenteuil in 1924, with a bronze medal, the French Society for the Promotion of Industry.
1931 Cameron Prize, awarded by the University of Edinburgh.
Medal
1903 Bertrand Medal (shared with Pierre Curie).
1903 Medal of Honor of the City of Paris (shared with Pierre Curie).
1903 David Medal, Royal Society of London (shared with Pierre Curie).
1904 Mattechi Medal, Italian Scientific Society (shared with Pierre Curie).
1908 Kerman Gold Medal, Leer Industrial Association.
1909 Eliot Christian Gold Medal, Franklin Institute.
1910 Albert Medal, Royal Society of Arts, London.
Grand Cross of the Order of Alphonse XII of Spain in 1919.
1921 Benjamin Franklin Medal, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
1921 John Scott Medal, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
1921 National Academy of Social Sciences Gold Medal, New York.
1921 William Gibbs Medal, American Chemical Society, Chicago.
1922 American College of Radiology Gold Medal.
First-class commendation from the Romanian government in 1924, with certificate and gold medal.
Medal of the Federation of Women's Clubs of New York City, 1929.
1931 American College of Radiology Medal.
Honorary title
Honorary member of the Moscow Imperial Society of Friends of Anthropology and Ethnography in 1904.
Honorary member of the Royal Scientific Society in 1904.
Foreign member of the London Chemical Society in 1904.
Corresponding member of the Batavi Philosophical Society in 1904.
Honorary member of the Mexican Physical Society in 1904.
Honorary academician of the Mexican Academy of Sciences in 1904.
In 1904, he was an honorary member of the Warsaw Council for the Promotion of Industry and Commerce.
Corresponding member of the Argentine Scientific Society in 1906.
Foreign member of the Dutch Scientific Society in 1907.
Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Edinburgh in 1907.
Corresponding academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in 1908.
Honorary member of the Brunswick Natural Science Society in 1908.
Honorary Doctor of Medicine from the University of Geneva in 1909.
Corresponding academician of the Bologna Academy of Sciences in 1909.
In 1909, he became a foreign cooperative academician of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts.
Honorary staff member of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1909.
Current academician of the Krakow Academy of Sciences in 1909.
Current academician of the Chilean Academy of Sciences in 1910.
Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1910.
Foreign academician of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1910.
Member of the American Chemical Society in 1910.
Honorary member of the London Physical Society in 1910.
Honorary member of the London Psychic Research Society in 1911.
In 1911, he became an academician of the Portuguese Academy of Sciences for foreign communications.
Honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Manchester in 1911.
Honorary member of the Belgian Chemical Society in 1912.
Cooperative member of the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg in 1912.
Actual member of the Warsaw Scientific Society in 1912.
In 1912, he became an honorary member of the Philosophy Department of the University of Remburg.
Member of the Warsaw Photographic Society in 1912.
Honorary doctorate from Remburg Polytechnic School in 1912.
Honorary member of the Vilna Scientific Society in 1912.
In 1913, he was a special academician of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Amsterdam (Mathematics Department and Physics Department).
Honorary doctorate from the University of Birmingham in 1913.
In 1913, he was an honorary member of the Edinburgh Society of Science and Arts.
In 1914, he became an honorary member of the Physical Medicine Society of Moscow State University.
Honorary member of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in 1914.
Honorary member of the London Institute of Hygiene in 1914.
Corresponding member of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences in 1914.
In 1918, he became an honorary member of the Spanish Royal Society of Medical Electrology and Medical Radiology.
In 1919, he was the honorary president of the Royal Society of Medical Electrology and Medical Radiology of Spain.
Honorary President of the Madrid Radium Institute in 1919.
In 1919, he became an honorary professor at the University of Warsaw.
Member of the Polish Chemical Society in 1919.
In 1920, he became an ordinary academician of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.
Honorary Doctor of Science from Yale University in 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Chicago in 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Science from Northwestern University in 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Science from Smith College in 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Science from Wellesley College in 1921.
Honorary doctorate from Pennsylvania Women's Medical College in 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Science from Columbia University in 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Pittsburgh in 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Pennsylvania in 1921.
In 1921, he became an honorary member of the Bufalo Natural Science Society.
Honorary member of the Mineralogical Club of New York in 1921.
Honorary member of the American College of Radiology in 1921.
Honorary member of the New England Chemistry Teachers Association in 1921.
Honorary member of the American Museum of Natural History in 1921.
Honorary member of the New Jersey Chemical Society in 1921.
Honorary member of the Society of Industrial Chemistry in 1921.
Academician of the Christian Academy of Sciences in 1921.
In 1921, he was made an honorary lifetime academician of Knox College of Arts and Sciences.
Honorary member of the American Radium Society in 1921.
Honorary member of the Norwegian Society of Medical Radiology in 1921.
Honorary member of the French Alliance in New York in 1922.
Free and cooperative academician of the Paris Academy of Medical Sciences in 1922.
In 1922, he became an honorary academician of the Russian Scientific Group in Belgium.
Honorary member of the Romanian Society of Medical Minerals and Climatology in 1923.
Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Edinburgh in 1923.
In 1923, he became an honorary member of the Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physics Union in Prague.
Honorary citizen of Warsaw in 1924.
In 1924, the name and Buster were engraved on a building in New York City Hall.
Honorary doctorate from the Polish Chemical Society in Warsaw in 1924.
Honorary Doctor of Medicine from the University of Krakow in 1924.
Honorary Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Krakow in 1924.
Honorary citizen of Riga in 1924.
Honorary member of the Athens Society for Psychic Research in 1924.
In 1925, he became an honorary member of the Medical Society of Lublin, Poland.
In 1926, he became an ordinary member of Maro's "Pontificia Taberina".
In 1926, he became an honorary member of the Chemical Society of S?o Paulo, Brazil.
Corresponding member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences in 1926.
Honorary member of the Brazilian Feminist Development Federation in 1926.
In 1926, he became an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical and Chemical Society of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
In 1926, he received an honorary doctorate from the Chemistry Department of the Warsaw Polytechnic School.
Honorary academician of the Moscow Academy of Sciences in 1927.
Honorary member of the Bohemian Literary and Scientific Society in 1927.
In 1927, he became an honorary academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
Honorary member of the American Interstate Medical Graduate Association in 1927.
Honorary member of the New Zealand Institute in 1927.
In 1929, he became an honorary member of the Society of Friends of Science in Poznan, Poland.
Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Glasgow in 1929.
Honorary citizen of Glasgow in 1929.
Honorary Doctor of Science from St. Lawrence University in 1929.
In 1929, he was an honorary member of the New York Academy of Medical Sciences.
In 1929, he became an honorary member of the Polish Medical and Dental Association of the United States.
Honorary member of the French Association of Inventors and Scholars in 1930.
In 1930, he was the honorary president of the French Association of Inventors and Scholars.
Honorary member of the World Peace Federation in Geneva in 1931.
Honorary staff member of the American College of Radiology in 1931.
Foreign Corresponding Member of the Academy of Pure Physics and Natural Sciences in Madrid in 1931.
In 1932 Halley became an academician of the German Royal Academy of Natural Sciences.
Honorary member of the Warsaw Medical Society in 1932.
Honorary member of the Czech Chemical Society in 1932.
In 1933, he became an honorary member of the British Institute of Radiology and the Roentgen Society in London.
The certificate when receiving the Nobel Prize in 1903
The Nobel Prize certificate in 1911 and famous quotes
The weak sit back and wait for their opportunities; the strong create opportunities.
If you can live according to your ideals, with a spirit of integrity and freedom, courageous perseverance, and act with honest and non-self-deceiving thoughts, you will surely achieve perfection. situation.
I believe that people can lead interesting and useful lives in every period. We should not waste our lives in vain, and should be able to say, "We have done what we can do." People can only ask us to do this, and only in this way can we have a little happiness. ?
If you can live according to your ideals, act with a spirit of integrity and freedom, courageous perseverance, and honest and non-self-deceiving thoughts, you will surely reach a state of perfection.
We live life happily every day, and do not wait until the days have passed to discover their loveliness, nor put all our hopes of special desirability in the future.
We have to eat, sleep, browse, love, that is, we have to be exposed to the sweetest things in life, but we must not succumb to these things.
What is important in science is the "thing" that is studied, not the "person" of the researcher.
Only by paying equal attention to both gymnastics and music can one become a complete personality. Because gymnastics can exercise the body and music can cultivate the spirit. ?
People must have perseverance, otherwise nothing will be achieved.
I have never been lucky, and I will never expect to be lucky in the future. My highest principle is: never give in to any difficulties!
Our lives don’t seem to be easy, but what does it matter? We should have perseverance and especially self-confidence!
If you can live your life following your ideals and act with the spirit of freedom, the perseverance to move forward, and the thought of being honest and not self-deceiving, you will surely reach a state of perfection and perfection. Social Evaluation
Einstein's speech "In Memory of Marie Curie": "When a noble figure like Marie Curie ends her life, we should not be satisfied with just recalling the results of her work. The contribution that first-class figures have made to mankind may be greater in terms of their moral character than in terms of pure intellectual achievements. Even the latter depends on the degree of character, perhaps more than that. As is generally believed. I was fortunate to have a noble and sincere friendship with Madame Curie for 20 years. I became more and more impressed by the greatness of her personality, the purity of her will, and her strict self-discipline. Her objectivity, her impartial judgment - all this is rare in a person who is aware at all times that she is a public servant of society, and her extreme humility never leaves any room for complacency. . Due to the harshness and unfairness of society, her mood is always depressed, which gives her a serious appearance that is easily misunderstood by those who are not close to her - this is something that cannot be relieved by any artistic temperament. Einstein said: "Among all the famous people in the world, she has a rare seriousness. , Marie Curie was the only one who was not spoiled by fame. ”
Xiaofaer, President of the Academy of Sciences: Marie Curie, you are a great scholar, a great woman who dedicates herself to work and sacrifices for science, and a person who has always served us both in war and in peace. Patriots who work with special responsibilities, we salute you. You are here, we can get spiritual benefits from you, we are grateful to you; you are among us, we are proud that you are the first to enter. The French women of the Academy of Sciences are also well-deserved.
The Curies
In 1934, Madame Curie in her later years