Why is the manufacturing industry is still the main driving force of China's national economic growth

Economic growth mode, refers to the promotion of economic growth of various factors of production input, combination and use of the way, can be divided into rough and intensive growth mode. The change in the mode of economic growth is the change from the crude growth mode to the intensive growth mode. Transforming the mode of economic growth is of paramount importance. Over the past two decades of reform and opening up, China's economy has grown rapidly, but the transformation of the growth mode is hardly satisfactory. The characteristics of high input, high consumption, high emission and low efficiency are still relatively obvious. If there is not a fundamental change in the mode of growth, it is impossible to achieve sound and rapid economic development I. Importance and urgency of accelerating the transformation of the mode of economic growth 1, the transformation of the mode of economic growth is to reduce the pressure on resources and the environment, and to achieve the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way needs. As a large developing country with a large population, China has a relative shortage of resources per capita, and the per capita availability of many important resources is much lower than the world average. At present, the situation of land, fresh water, energy, mineral resources and the environment in China poses serious constraints on economic development. For example, the degree of external dependence on major mineral resources has risen from 5 per cent in 1990 to more than 50 per cent in the past two years. At the same time, China's resource utilization efficiency is low; in terms of resource inputs and outputs, in 2004, China's GDP accounted for 4 per cent of the world's GDP based on the exchange rate at the time, but it consumed 8 per cent of the world's crude oil, 10 per cent of its electricity, 19 per cent of its aluminium, 20 per cent of its copper, 31 per cent of its coal and 30 per cent of its steel. Especially high energy consumption, energy elasticity coefficient (energy consumption growth rate GDP growth rate) since the reform and opening up to 2000 has been below 1, and 2001-2004 reached 1.29, of which 1.6 in 2004. this kind of high-input, high-consumption, high-emission, inefficient and roughly expanding the mode of economic growth has been difficult to sustain. We want to realize the grand goal of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, and the strategic goal of quadrupling the total GDP by 2020 compared with 2000. If we continue to adopt the crude economic growth mode, our resources and environment will be overburdened. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the energy consumption per unit of output is required to be reduced by 20%, and last year it was to be reduced by 4%, while the first three quarters were raised by 0.8%. Only by accelerating the transformation of the mode of economic growth can we fundamentally reduce the pressure of the new economic development goals on resources and the environment, and promote sustainable economic and social development.　　2. Transforming the mode of economic growth is necessary to effectively improve the quality of economic growth. The crude growth mode has led to a speed-based efficiency, i.e., the growth of economic efficiency can only be obtained if the economic growth rate reaches a high level. The growth of speed-based benefits relies mainly on overloading machinery and equipment, workers working overtime, and, in particular, rising product prices, while the quality and combination of factors of production have not improved, and real productivity and the quality of growth have not risen. Under this model, many localities and enterprises have developed a tendency to pursue growth speed unilaterally. At the same time, the high-input, high-consumption growth mode has also led to an over-representation of the energy and raw materials industries, which is not conducive to the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure and the improvement of the quality of economic growth. For example, in 2004, China's electricity and coal growth rate are substantially higher than the GDP growth rate, power growth elasticity coefficient as high as 1.6, but the situation of supply and demand tension has not been reversed. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the transformation of the mode of economic growth, to change the excessive dependence on the growth rate and the over-representation of basic industries, and to shift to relying on scientific and technological progress to promote the optimal allocation of resources, in order to effectively improve the quality and efficiency of economic growth.　　3, change the mode of economic growth is to improve the quality of import and export trade, enhance China's international competitiveness needs. At present, China's foreign trade has entered an important turning point, is in the quantitative growth to quality and efficiency of growth, from the trade power to trade power to change the key stage. First, the speed and efficiency are not coordinated enough. In the past three years, China's foreign trade has averaged a high growth rate of more than 30%, but the quality and efficiency have not grown in tandem. Textiles, for example, in 2003 compared with 2001, China's abolition of quotas on the number of products exported soared to the United States, the European Union's export prices have fallen by 60% or so. 2003 China's exports of footwear accounted for 60% of the world market, the average unit price of only Spain's 15, respectively, Italy's 112. At the same time, many of China's exports of goods, "three" high and one low "high and one low", the high quality and efficiency of trade is not synchronized growth. High and low", high material consumption, high energy consumption, high pollution and low value-added. China's export volume expansion, increase in volume without increasing the efficiency of the characteristics of the obvious. Secondly, trade friction has increased. Although China's trade accounted for less than 6% of the world's share, but our anti-dumping cases are as high as 15%, to 2003, China has been the most anti-dumping for nine consecutive years to suffer from anti-dumping countries. 1995-2003, WTO members *** initiated 2,416 anti-dumping, of which there are 356 against our country, in 2004, there are 16 countries and regions to China to launch anti-dumping In 2004, 16 countries and regions initiated 57 anti-dumping, countervailing, safeguard measures and special security investigations against China, involving an amount of 1.26 billion U.S. dollars. China's international market share of some products has been very large, for example, China's textile exports accounted for 73% of the Japanese market, the United States 17%, 16% of the European Union, the market share of the first to continue to expand the space is limited, if you continue to engage in the expansion of the number of low-priced competition, will attract more and more anti-dumping. From the import point of view is also the case, in 2003, China's imports of iron ore accounted for 61% of global trade, resulting in the international market prices rose nearly 2 times, international freight rates have also risen 1.9 times, causing concern and worry of the international community. Therefore, trade friction will not only cause losses to our country, but also is not conducive to the realization of the goal of *** with development, which is unsustainable.　　4. Transforming the mode of economic growth is necessary to prevent economic ups and downs and to maintain stable and healthy economic development. China's economic growth process has repeatedly appeared in the ups and downs, the operation and development of the national economy has brought a greater impact. The reason for this lies to a large extent in the influence of the crude economic growth mode. This is mainly manifested in: First, it leads to the expansion of investment demand. The crude growth mode mainly relies on a large increase in capital investment to promote economic growth, and in the upward phase of the economic cycle, the growth of investment in fixed assets tends to substantially exceed the rate of economic growth. Plus in this way of growth, local governments and enterprises are focused on the project, increase investment, expanding the scale of the economy, prone to blind investment, low-level duplication of the construction of the situation, and exacerbated the trend of inflated investment demand. Secondly, it is caused by the price level rise. Rough growth mode is characterized by high consumption, low efficiency. In the process of rising economic growth rate, the consumption of material information to a higher rate of growth, so that the demand for the means of production products overexpansion, the price level rose. If the price of the means of production rises at a greater rate and for a longer period of time, it will inevitably be transmitted to the price of consumer goods, causing the overall price level to rise. Third, it is caused by the bottleneck constraints of basic industries and infrastructure. A prominent manifestation of the crude growth pattern is the high proportion of the industrial sector's consumption of energy and raw materials. When the economy accelerated growth, with short-term rapid expansion capacity is mainly processing industry, the consumption of energy and raw materials increased dramatically, and the extractive industry, transportation industry formed a larger demand pressure, and these basic industries and infrastructure sectors of the short-term expansion capacity is weak, difficult to adapt to the substantial growth in demand, soon appeared in the industrial bottleneck constraints.　　Economic ups and downs, the root of the problem still lies in the crude economic growth mode. Only by accelerating the transformation of economic growth mode, can we fundamentally eliminate the economic ups and downs, prevent the recurrence of this stubborn disease, so that the national economy into a stable and rapid development track.　　Second, the transformation of economic growth mode of several major focus points of economic growth mode of change is a major systematic project, requires long-term unremitting hard work. The most important thing is to comprehensively implement the scientific concept of development, improve the ability of independent innovation, adjust and optimize the economic structure, pay attention to energy and resource conservation, protect the ecological environment, and deepen institutional reform.　　1. To change the mode of economic growth, it is necessary to improve the ability of independent innovation. In order to narrow the technological gap with developed countries, domestic market share is often transferred to transnational corporations in exchange for advanced technology from abroad, which is often referred to as market for technology. This can narrow the technology gap and promote the development of new industries. We emphasize independent innovation and do not exclude the introduction of technology and the use of foreign capital. However, due to the product life cycle and generational differences in technology, the technology exchanged by developing countries is always second- or third-rate technology. When transnational corporations transfer technology, they are bound to "keep their hands off", making it difficult for developing countries to acquire core technologies. From a practical point of view, it is beneficial to enterprises to improve their technological level and market share by insisting on independent research and development and innovation while introducing technology. Focusing on improving independent innovation capacity, relying on scientific and technological progress, and promoting structural optimization and upgrading. First, accelerate the development of key technologies that have a significant driving effect on the growth of economic intensification. These key technologies include both the development of high-tech industries with breakthroughs in driving the significance of cutting-edge technologies and core technologies, but also to promote the upgrading of traditional industries **** of the technology, key technologies and supporting technologies. Second, vigorously develop high-tech industries. Increase support and promote the industrialization of high and new technology.　　2, adjust and optimize the economic structure, is to improve the quality of economic growth and an important part. The current industrial structure of China's outstanding problems are: the relationship between primary, secondary and tertiary industries is not coordinated, the development of agriculture and services lagging behind; overcapacity in some industries but still blindly expanding; energy, raw material supply shortage and consumption of high contradictions co-exist; industrial organization structure is unreasonable, the enterprise scale is not economic, low degree of specialization and division of labor.　　(1) Continue to strengthen the basic position of agriculture in the national economy. The fragile foundation of agriculture and the obvious lagging behind of economic and social development in rural areas are the most prominent contradictions in China's economic structure. the proportion of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in the GDP in 2005 was 12.4%, 47.3% and 40.3%, respectively. It is an inevitable trend that the proportion of the primary industry, with agriculture as the mainstay, is declining, but the problem is that the decline in the proportion of agriculture in China has not been accompanied by a simultaneous transfer of the agricultural labor force. At present, the labor force engaged in agricultural production is still 360 million people, producing a GDP of only about 2 trillion yuan, with a per capita output of 5,550 yuan. Including rural migrant workers, there are 500 million people in the non-agricultural workforce, producing a GDP of 16.23 trillion yuan and a per capita output of 32,500 yuan, the latter being 5.85 times that of the former. This structural difference has led to a lack of accumulation capacity in agriculture for expanded reproduction, and is the main reason for the lagging economic and social development of rural areas, as well as the structural reason for the widening of the income gap between urban and rural areas.　　(2) Continuing to strengthen basic industries and infrastructure construction in a differentiated and focused manner. Under the guidance of special planning, we should effectively focus on the development of energy industries such as electric power, coal and petroleum, and continue to strengthen the construction of water conservancy, transportation, communications and other infrastructures. Grasp the release and implementation of iron and steel, electrolytic aluminum, cement, fertilizer and other industries, industrial policy and planning, and reasonably regulate the development speed of important raw materials industry.　　(3) Actively develop the tertiary industry, especially the modern service industry. We will urgently formulate the implementation opinions on accelerating the reform and development of China's service industry, deepen the industrial division of labor in various fields of the service industry, and guide the development of the service industry in the direction of specialization. Vigorously develop modern finance, modern logistics, information services and other emerging service industries, accelerate the development of legal services, scientific and technological services, consulting services and other intermediary services, actively develop tourism, culture, sports and other consumer upgrading services, and encourage and support the development of community services. It is necessary to correctly deal with the relationship between the development of capital- and technology-intensive industries and labor-intensive industries, not only to accelerate the development of capital- and technology-intensive industries and promote the upgrading of the industrial structure, but also to continue the development of labor-intensive industries and drive the expansion of social employment.　　(4) Attaching importance to solving the problem of industrial overcapacity. From the point of view of product production capacity, the current problem of overcapacity is mainly concentrated in the heavy chemical industries such as iron and steel, electrolytic aluminum, coke, cement, automobile, chemical fiber and other resource- and capital-intensive industries. The reasons for the relative overcapacity are, first, that fixed-asset investment has grown too fast, and that the production capacity formed by investment in previous years has been put into operation one after another, so that the supply capacity has exceeded the effective demand; secondly, that the market-access rules are unsound or poorly enforced, and that a number of new projects with outdated technological and economic levels have been launched; and, thirdly, that the pricing mechanism for factors of production is irrational, and that the threshold of entry into the heavy-chemical industry has been too low, leading to low-level duplication in construction. The main manifestations of this are: the supply of land at low prices through agreements, leading to a large number of investors who do not have the financial capacity to enter the capital-intensive heavy chemical industry; the right to exploit natural resources and the right to emit pollution are obtained without compensation or at low prices, with no market pricing mechanism and a lack of effective supervision, so that some enterprises have obtained excessive profits but have failed to assume the necessary social responsibility.　　(5) Actively adjusting the structure of industrial organization. Due to the long-term influence of the small farm economy production mode, China's production, circulation and consumption process of the degree of socialization is very insufficient. Self-contained systems, "big and comprehensive" and "small and comprehensive" conditions still prevail. First, in accordance with the trend towards the centralization of factors of production, the production capacity of resource-intensive industries should be accelerated and concentrated in large enterprises. Such industries include coal mining, iron and steel and non-ferrous metal smelting and calendering, petrochemicals, thermal power generation, construction materials and paper-making. This kind of concentration is conducive to the use of technologically advanced large-scale equipment, upstream and downstream integration, and is conducive to reducing the consumption of energy and raw materials per unit of product, reducing the emission of waste and the governance of the environment, improving labor productivity, and contributing to the development of a circular economy. Secondly, the leading enterprises as the leading, promote the processing and assembly type manufacturing industry socialization and specialization division of labor. Most of the enterprises in our country specialization degree of division of labor is low, the enterprise from raw material procurement, casting, processing of various parts and components to product assembly and packaging, most of the production process is completed within the enterprise. Processing and assembly type manufacturing industry, if there is no small and specialized small enterprises, there is no large and strong mass production. Under the conditions of specialized division of labor, small and specialized, small and precise enterprises, is to realize the basis of large volume, large-scale production. Industrial organizational restructuring should vigorously promote the core enterprises outside the specialized division of labor.　　3. Focus on energy and resource conservation and rational utilization. The rapid economic growth promoted by the rough way in the past two years has led to the tension between the supply and demand of energy and important raw materials. As a large developing country with a large demand for resources, the model of relying on a large number of imported resources to support economic growth is unsustainable. Therefore, to ease the contradiction between China's energy resources and economic and social development, it is necessary to base ourselves domestically and significantly improve the efficiency of energy resource utilization. First, the implementation of the development and conservation of both, the conservation of the first policy. Secondly, we should urgently formulate a special plan to clarify the energy saving and consumption reduction targets and policy measures for each industry. It is necessary to analyze in-depth the saving potential against the advanced level at home and abroad, and determine the standards and targets of saving management in all aspects, such as focusing on electric motors, air-conditioning, and electricity for lighting, and promoting scientific use of electricity and saving electricity; establishing a system of water-saving indexes, and perfecting the standards and limits of water use for equipment; and strengthening the management of land-saving, and promoting the intensive use of land. Third, vigorously develop circular economy. With the principle of "reduce, reuse and resource" and the basic features of low consumption, low emission and high efficiency, the circular economy is an important form of saving and rational use of energy and resources. Fourth, strengthening the management of mineral resources development. China's mineral resources mining utilization rate is low, serious waste, the total recovery rate of only 30%, 20 percentage points lower than the advanced level of foreign countries; *** associated with the comprehensive utilization rate of mineral resources is only 35% or so, the coal system *** associated with more than 20 kinds of minerals the vast majority of the unutilized, and the utilization rate of tailings of some mega-complex metal deposits is only 10%. Fifth, vigorously advocate the conservation of energy and resources in the mode of production and consumption, the formation of conservation awareness and ethos in society as a whole, and accelerate the construction of a conservation-oriented society.　　4. Strengthen environmental protection and ecological construction, and promote harmony between man and nature. Rough economic growth has led to serious environmental pollution and ecological damage. According to the World Bank estimates, in 1995 China's air and water pollution caused by losses accounted for 8% of the year's GDP; according to the Chinese Academy of Sciences experts estimated that in 2003 environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by losses accounted for 15% of GDP. Transform the mode of economic growth, we must quickly reverse the situation of high emissions, high pollution, and urgently solve the serious threat to the people's health and safety of environmental pollution, and further strengthen environmental protection and ecological construction.　　5, must deepen the reform, the formation of economic growth mode to promote the transformation of institutional mechanisms. First, we must effectively change the functions of the government, from economic activity protagonist to public **** service-oriented government. The real implementation of the separation of government and enterprises, the separation of government and capital, the separation of government affairs, the separation of government and market intermediary organizations, the government shall not directly intervene in the business activities of enterprises. Secondly, we should deepen the fiscal and taxation reform. The current fiscal and taxation system has prompted localities to be keen on the rough development of industry, especially heavy chemical industry, because of the fast GDP growth rate and high fiscal and tax revenues. In the future, it is necessary to establish a central and local fiscal revenue and expenditure system that is compatible with the right to do business; fiscal funds will no longer be invested in general competitive industries, but will be invested in the field of public **** services; standardize the law on the management of land revenues, and collectively incorporate off-budget incomes, such as land revenues and special funds, into the budgetary management; adjust and improve the resource tax and value-added tax, implement the fuel tax, and steadily implement the property tax; and so on. Third, price reform should be deepened, focusing on making the prices of production factors and resource products reflect market supply and demand conditions and the scarcity of resources. Fourth, to reform the cadre performance assessment and promotion and appointment system. Cadre performance can not only look at the GDP (and green GDP) growth rate, but also to look at the market regulation, social management and public **** service level, including employment, social security, education, culture, environmental protection, ecological protection, health care, and social order, credit, rule of law, and other improvements in the environment.