Landfills are very expensive, costing around 200 to 300 RMB to dispose of a ton of garbage. People consume a lot of resources, mass produce, consume a lot, and produce a lot of waste.
Is it true that we can do nothing about garbage? In fact, there is a way, this is the classification of garbage. The classification of garbage is the separation of garbage at the source, and through the classification of transportation and recycling to turn it back into resources.
From the domestic and foreign cities on the classification of household garbage method, roughly according to the composition of the composition of the garbage, the amount of production, combined with the local garbage resource utilization and processing methods to classification. For example, Germany is generally divided into paper, glass, metal, plastic, etc.; Australia is generally divided into compostable garbage, recyclable garbage, non-recyclable garbage; Japan is generally divided into combustible garbage, non-combustible garbage, and so on.
Nowadays, domestic garbage in China can be divided into four categories: recyclable garbage, food waste, hazardous garbage and other garbage. The main waste treatment methods commonly used today are: comprehensive utilization, sanitary landfill, incineration and composting.
[Edit]Main Classification
1, recyclable waste mainly includes waste paper, plastic, glass, metal and cloth five categories. Waste paper: mainly including newspapers, periodicals, books, all kinds of wrapping paper, office paper, advertising paper, cardboard boxes, etc., but pay attention to paper towels and toilet paper due to water solubility is too strong not to be recycled. Plastic: mainly including various plastic bags, plastic packaging, disposable plastic lunch boxes and cutlery, toothbrushes, cups, mineral water bottles, toothpaste skins and so on. Glass: mainly includes various glass bottles, broken glass pieces, mirrors, light bulbs, thermos flasks and so on. Metal objects: mainly cans, can boxes, etc. Fabrics: mainly including discarded clothes, tablecloths, washcloths, schoolbags, shoes, etc. Recycling through comprehensive treatment can reduce pollution and save resources. For example, each recycled 1 ton of waste paper can make good paper 850 kilograms, saving 300 kilograms of wood, than the same amount of production to reduce pollution by 74%; each recycled 1 ton of plastic beverage bottles can be obtained 0.7 tons of secondary raw materials; each recycled 1 ton of scrap iron and steel can be refined 0.9 tons of steel, smelting with ore to save 47% of the cost of smelting to reduce air pollution by 75%, reducing 97% of the water pollution and solid waste.
2, food waste, including leftovers, bones, vegetable roots and leaves, peels and other food waste, composted by biotechnology in situ treatment, each ton can produce 0.3 tons of organic fertilizer.
3. Hazardous waste includes waste batteries, waste fluorescent tubes, waste silver thermometers, expired medicines, etc., which require special safety treatment.
4, other garbage including in addition to the above categories of garbage, brick ceramics, slag, bathroom waste paper, paper towels and other difficult to recycle waste, take sanitary landfill can effectively reduce the pollution of groundwater, surface water, soil and air.
[Edit]Reasons for classification
Most of the methods of garbage disposal are still in the traditional way of piling up landfills, occupying tens of thousands of acres of land; and the insects and flies fly, sewage overflows, and the stench is so strong that it seriously pollutes the environment. Therefore, separate garbage collection can reduce the amount of garbage disposal and treatment equipment, lower the cost of treatment, reduce the consumption of land resources, with social, economic and ecological benefits. The advantages of garbage classification are as follows:
1. Reduce the occupation of land: Some substances in domestic garbage are not easy to be degraded, so that the land is seriously eroded. Garbage classification, removing the substances that can be recycled and are not easily degraded, reduces the amount of garbage by more than 50%.
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2, to reduce environmental pollution: discarded batteries contain metal mercury, cadmium and other toxic substances, which will cause serious harm to humans; waste plastics in the soil will lead to crop yield reduction; abandoned waste plastics are misused by animals, resulting in animal deaths occur from time to time. Therefore recycling can reduce the harm.
3, turn waste into treasure: China's annual use of plastic fast-food containers up to 4 billion, instant noodle bowls 500-700 million, waste plastic accounted for 4-7% of the domestic waste. 1 ton of waste plastic can be smelted back to 600 kilograms of diesel fuel. Recycling 1,500 tons of waste paper can avoid cutting down forests used to produce 1,200 tons of paper. One ton of cans can be melted down to form one ton of very good aluminum blocks, which can reduce the mining of 20 tons of aluminum ore. 30%-40% of the production waste can be recycled and should be treasured as a small and profitable resource. We can also use cans to make pen boxes, both environmental protection, but also save resources.
[Edit]Garbage Classification in Some Countries
Japanese Garbage Classification
Foreigners who visit Japan for the first time will be impressed by its breathtaking garbage classification. At a glance, Japan's garbage classification has the following major features.
First, the classification of fine, timely recycling. Maximum classification of combustibles, non-combustibles, resources, coarse class, hazardous class, these categories are subdivided into a number of sub-projects, each sub-project can be divided into Sun project, and so on.
Combustible category: simply put, it can be burned - but does not include plastics, rubber tablets, general leftovers, and some combustible household garbage belongs to combustible waste.
Resources: Newspapers, books, plastic bottles, glass bottles
Non-combustible: Waste small appliances (electric kettle, cassette recorders) clothing, toys, ceramic products, iron containers.
Coarse category: large furniture, large appliances (TV, air conditioning), bicycles.
A few years ago, the city of Yokohama subdivided the categories of garbage from five to ten, and gave each citizen a 27-page handbook with 518 items. Take a look at a few examples: lipstick is combustible, but the lipstick tube is used up is a small metal object; kettle is a metal object, but less than 12 inches is a small metal object, more than 12 inches is a large waste; socks, if one is a combustible, if two and "not worn, left and right feet with" is an old clothing material; tie is also an old clothing material, but only if it is "Ties are also considered used clothing, provided that they have been washed and dried. However, this is nothing compared to Kamikatsu, Tokushima Prefecture. The town has broken down its garbage into 44 categories and plans to achieve a goal of "zero garbage" by 2020.
In terms of recycling, some neighborhoods have rows of separate garbage cans, while others don't have garbage cans, but instead require that specific bags of garbage be placed in specific places at specific times of the week, and then pulled out by a person in a timely manner. For example, in Minato-ku, Tokyo, burnable garbage is collected on Wednesday and Saturday mornings, non-burnable garbage on Monday mornings, and resource garbage on Tuesday mornings. Many communities require garbage to be put out by 8:00 a.m., and some relax it until noon, but it is all pulled away the same day so as not to pollute the environment or attract pests and crows.
Second, the management is in place and the measures are appropriate.
When a foreigner arrives in Japan, he or she has to register with the government of the place where he or she lives, and that's when he or she tends to get the local rules about throwing garbage away. When you move into a rented room, your landlord may give you the rules about garbage disposal along with the key. At the end of the year, some districts give residents a calendar for the previous year, with some dates marked in yellow, green, and blue, with a note underneath stating what kind of garbage can be thrown out on which day for each color. In some public **** place, also tend to see a row of garbage cans, respectively: paper cups, combustibles, plastic, each garbage can is also written in Japanese, English, Chinese and Korean.
Third, everyone is self-conscious and conscientious.
It takes more than one day to develop good habits. Children in Japan are taught from an early age by their parents and schools to dispose of garbage properly. If you don't follow the rules of littering, you may be persuaded by government officials and pressured by public opinion around you. Japanese residents can really be described as meticulous and very strict in throwing garbage: used newspapers and books should be bundled very neatly, the moisture of the garbage should be controlled to dry water, sharp objects should be wrapped in paper, and used spray cans should be tied with a hole in case of an explosion.
Fourth, waste utilization, energy saving and environmental protection.
Classified garbage is recycled, newspapers are sent to paper mills to produce recycled paper, many Japanese people to business cards printed on the "use of recycled paper" as a pride; beverage containers were sent to the relevant factories to become a renewable resource; waste electrical appliances are sent to a specialized company to decompose and treat; combustible garbage can be used as fertilizer after burning; Burnable garbage can be used as fertilizer after burning, and non-burnable garbage can be used as raw material for reclaiming land after compression and non-toxic treatment. In Japan, the packaging of goods has been indicated on the box which belongs to the category of waste, and there is even such a tip on the milk carton: to be washed, unwrapped, dried and folded before throwing away.
In terms of waste classification, Japan is again at the forefront of the world. In the 1960s, the serious environmental pollution "forced" the first-class environmental technology, the deep oil crisis in the 1970s and contributed to the best energy-saving technology. In the process of seriously overcoming each crisis, Japan surpassed other advanced countries one by one.
An older Japanese friend of mine, who was stationed in Western Europe for a long time, talked about the "embarrassment" of having to buy gifts every year when he returned home to visit his family. This is because his relatives and friends from the original pursuit of Western European products have become favorite Seiko watches, Toyota cars, Nikon cameras and other world-class level of domestic products. Such achievements, in addition to efficient and rational management system, rely on the general public's spirit and motivation. And the kind of serious spirit reflected in the classification of garbage is undoubtedly one of the most colorful part.
The Japanese people are most serious and meticulous, which is manifested in many ways. For example, the tiles on the sidewalks in the commercial districts of Tokyo have not been unevenly collapsed for decades, and the architects require that the unseen places such as the back of the staircase blanks be neat and smooth, and so on and so forth, to name a few.
The stone of the other mountain, can attack jade. The above examples from Japan give us a lot of inspiration. In terms of garbage classification, the hardware in most areas of our country is still far from being comparable to that of Japan, but I'm afraid that the bigger gap is still in the software, that is, in the government and the public's understanding of garbage classification, in the government's systematic construction of garbage classification, and also in the conscientiousness and meticulousness of each citizen's garbage classification, and the awareness of environmental protection and energy saving. Derived from this, only if everyone abandons the idea of trouble, probably its habits of thought and low standards of the mid-stream, it is possible to do garbage classification to catch up with the world's advanced level, eliminating the city management in the "three unregulated" dead ends, there is a person to manage the dirty, chaotic and poor phenomenon. [1]
The United States garbage classification
Rubbish recycling as an industry has developed rapidly, and in many developed countries, the recycling industry is occupying an increasingly important position in the national industrial structure. To the United States 3 cities Baltimore, Washington and Richmond, for example, the past recycling of garbage per ton of treatment needs to spend 40 U.S. dollars, after the classification process, these recycled garbage in 1995 to create 5100 jobs. These three cities in the United States is only a very small area, its garbage recycling not only saves the cost of garbage disposal, but also creates 500 million dollars of wealth.
The United States is known as a major producer of garbage, garbage classification gradually penetrated into the lives of citizens, walking on the street, a variety of colorful classification of garbage cans can be seen everywhere.
The government provides a variety of convenient conditions for waste classification. In addition to setting up waste separation bins on both sides of the street, each community regularly assigns a person responsible for removing the garbage classified by each household.
Residents have also expressed great support for the government's work on garbage classification. Not only is everyone familiar with the concept of waste separation, but paying for waste separation is as natural as paying for clean tap water.
Other countries
Sorting garbage is not only a fad in developed countries like the United States, but also a trend in many developing countries. In Brazil, where waste separation is practiced in many communities, the mayor has made the sorting bins at the front entrance of the city hall the glory of the city. And at more than two dozen nearby beaches, the bins are a beautiful sight to behold.
In some parts of the Philippines, villagers have organized themselves to clean up their living environment, and sorting garbage is a major part of this movement.
Sorting garbage is becoming a global trend in both poor and rich countries, and China, once a world leader in this area, has almost lost this good tradition. The Chinese people are no strangers to waste sorting, as they have always been thrifty and frugal. Perhaps you remember the recycling of waste products in the 50s and 60s: toothpaste peels were saved for recycling, orange peels were used to make medicine, biowaste was used for composting, and waste cloth, ink bottles and so on could all be reused. After the classification of waste, not only to avoid the waste of public health, but also for agriculture and industry to provide raw materials.
Now our life is better, so we will no longer be stingy to sell the rags for a few cents. Thrift and frugality, the utilization of waste, the traditional virtues of the Chinese people, but now in the loss. Each of us is a producer of garbage and a victim of garbage, but we should be more of a garbage nuisance of the governance, each of us can overcome the garbage nuisance through the classification of garbage.
[edit]Garbage classification in China
On December 15, 1996, residents of Dashang Lane in Beijing's Xicheng District began to classify their garbage from that day on, with the help of the civic organization Global Village. The initial sorting bins were purchased by members of the neighborhood committee with their saved year-end bonuses. The sorted garbage was removed by vendors and businesses contacted by the neighborhood committee. Day after day, year after year, the residents never interrupted.
As a small spark of civil garbage classification, the action of the residents of Dashang Lane ignited the enthusiasm of many citizens, and since '97, a number of universities, primary and secondary schools in Beijing, as well as a number of retired elderly people have made attempts to categorize garbage. With the help of China Youth Newspaper's Sister of Knowledge and a female doctor who returned from studying in Germany, these children from the "Hand in Hand Global Village" have also built a school with the money they have exchanged for recycling.
The behavior of the public and the children attracted the attention of the relevant government departments. The Xuanwu District Sanitation Bureau took the lead and started a pilot project in the fall of 1997 to separate garbage and recycle in Xuanwu District. The Civilization Office of Xuanwu District and the streets, as well as the civil society organization Global Village, gave active cooperation.
On April 23rd, 1999, the Jiangong Nanli neighborhood community in Baijifang, Xuanwu District, was buzzing like a festival as China's first garbage sorting and recycling system was officially launched. From this day on, residents will change the way of garbage mixing and put it according to the classification of organic, inorganic and discarded soil, and the government sanitation department will change the way of mixing and transporting it to sorting, picking and recycling. It means that old traditions that have been lost here for years are finally being picked up.
In this battle between people and garbage, people have turned garbage from an enemy to a friend. Someone once compared garbage to a misplaced resource. Let's go to Xuanwu District Recycling Sorting Station to see what kind of use garbage will have once it returns to its rightful place.
Every day we discarded the Coke bottles and known as white trash plastic bags, disposable plastic lunch boxes, belonging to the polymer polymerization of organic matter, if buried in the ground, it is 200 years can not be rotten, it will also make the soil platelets, reduce soil fertility, and even make the soil lose the ability to cultivate. In our lives, we often throw away all kinds of waste plastics. Waste plastic can also be made into buttons, pen holders and other supplies after treatment. Waste plastic is also a good raw material for oil refining. Some people once compared them to the image of "secondary oil field". 1 ton of waste plastic at least 600 kilograms of gasoline and diesel back to the refinery.
In the recycling station, we see a variety of waste paper was sent here, including these inconspicuous little pieces of paper ...... We know that good paper is caused by wood, a ton of waste paper can be recycled 700 kilograms of good paper, can be less than 17 trees, but also reduces the production of pulp in the process.
But because of China's waste paper recovery rate is still very low, only 20% or so, every year, we have to import a large number of waste paper Only 96 years on the import of 1.37 million tons of waste paper. You may remember the 1980s, the sensational "foreign garbage" event, that ship is under the banner of imported waste paper mixed in.
The foreign garbage was driven away, but left behind reflections, why do we have to import waste paper from other countries to do the raw material for paper making? Why we can not maximize the recovery of waste paper, but let them mixed in the garbage buried or burned? China's forest resources are only 1/4 of the world's average, and China's rivers and lakes have been seriously polluted by early sewage discharge. If you throw away an average of half a kilogram of various waste paper per person per week, then only one city, Beijing, will throw away more than 6,000 tons of waste paper a week.
China has a historical tradition of recycling waste products, we used to recycle waste, perhaps only by the economic constraints of poverty as a last resort; in the gradual affluence of today, we recycle waste paper, is to protect the environment consciously aware of and take action. Because we clearly know that what we picked up is not only a piece of waste paper, that is our children and grandchildren to live in the forest and river.
Garbage, only when mixed together is garbage, once sorted and recycled are precious, even the kind of waste batteries that have become miniature killers can be turned into profit. In this unassuming photo studio, we see this kind of waste battery recycling box. The batteries we use in our lives (non-disposable batteries), contain mercury or cadmium and other toxic heavy metals, these heavy metals if left in the ground it is easy to rain through the leaching, into the groundwater.
This kind of pollution is very difficult to exclude, biological half-life is about 30 years, that is, you 30 years to discharge half. So this is particularly harmful to people. Waste batteries contain a variety of useful metal minerals, recycling value is very high.
Precisely because of the serious harm and special recycling value of waste batteries, many countries strictly prohibit them from being mixed with garbage, and Japan's communities have these yellow buckets to put button batteries and other items in separately.
Since '97, some citizens and students in Beijing also acted on their own initiative and consciously categorized and collected waste batteries, and young volunteers from Renmin University helped set up a waste battery recycling box for a chain of stores in the capital.
As a positive response to the citizens' campaign, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Sanitation set up a special waste battery collection point to collect waste batteries and centralize them for harmless treatment.
Do you know what biowaste is? The biological waste is leftover raw food, egg shells, fruit peel, vegetable gangs, vegetables and leaves of a kind of kitchen garbage. These seemingly strange waste can be used for what it turns out they can be used to make a good organic fertilizer. Like the acacia cypress tree in the community this Dana Dream biological waste treatment machine, can be biological waste drying, crushing, made of highly effective organic fertilizer. Residents can use it to plant flowers and grass.
The vegetables planted with them are safer and healthier than fertilized food, and are quite popular in supermarkets. Biological waste usually accounts for 40% of the total waste, if they can be turned into organic fertilizer, not only to save land for landfills, but also to save vehicles and energy to transport them, but also to prevent them from breeding flies and bacteria. Experts have suggested that the government should install bio-waste treatment machines in all neighborhoods and set up bio-waste treatment rooms in new neighborhoods.
At that time, we will be able to see that waste classification creates a waste-free society, a society that recycles resources, and all this requires only the effort of our hands.
Only in this way can we make our society more beautiful.