Organ donation is the practice of donating one's organs to dying patients awaiting transplants in the form of a free donation based on the individual's living will or the consent of his or her family to keep them alive when they are diagnosed as brain dead and can only rely on a ventilator and medication to maintain their vital signs. A healthy adult can also donate one of his/her kidneys or part of his/her liver to a relative or spouse. Scope of organ donation The scope of organ donation includes cell donation, tissue donation and organ donation.
Cell donation
refers to the process of taking a viable population of cells from a healthy person and putting them into another patient in need. Typically, bone marrow is donated to a patient in need of a bone marrow transplant.
Tissue donation
Tissue donation refers to the donation of parts of the human body to patients in need. These tissues include skin, corneas, bones, tendons, blood vessels, nerves, and more. A donor can donate as many tissues as he or she wishes to a patient who is waiting for a transplant.
Organ donation
This is the donation of a viable organ of the body to another patient in need of a transplant. These patients are often very sick and cannot be cured by other treatments. A variety of transplants, including heart, kidney, liver, pancreas, lung, small intestine, and combined abdominal multi-organ transplants, have been performed successfully around the world.
Editing the types of organ donation
On April 20, the provincial Red Cross and the provincial Department of Health jointly convened a launch meeting for the pilot work of human organ donation in Guangdong Province in Guangzhou. Xu Huozhou, executive vice president of the provincial Red Cross, and Liao Xinbo, deputy director of the provincial Department of Health, attended the meeting, which was attended by more than 80 people from the health bureaus of Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other ten cities, Red Cross staff, and representatives of fourteen hospitals qualified for organ transplants, such as the First Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University and the Nanfang Hospital. The Shenzhen Red Cross and the First Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University made an experience presentation at the meeting. As of December 2009, 50 cases of organ donation have been completed in our province***, successfully saving the lives of 56 patients with organ failure, restoring sight to at least 40 blind patients, and rehabilitating a number of burn victims. In order to commend the donor's selfless dedication, the spirit of the legacy of love for the world, on May 8, 2008, the Guangdong Provincial Red Cross set up a Red Cross Memorial Park in Zengcheng City, Wan'an Garden Cemetery, for the standardization of organ donation work, to guide the people to change customs and establish a healthy and civilized way of life is of great significance. At the meeting, the provincial Red Cross and the Department of Health decided to set up the Guangdong Provincial Human Organ Donation Committee, under the Provincial Organ Donation Office, Provincial Human Organ Acquisition Organization and the Provincial Human Organ Donation Expert Group, the province's unified management of human organ donation work.
Editing Brain Death and Organ Donation
Traditional Determination of Death
The traditional criteria for determining a person's death are permanent cardiac arrest, cessation of respiration, and disappearance of pupil reflex to light. After cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest, other parts of the body, including tissues and organs, lose function because they are not supplied with oxygen and nutrients.
Brain death
The human brain tissue is composed of three parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem, and the brainstem is the life center of the human body, which controls the body's respiration Terminally ill teenager donates the whole body organs
, heartbeat, blood pressure and other important functions. Unlike some parts of the human body, where cells can regenerate to restore function after being damaged, brain cells cannot regenerate once they are necrotic. Therefore, when a person's brain stem suffers irreversible damage, the brain stem becomes permanently and completely dysfunctional, so that breathing and heartbeat stop. Subsequently, other organs and tissues of the body will also gradually lose their function due to the absence of breathing and heartbeat. The clinical term brain death refers to the death of the brain stem. In the last decade, due to advances in medical technology, when a person is brain dead, doctors can maintain physiological functions such as breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure for up to two weeks with the help of a ventilator and medication. However, once these aids are withdrawn, he/she is unable to breathe on his/her own and the heartbeat stops along with it. In this case, if there is no other special disease, the organs and tissues of the rest of the body remain healthy, except for the death of brain cells.
Edit Whether a vegetative person can donate organs
A vegetative person is a person who has lost brain function due to a disease of the brain itself or a disease of other systems, but the brain stem function still exists. Therefore, a vegetative person does not have the ability to think, remember, cognize, act, or speak, but has breathing and a heartbeat, and can have facial movements. Therefore, brain death has not occurred in a vegetative person, so he or she cannot donate organs. In addition to the mother you can also give life.
Edit About Organ Transplantation
What is Organ Transplantation
Organ transplantation is the process of placing a healthy organ, either surgically or by other means, into the body of a patient with a serious disease who is in critical condition, so that the organ will continue to function and thus give the recipient a new lease of life.
The Rise of Transplantation Medicine
Organ transplants were a dream until the early 20th century, when the medical community was still at a loss to treat patients with severe organ failure. Because of the limitations, organ transplants were only used in animal experiments. In the 1950s, doctors around the world began to conduct human trials, but the results of organ transplants were unsatisfactory due to the inability to control rejection after transplantation. This situation continued until Novartis invented the immunosuppressive drug, cyclosporine (Neosporin). The invention of cyclosporine led to a significant increase in post-transplant organ survival and the rapid development of organ transplantation, one of the major achievements of cutting-edge medicine in this century.
Edit Which patients can receive organ transplants
● Heart Heart transplants are the only treatment for patients with heart failure caused by a variety of pathologies. ● Lungs Patients with end-stage benign lung disease that cannot be cured by conventional medical treatment, but who have an estimated 1-3 years of survival hope, may be considered for lung transplantation to improve their health. ● Liver In patients with end-stage benign liver disease that cannot be treated with conventional medical procedures, a liver transplant is the only way to proceed. ● Kidney When some diseases damage the kidneys and the kidneys cannot perform their normal physiological functions, they will gradually develop renal insufficiency and azotemia, the end stage of which is uremia. Methods to save the life of uremic patients include dialysis and kidney transplantation. Pancreas Transplantation Most pancreas transplants are done at the same time as kidney transplants and are used to treat advanced diabetes, type I diabetes, and post-pancreatectomy diabetes. In addition to these patients, there are many other diseases of the spleen and small intestine that can be cured with a transplant.
Editing the main procedures
1, accepting visits or telephone inquiries People filling out the organ donation agreement
2, the Red Cross provides: "A letter to the volunteers of human remains donation" "Shandong Province Human Remains Donation Registration Form" (in duplicate) "Volunteer Basic Information Registration Form" 3, accepting the volunteers to fill out the completed registration form, and informing them of the incomplete or improper places 4, for filling out the registration form, the volunteers will be asked to fill out the registration form. 4, for those who fill out the qualified for: "a letter to the body donor" "registration letter" "body donation registration form" (a copy) "certificate of honor" "donation card" (carry with you)
Edit this paragraph related to doubt
Traditional Determination of Death
Traditional determination of death is the criterion of a person is permanently cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest and pupillary light reflexes. and loss of pupil reflex to light. After cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest, the rest of the body's tissues and organs are deprived of oxygen and nutrients and become inoperable.
Brain death
The human brain tissue is composed of three parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem, and the brainstem is the life center of the human body, which controls the body's respiration, heartbeat, blood pressure and other important functions. Some parts of the human body cells can be regenerated to restore function after injury, brain cells are different: organ donation for medical assistance
Once necrosis can not be regenerated. So, when a person's brain stem suffers irreversible damage, the brain stem becomes permanently and completely disabled to the point where breathing and heartbeat stop. Subsequently, other organs and tissues in the body will also gradually lose their function because there is no breathing and no heartbeat. The clinical term brain death refers to the death of the brain stem. In the last decade, due to advances in medical technology, when a person is brain dead, doctors can maintain physiological functions such as breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure for up to two weeks with the help of a ventilator and medication. However, once these aids are withdrawn, he/she is unable to breathe on his/her own and the heartbeat stops along with it. In this case, organs and tissues in other parts of the body remain healthy, except for the death of brain cells that occurs, if there is no other specific disease.
Can a vegetative person be an organ donor
A vegetative person is a person who has lost brain function due to a disease of the brain itself or a disease of another system, but the brain stem function still exists. Therefore, a vegetative person does not have the ability to think, remember, cognize, act and speak, but has breathing and a heartbeat and can have facial movements. Therefore, brain death has not occurred in vegetative people, so they cannot be organ donors.
Editing the difficult issues
Status quo
According to statistics, in the 20 years from 1986 to 2006, less than 4,000 citizens in Shanghai donated their own remains. The number of deaths in Shanghai is about 100,000 per year, but only 300 people volunteer to donate their bodies each year, a percentage of only three in a thousand. However, the percentage of registrants who actually donate their bodies is relatively small, accounting for about 15 percent of registrants, both nationally and in Shanghai. Although China has reached the world level in the field of organ transplantation technology, the laws and regulations on organ donation are still not perfect, which to a certain extent still restricts the clinical rescue work of organ transplantation and the development of transplantation medicine.
Causes
Influence of Ethical Concepts Traditional China is an ethical society, and the general moral code of the ancient society is to put the dead into the ground. Nowadays, people in many places still stick to the old rules and stubbornly follow those old customs. Many people find it emotionally difficult to accept the idea of donating the remains of their relatives or themselves. The influence of the concept of interest Organ donation as a kind of voluntary citizens to fulfill the good deeds, only allowed to donate, can not be bought and sold. It is completely free and public welfare, so some people will think, "What are the benefits and gains for me to donate organs to others? Lack of Social Concepts Chinese people emphasize the self over society, and have a deep-rooted sense of selfishness and small-mindedness, as well as a poor sense of social responsibility. In people's minds, things are not their own, hanging high, the concept of indifference to strange others is y rooted.
Editing this section of the outside world
Sun Shaoling (Shantou Red Cross Secretary General) In accordance with the relevant provisions of the Red Cross organization undertakes the voluntary organ donation consultation and registration, but due to the relevant laws and regulations of the "missing", the Red Cross is simply unable to contact the receiving unit of the donated organs, therefore, to a certain extent, organ donation is the most important part of the work of the Red Cross. Therefore, organ donation has inevitably become empty talk to a certain extent. In fact, as the public's awareness of public welfare continues to grow, people often go to the Red Cross to inquire about organ and body donation, and many dying elderly people and seriously ill patients have made it clear that they are willing to donate their bodies or organs free of charge for use in teaching, research and development, or for medical treatment, but in the end they have all come to nothing because they cannot find any organizations or units willing to accept them. Of course, the introduction and implementation of laws and regulations is a complex process, which requires the government, relevant departments and all sectors of the community **** the same efforts and collaboration before it can be realized. Guo Xiaofei (Citizen) Let life continue in others: As a member of the public, I know very little about organ donation, laws and regulations. On the one hand, the relevant departments and the media in this regard less publicity, many people are not clear about the specific definition of organ donation, for example, which can be donated alive, what conditions need to have a body donation, etc.; On the other hand, the reality of life, many Shantou people's concepts are still conservative, for the death of their loved ones, many years of traditional thinking is "in the ground for peace! On the other hand, in real life, many Shantou people are still relatively conservative in their concepts, and for many years, the traditional thought for the dead relatives is "to bury in the ground", and they advocate earth burial; later on, although people gradually accept the cremation, they are still affected by the concepts of "the body hair and the skin, and the parents are affected by the body hair and the skin," and so on, and they ask for cremation in the case of the preservation of the body. Many people cannot accept the idea of dissecting the bodies of their loved ones or donating useful organs to save others. Personally, I feel that this requires further publicity by the media, so that people can truly appreciate that donating the useful organs of a dead relative to save others is actually a continuation of the life of the loved one in others, and is an act of immense merit.
Editing the achievements of various countries
Sweden
More and more Swedes have a positive attitude toward organ donation after death. According to a survey published in the Swedish Daily News, 136 organ donation surgeries were performed in Sweden in 2006, the highest number of surgeries since 1991. This is a positive trend and shows that public awareness of organ donation has increased. For a long time, the number of organ transplants performed in Sweden has hovered around 100 per year. It is important to have knowledge about organ donation, especially for patients who have not made the choice, and it is far more effective to convince their families with knowledge. In recent years there has been a marked increase in the knowledge of patients' families about organ donation, and many family members are talking openly about the issue, which helps a great deal in making a positive decision. According to the Swedish Organ Donation Act, if the deceased did not make a choice during his or her lifetime, it will be up to the deceased's family to decide whether or not to donate organs. Since 2003, the Swedish government has invested SEK 27 million to increase awareness and education about voluntary organ donation. For patients who are already terminally ill, hospitals are specially equipped with nurses and doctors who are engaged in organ donation and work with the patients and their families. As a result of this investment, the percentage of high-risk patients agreeing to donate organs has increased by 30%. Out of Sweden's population of 9 million, 1.5 million people have voluntarily registered in the national organ donation register, and those who are not registered but have a positive attitude towards organ donation can carry an organ donation card with them. Sweden has been a world leader in organ transplantation since the country's first kidney transplant in 1964.
Germany
About 1,000 patients die each year in Germany because they cannot get an organ donation in time. The number of organ donations in Germany each year is less than 20% of the actual need. 2,100 kidney transplants were performed in 2005, but more than 2,700 new patients of the same type were added in the same year. According to public opinion polls in Germany, more than 80% of people have a positive attitude towards organ donation, but only 12% of people actually obtain a donation certificate. The availability of a donation certificate is not the only problem, as seen in practice in recent years. In 55% of the hospitals, the status of potential donors with a donation certificate is not forwarded to the organ donation centers in a timely manner as required, because these hospitals fear that they will not be adequately compensated for the costs incurred during the operation as well as for fear of inconvenience. For this reason, the German National Ethics Committee has recommended that corresponding measures should be put in place. In view of this, Germany is considering amending its organ donation law. The law on human organ donation adopted by Germany in 1997 was intended to increase the number of human organ donations, but this goal has not been realized. The reason for this is not exclusively the lack of capacity in the healthcare system, but also legal shortcomings that have contributed to the lack of donations. For this reason, the Commission recommends the introduction of a new model of donation. The German Ethics Committee suggests a national awareness-raising and explanatory campaign, followed by a systematic request from the state for all citizens to answer the question of whether they agree to donate their organs after death. The citizen's own decision to consent or not to consent to organ donation can be recorded in the database of his or her medical card and driver's license, and the citizen has the right to change his or her decision at any time. If a citizen does not make a clear statement, he is informed that the principle of "consent without objection" applies after his death. In principle, medical personnel can assume that the deceased has tacitly consented to organ donation, and if his relatives do not explicitly object, medical personnel can remove his organs for donation.
The United States
Cadaveric organ donation In the United States, all cadaveric organ donation work is done by OPO (organ procurement organization). According to 2004 statistics, there are 59 OPOs in the United States, 50 of which are independent organizations that do not rely on hospitals or related research institutions, while the remaining 9 rely on designated hospitals. All OPOs are assigned by the Secretary of Health and Human Services and are accountable to the federal government and are part of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation National Network (OPTN). OPOs invest a great deal of time, energy, and financial resources to establish a favorable organ donation climate in hospitals by educating medical staff and hospital management on how to identify potential donors, how to obtain consent from donors and their families, and what precautions to take prior to organ harvesting; and by establishing a good relationship with specialists in ICUs, neurosurgery, and neurology to ensure that organ donation is done successfully. The OPO is also responsible for communicating with the donor's family in order to obtain their consent to donate the donor's organs. In the U.S., after the death of a donor, about 42%-69% of families agree to donate; however, if the donor had registered his/her willingness to donate his/her organs during his/her lifetime, the consent rate of the families can rise to 95%-100%. Living Organ Donation In 2001, for the first time, the number of living organ donations in the United States (6,618) exceeded the number of cadaveric organ donations (6,182); in 2002, although the number of living organ donations was still higher than the number of cadaveric organ donations, the growth slowed down, with a 4% increase in the number of living renal transplants (compared with a high 11% increase in 2001) but a significant decrease in the number of living liver transplants (31%) and living lung transplants (31%) compared to the number of living lung transplants (31% and 31%, respectively). However, the number of living liver transplants and living lung transplants declined significantly (by 31% and 36%, respectively, compared to 2001). (Figure 1) In 2005, cadaveric organ donations (7,593) again exceeded living organ donations (6,902). Living kidney transplants, the mainstay of living organ donation, accounted for 6,240 cases, or 94% of all living transplants in 2002, and 6,571 cases, or 95% of all living transplants in 2005. 25 living lobe lung transplants and 362 liver transplants were performed in 2002, which was a significant decrease from the 2001 figure (49 living lung transplants and 519 living liver transplants), and was probably related to media coverage of donor deaths. The number of living lung transplants and living liver transplants decreased further in 2005 to 2 and 323 respectively. All living donations were predominantly adult (<99.9%), and organ donation from children under 18 years of age was not advocated. 35 living kidney donations from under 18 years of age were performed from 1993-2002***, which accounted for less than 0.1% of living organ donations. While organ donation between relatives dominates in living transplantation (>80%), what cannot be ignored is that the proportion of organ donation between non-relatives is increasing year by year.
China
A historic event took place at the First Joint Meeting of China's International Standard Organ Donation and Triage System, held January 20-22, 2007, in Guangzhou. China's first "organ donation cards" were launched. The organ donation card is called "Donor card" in English, which is the full name of the organ and cornea voluntary donor carry card. The card contains the applicant's signature, contact information, the names of immediate family members and contact information in case of emergency, the contact number of the organ donation organization, the relevant website and the issuing unit and other information. So that in case of accidental death of the cardholder, the card can be used as evidence that the person has expressed the will of national organ donation before death. Managers can log on to the website according to the serial number on the card to check the relevant information of the person concerned, so as to get in touch with the family immediately. The family's signature must be obtained before the organ can be donated. Thousands of terminally ill and blind patients in China are now desperately waiting for humanitarian aid. However, the lack of engineering in the organ donation system has caused many patients to die while waiting. Organ donation card is the first project of this system engineering. Organ donation is a very small probability (one in a million) in people's daily lives. Without a large number of volunteers as a base (>100 million), the small probability of one in a million per person per year would not be able to achieve a certain scale of organ resources. Therefore, Prof. Chen Zhonghua, the project leader and the initiator of the donor card, pointed out that the goal of its issuance is to promote the number of Chinese donor registrations from 0.0% to 50% of the total population within the 2nd Five-Year Plan (2006-2010), and by that time, there will be about 500 million people holding this kind of love card. The absolute number is the first in the world.
Edit this paragraph organ donation pilot first batch start
March 2010, human organ donation system first in Shanghai, Tianjin, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian Xiamen, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Wuhan and other ten provinces and cities to start a pilot. April 20, Guangdong Province, the pilot of human organ donation was officially launched. Xu Huozhou, executive vice president of the Guangdong Red Cross Society, introduced that Guangdong Province will set up a human organ donation organization and leadership body - Guangdong Province Human Organ Donation Committee, under the Human Organ Donation Office, Human Organ Donation Expert Group and Human Organ Acquisition Organization, the province's human organ donation to carry out integrated management. In the future, all human organ donor information in the province will be summarized to the Human Organ Donation Committee to establish a human organ donor database and a recipient database. The pilot program in Guangdong was carried out in 10 cities, including Guangzhou and Shenzhen, with human organ donation workstations established in each city. It is reported that due to the relatively high number of traffic accident deaths, the provincial human organ donation office plans to mobilize the majority of motorists to join the ranks of human organ donors.
Two principles: organ donation must be voluntary and gratuitous
Organ donation is voluntary and gratuitous, referring specifically to the following two cases: citizens with full capacity for civil behavior apply for registration of organ donation voluntarily through a written application, and did not revoke their registration, to be organ donation after their death; citizens did not express disagreement with the donation of their organs during their lifetime, to be organ donation after their death, their spouse, adult children, parents in writing*** with the consent to organ donation. It has also been reported that organ donation does not involve living organ donation or cadaveric organ donation from death row prisoners.
Principles of allocation have not yet been released
The Guangdong human organ donation expert group will allocate donated organs according to China's principles of human organ allocation (the principles of allocation will be issued separately), and the Guangdong human organ donation office will have to witness the process of organ donation and transplantation.
Donation procedures
Citizens can apply in writing to the Guangdong Provincial Office of Human Organ Donation for voluntary registration of human organ donation, or potential human organ donors or their spouses, adult children, parents have the will to donate, the coordinator to help complete the donation procedures, notarize the relevant information, and submit to the Guangdong Provincial Office of Human Organ Donation, after the confirmation of the donor information will be entered into the Chinese The human organ donor registration and management system.