A.Tolerance
B. Dependence
C. Withdrawal
D. Sensitivity
E. Specific IgM antibodies
1.Answer A. Analysis: The phenomenon that the dosage must be increased to obtain the effect that the original dosage can achieve is called tolerance (A pair). Tolerance is the decrease in the body's response to the drug after repeated use of the drug, and it can be restored by increasing the dose. reaction, tolerance may disappear after discontinuation of medication. Dependence (B error) means that after long-term use of a drug, the body develops physical or mental dependence and demand on the drug. Withdrawal syndrome (C error) is drug withdrawal syndrome. Patients may experience withdrawal symptoms when they suddenly stop taking drugs after long-term repeated use. For example, after long-term use of adrenoceptor blocking drugs in patients with hypertension, if the drug is suddenly stopped, blood pressure and The heart rate rebounds and symptoms worsen. Sensitivity (D error) is the degree of sensitivity of the reaction drug. Specific IgM antibodies (E wrong) are not relevant to this question.
2. After wearing metal jewelry, an inflammatory reaction occurs in the local skin. The immunopathological basis may be:
A. Type I hypersensitivity reaction
B. Type II hypersensitivity reaction
C.Type III hypersensitivity reaction
D. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
E.arthus reaction
2. Answer D. Analysis: The local skin inflammatory reaction after wearing metal jewelry is a contact delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. It is due to the small molecule hapten in the metal combining with the protein in the body to form a full antigen, which is taken up by Langerhans cells and presented to T cells to activate and differentiate into effector T cells and memory T cells. After the body is exposed to the corresponding antigen again, it stimulates the activation of specific T cells and produces a series of cytokines to mediate tissue inflammatory damage and cause an inflammatory reaction in the local skin. This reaction is Type IV hypersensitivity reaction (D pair). Type I hypersensitivity reaction (A error) (P146) occurs the fastest among the four types of hypersensitivity reactions. Clinical symptoms usually appear within a few minutes after the second exposure to the antigen, so it is also called immediate hypersensitivity reaction. . Allergens are the initiating factors of type I hypersensitivity reactions. Mast cells and basophils express high-affinity IgE Fc receptors on their surfaces to mediate the occurrence of type I hypersensitivity reactions. A common disease is drug anaphylactic shock. Bronchial asthma, etc. Type II hypersensitivity (B error) (P150) is also called cellular or cytotoxic hypersensitivity. It is caused by the binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to the corresponding antigens on the surface of target cells. Complement, phagocytes and NK cells With participation, it causes pathological immune reactions mainly involving cell lysis or tissue damage. Diseases related to type II hypersensitivity include transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, drug-allergic cytopenia, etc. Type III hypersensitivity reaction (C error) (P151) is caused by the deposition of soluble immune complexes on the capillary basement membrane locally or in many places throughout the body, through the activation of complement, and in neutrophils, platelets, and basophils. With the participation of granulocytes and other effector cells, it causes inflammatory reactions and tissue damage mainly characterized by congestion, edema, local necrosis and neutrophil infiltration. Common clinical type III hypersensitivity diseases include local immune complex disease (arthus). reactions (E error and arthur-like reactions) and systemic immune complex diseases (serum sickness, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis).
3. The molecular structure that can carry biological genetic information is:
A. Double bond positions of polyunsaturated fatty acids
B. Side chain groups of amino acids
C. Lipid composition of lipoproteins
D. Nucleotide sequence of nucleic acid
E. Side chain carbon atoms of cholesterol
3. Answer D. Analysis: Nucleic acids are biological macromolecules that carry genetic information and are divided into two categories: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The molecular structure that carries biological genetic information is the nucleotide sequence (D pair) of nucleic acids, that is, the sequence of bases.
4. The unique components of the bacterial cell wall are:
A.Peptidoglycan
B. adventitia
C. Lipoprotein
D.Lipopolysaccharide
E. Lipid A
4. Answer A. Analysis: The unique component of the bacterial cell wall is peptidoglycan (A pair). Peptidoglycan is the main component of the bacterial cell wall and is unique to prokaryotic cells. Only bacteria and some rickettsiae have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. The outer membrane (B error) is a special component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. It is composed of three parts: lipoprotein (C error), lipid bilayer and lipopolysaccharide. It is not a unique cell wall component of all bacteria. Lipoprotein is located between the peptidoglycan layer and the lipid bilayer, making the outer membrane and peptidoglycan layer constitute a whole; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (D error) is the main component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall, and lipopolysaccharide is composed of Composed of three parts: lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O-antigen. The lipid A part in LPS enters the lipid layer as a component of the outer layer of the lipid bilayer, and the sugar chain part is exposed outside the cell, and then exists in this form on the cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria; Lipid A (lipid A) (E) is a glycophospholipid, which is the main component of endotoxin toxicity and biological activity and has no species specificity.
5. The correct description of drug toxic reactions is:
A. Toxic reactions are inevitable
B. It has nothing to do with drug accumulation
C. It is a more serious drug reaction
D. Its occurrence is related to low drug selectivity
E. Toxic reactions are generally unpredictable
5. Answer C. Analysis: Drug toxic reaction refers to a serious drug reaction that occurs when the dose is too large or when the drug accumulates too much in the body. Toxic reactions are generally predictable and avoidable.