What is lung cancer! How to cure lung cancer?

Lung cancer related knowledge lung cancer is the most common primary malignant tumor of the lung, and the vast majority of lung cancer originates from the mucosal epithelium of the bronchial tubes, so it is also known as bronchial lung cancer. Over the past 50 years, the incidence and death rate of lung cancer have been increasing rapidly in the world, especially in industrialized countries, and lung cancer has taken the lead in the male patients who died of cancer.More than 40 years ago, among the patients who underwent surgical treatment for lung diseases in China, most of them were tuberculosis, followed by bronchial dilatation, lung abscess and other suppurative infections in the lungs, and the number of lung cancer cases was not many. Contents[hide] Causes Symptoms Early Symptoms Lung Cancer Late Symptoms Symptoms of Lung Cancer with Extensive Metastases Signs Classification 1. squamous cell carcinoma (also called squamous carcinoma): 2. undifferentiated carcinoma 3. adenocarcinoma 4. alveolar cell carcinoma Staging Stages of Small Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis Complications Diagnostic Examinations 1. x-ray 2. bronchoscopy 3. radionuclide 4. cytology 5. thoracotomy 6. ECT 7. mediastinoscope Mediastinoscopy Treatment Chemotherapy of Lung Cancer Radiotherapy of Lung Cancer 1. Radical Treatment Surgical Treatment of Lung Cancer (1) Indications for Surgery (2) Indications for Cesarean Section (3) Selection of Surgical Styles for Lung Cancer (4) Surgical Treatment of Recurrent or Recurrent Lung Cancer Patient's Dietary Contraindications Nursing Care Methods Health Care and Rehabilitation Kitchen fumes are prone to lung cancer Women are more prone to lung cancer Symptoms of Lung Cancer in Late Stage Unique Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatments Family Care of Lung Cancer Patients pay attention to 3 aspects Causes Symptoms Early Symptoms Lung Cancer Late Symptoms Symptoms of Widespread Metastatic Lung Cancer Symptoms Symptoms Signs and Symptoms Classification 1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (also known as Squamous Carcinoma) 2. Undifferentiated Carcinoma 3. Adenocarcinoma 4. Alveolar Cell Carcinoma Staging Stages of Small Cell Lung Cancer Metastases Complications Diagnostic Examinations 1. x-ray 2. bronchoscopy 3. radionuclide 4. cytological examination 5. thoracotomy 6. ECT 7. Mediastinoscopy Treatment Chemotherapy of Lung Cancer Radiotherapy of Lung Cancer 1. Radical Treatment Surgical Treatment of Lung Cancer (1) Indications for Surgery (2) Indications for Cesarean Section (3) Selection of Surgical Styles for Lung Cancer (4) Surgical Treatment of Recurrent Lung Cancer Surgical Treatment of Recurrent Lung Cancer Patient's Dietary Cautions and Taboos Nursing Care Methods Health Care and Rehabilitation Kitchen Smoke is Easy to Cause Lung Cancer Women are More Likely to Suffer from Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Symptoms of Late Stage Unique Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatments Family Care of Lung Cancer Patients pay attention to 3 aspects Overview Lung cancer occurs in the mucous epithelium of the bronchial tubes and is also called bronchopulmonary cancer. Lung cancer generally refers to cancers of the lung parenchyma and usually does not include mesothelioma (mesodermal tumors of membranous origin), or other malignant tumors such as carcinoid, malignant lymphoma, or tumors metastasized from other sources. Therefore, the term lung cancer refers to malignant tumors derived from bronchial or bronchiolar epidermal cells, which account for 90-95% of malignant tumors of the lung parenchyma. Lung cancer is currently the number one cause of cancer deaths in the world. In 1995, 600,000 people died of lung cancer worldwide, and the number is increasing every year. The incidence of lung cancer in women is especially on the rise. The disease mostly develops above the age of 40, and the peak age of onset is between 60 and 79 years old. The prevalence of male to female is 2.3:1. Race, family history and smoking all have an impact on the development of lung cancer. Lung cancer originates from the epithelium of bronchial mucosa and is confined to the basement membrane, which is called carcinoma in situ. It can grow into the lumen of the bronchial tubes or/and adjacent lung tissues, and can spread through lymphatic or transbronchial metastasis. The growth rate and metastatic spread of carcinoma are related to the histologic type of carcinoma, the degree of differentiation and other biological characteristics. The distribution of lung cancer is more frequent in the right lung than in the left lung, more frequent in the upper lobe than in the lower lobe, and the cancer can occur from the main bronchus to the fine bronchus. Lung cancer that originates from the main bronchus and lobar bronchus and is located close to the hilum is called central lung cancer; lung cancer that originates below the segmental bronchus and is located in the peripheral part of the lung is called peripheral lung cancer. There are two basic types of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer 1) small cell lung cancer (SCLC) or oat cell carcinoma, nearly 20% of lung cancer patients belong to this type; small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a short doubling time of tumor cells, rapid progression, and is often accompanied by endocrine abnormality or carcinoid syndrome; because patients have blood line metastasis in the early stage and are sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, therefore, the treatment of SCLC should be mainly systemic chemotherapy, combined with radiotherapy and surgery. Therefore, systemic chemotherapy should be the mainstay of small cell lung cancer treatment, with combined radiotherapy and surgery as the main treatment means. Comprehensive treatment is the key to the success of small cell lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer 2) Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), about 80% of lung cancer patients belong to this type. This distinction is important because the treatment options for these two types of lung cancer are very different. Small cell lung cancer patients are mainly treated with chemotherapy and surgical treatment does not play a major role for patients with this type of lung cancer. On the other hand, surgical treatment is mainly indicated for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. [edit]Treatment Methods The treatment methods of lung cancer are divided into three major categories: chemotherapy for lung cancer In the last two decades, tumor chemotherapy has been developed rapidly and applied widely. The efficacy of chemotherapy on small cell lung cancer is more certain no matter in early or late stage, and there are even a few reports of eradication; it also has certain efficacy on non-small cell lung cancer, but it is only palliative, and its role needs to be further improved. In recent years, the role of chemotherapy in lung cancer is no longer limited to inoperable advanced lung cancer patients, but often included in the comprehensive treatment program of lung cancer as systemic therapy. Chemotherapy can inhibit the hematopoietic system of bone marrow, mainly the decline of white blood cells and platelets, and combined with traditional Chinese medicine and immunotherapy, the effect is good. （Due to the biological characteristics of small cell lung cancer, it is currently recognized that chemotherapy should be preferred except for a small number of patients without intrathoracic lymph node metastasis. 1. Indications (1) Patients with small cell lung cancer diagnosed by pathology or cytology; (2) Patients with KS score of 50-60 or above; (3) Patients with expected survival time of more than one month; (4) Patients with age ≤70 years. Contraindications (2) Contraindications (1) Old age, physical failure or malignant disease; (2) Serious dysfunction of heart, liver and kidney; (3) Poor bone marrow function with white blood cells below 3×10^9/L and platelets below 80×10^9/L (direct count); (4) Complications and infections with fever and hemorrhagic tendency. (II) Chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer Although there are many effective drugs for non-small cell lung cancer, the effective rate is low and complete remission can rarely be achieved. (1) Stage III patients who are confirmed as squamous adenocarcinoma or large cell carcinoma by pathology or cytology, but cannot be operated, and those who have recurrence and metastasis after operation, or stage III patients who are not suitable for operation due to other reasons; (2) Those who have the following conditions after surgical exploration and pathological examination: (1) residual foci; (2) metastasis of lymph nodes in the thoracic area; (3) cancer embolus in the lymphatic vessels or thrombus; (4) poorly differentiated carcinoma; (3) local chemotherapy is needed for those who have pleural cavity or pericardial effusion. (3) Local chemotherapy is needed for those with pleural or pericardial effusion. Contraindications: Same as small cell carcinoma. Radiation therapy for lung cancer (1) Principle of treatment Radiation therapy is the best for small cell carcinoma, followed by squamous cell carcinoma and the worst for adenocarcinoma. However, small cell carcinoma is prone to metastasis, so large irregular field irradiation should be used, and the irradiation area should include the primary foci, mediastinal bilateral supraclavicular area, even liver and brain, etc. Meanwhile, medication should be supplemented. Squamous cell carcinoma is moderately sensitive to radiation, with localized invasion and relatively slow metastasis, so it is mostly treated by radical therapy. Adenocarcinoma has poor sensitivity to rays and is easy to metastasize in the blood tract, so it is less likely to be treated with simple radiation therapy. (ii) Radiation complications are more, even cause partial loss of function; for patients with advanced tumors, the effect of radiation therapy is not perfect. At the same time, patients with poor physical condition and old age are not suitable for radiotherapy. (According to the purpose of treatment, radiotherapy is divided into radical treatment, palliative treatment, preoperative radiotherapy, postoperative radiotherapy and intracavitary radiotherapy. (1) Early cases with contraindication to surgery or refusal of surgery, or IIIa cases with lesions limited to 150cm; (2) Heart, lung, liver, kidney function is basically normal, blood white blood cell count is more than 3×10^9/L, hemoglobin is more than 100g/L; (3) KS ≥ 60 points should be carefully formulated beforehand, and strictly enforced, and do not easily change the treatment plan, and even if the radiation reaction should be based on the treatment plan, the treatment plan should be based on the treatment plan. (4) Even if there is a radiation reaction, the goal should be to eradicate the tumor. 2. Palliative care: The purpose of palliative care varies greatly. There are palliative treatments close to radical treatment to reduce patients' pain, prolong life and improve quality of life; there are also symptomatic treatments that only aim at reducing the symptoms of patients with advanced stage or even cause comforting effect, such as pain, paralysis, coma, shortness of breath and hemorrhage. The number of irradiation of palliative care can be from several times to dozens of times, which should be determined according to the specific situation and equipment conditions. However, it must not increase the patient's pain as a principle, and the treatment can be modified as appropriate when there is a large radiological response or a decrease in the KS score. 3. Pre-operative radiotherapy: aiming at improving the surgical resection rate and reducing the risk of tumor dissemination during surgery, patients who have no difficulty in surgical resection can be treated with pre-operative high-dose and less-segmented radiotherapy; if the tumor is huge or invasive, and it is estimated that there is difficulty in surgical resection, conventional segregated radiotherapy can be used. The time of radiotherapy from surgery is usually about 50 days, and the longest time should not exceed three months. 4. Postoperative radiotherapy: it is used for cases with insufficient preoperative estimation and incomplete surgical resection of tumor. The local residual foci should be marked with silver clips so that radiotherapy can be accurately localized. 5. Endoluminal short-distance radiotherapy: it is suitable for cancer foci confined in large bronchial tubes, which can be placed in bronchial foci through ciliopathoscope by rear-loading technique, and iridium (192Ir) can be used for proximity radiotherapy in conjunction with extracorporeal irradiation, which can improve the therapeutic effect. Surgical treatment of lung cancer Except for stage IIIb and IV, the treatment of lung cancer should be mainly surgical treatment or strive for surgical treatment, and according to different stages and pathological tissue types, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy should be added as appropriate integrated treatment. Regarding the survival period of lung cancer after surgery, it has been reported that the three-year survival rate is about 40%-60%; the five-year survival rate is about 22%-44%; and the mortality rate of surgery is below 3%. (I) Indications of surgery Surgery can be performed for those who have the following conditions: 1. No distant metastasis, including parenchymal organs such as liver, brain, adrenal gland, bones, extra-thoracic lymph nodes, etc.; 2. Cancer tissues have not invaded and spread to adjacent organs or tissues in the chest, such as the aorta, superior vena cava, esophagus, and carcinomatous pleural fluid, etc.; 3. No serious cardiopulmonary hypoplasia or angina pectoris in the near future; 4. No serious liver and kidney diseases and serious diabetes mellitus. No severe liver or kidney disease and severe diabetes. Those who have the following conditions should be operated cautiously or need further examination and treatment: (1) those who have poor cardiopulmonary function due to old age and physical failure; (2) those who have small-cell lung cancer other than stage I should be treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy first before determining whether they can be operated or not; (3) those who have several suspected metastases in the mediastinum besides the primary foci as seen in the x-ray. At present, the indications for surgical treatment of lung cancer have been relaxed in the academic circles, and some scholars believe that patients who have invaded large blood vessels in the chest and isolated metastases in distant places can be operated as long as their physical conditions permit, and relevant explorations and researches have been carried out. (II) Indications of thoracotomy Where there is no contraindication to surgery, patients with clear diagnosis of lung cancer or high suspicion of lung cancer can choose the operation mode according to the specific situation. If the lesion is found to have exceeded the scope of resectability during the operation, but the primary cancer can be resected, it is advisable to resect the primary foci, which is called decompensation surgery, but in principle, total lung resection will not be performed so as to assist other treatments after the operation. (According to the 1985 International Staging Method of Lung Cancer, surgical resection can be used in all cases of stage I, II and III lung cancer where there is no contraindication for surgery. The principle of surgical resection is to completely remove the primary foci and lymph nodes in the thoracic cavity that may be metastasized, and to preserve normal lung tissues as much as possible, and total pneumonectomy should be performed with caution. Local resection: refers to wedge-shaped lumpectomy and segmental resection, i.e., for small primary cancer, old and weak with poor lung function or well-differentiated cancer with low malignancy, local resection can be considered. 2. Lobectomy: for isolated peripheral lung cancer confined to one lobe without obvious lymph node enlargement, lobectomy is feasible. If the cancer involves two lobes or middle bronchus, upper middle lobe or lower middle lobe lobectomy is feasible; 3. Sleeve lobectomy: this operation is mostly applied to lung cancer of upper middle lobe of right lung, if the cancer is located in lobe bronchus and involves the opening of lobe bronchus, sleeve lobectomy is feasible; 4. Total pneumonectomy: total pneumonectomy may be carefully considered when the lesion cannot be removed by the above methods in case of extensive lesions; 5. Rumplification and reconstruction: the tumor exceeds the main bronchus and involves the rumpus; 6. Lung resection: the tumor can be removed from the main bronchus and the lungs are not removed. If the lung tumor exceeds the main bronchus and involves the lung bulge or the lateral wall of the trachea but does not exceed 2 cm: (1) the lung bulge can be resected and reconstructed or sleeve total lung resection can be performed; (2) if one lobe of the lung is still preserved, it should be preserved by all means. The operation can be determined according to the situation at that time. (IV) Surgical treatment of recurrent or recurrent lung cancer 1. Surgery can remove the cancer, but there are still residual cancer, regional lymph node metastasis, or cancer embolism in blood vessels, etc., and the chance of recurrence and metastasis is very high. Treatment of multiple primary lung cancers: if the diagnosis is multiple primary lung cancers, the principle of treatment shall be according to the second primary foci. 2. Treatment of recurrent lung cancer: the so-called recurrent lung cancer refers to the recurrence of cancer foci within the original surgical scar or the recurrence of cancer foci in the chest related to the primary foci, which is called recurrent lung cancer. The principle of its treatment should be based on the patient's cardiopulmonary function and whether it can be resected to decide the scope of surgery.