Question 2: What are the types of glass? Glass (silicate non-metallic materials)
Glass is a transparent semi-solid, semi-liquid material, the formation of a continuous network structure in the melt, the cooling process viscosity gradually increased and hardened without crystallization of silicate non-metallic materials. Ordinary glass chemical oxide composition (Na2O?CaO?6SiO2), the main component is silicon dioxide. Widely used in buildings, used to insulate wind and light, belongs to the mixture. Mixed with some other metal oxides or salts and show the color of tinted glass, and through a special method of tempered glass and so on. Sometimes some transparent plastics (such as polymethyl methacrylate) is also called plexiglass. Application Editor
There are quartz glass, silicate glass, soda-lime glass, fluoride glass, high-temperature glass, high-pressure glass, ultraviolet glass, explosion-proof glass and so on. Usually refers to silicate glass, quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone as raw materials, after mixing, high-temperature melting, homogenization, processing and shaping, and then annealed and obtained. Widely used in construction, daily use, medical, chemical, electronics, instrumentation, nuclear engineering and other fields. General Editor
Glass is an amorphous solid with an irregular structure (microscopically, glass is also a liquid), and its molecules are not arranged in space with long-range ordering as in crystals, but approximate short-range ordering as in liquids. Glass maintains a specific shape like a solid and does not flow with gravity like a liquid.
Isotropy
The molecular arrangement of glass is irregular, and its molecules are statistically homogeneous in space. Ideally, the physical and chemical properties of homogeneous glass (such as refractive index, hardness, modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, etc.) are the same in all directions.
No fixed melting point
The transformation of glass from a solid to a liquid is carried out in a certain temperature region (i.e., the softening temperature range), which, unlike crystalline substances, does not have a fixed melting point. The softening temperature range Tg~T1, Tg is the transition temperature, T1 is the liquid-phase line temperature, corresponding to the viscosity of 1013.4
dPa?s, 104~6dPa?s.
Dielectric stability
Glassy substances are generally obtained by rapid cooling of molten bodies, and the viscosity increases sharply during the cooling process when the transition from the molten state to the glassy state occurs. Too late to do a regular arrangement and the formation of crystals, no release of latent heat of crystallization, therefore, the glassy substance contains a higher internal energy than the crystalline substance, its energy between the molten state and the crystalline state, belongs to the sub-stable state. From the mechanical point of view, the glass is an unstable high-energy state, such as the existence of low-energy state transformation tendency, that is, there is a tendency to precipitate the crystal, so, the glass is a kind of sub-stable solid material.
Gradual reversibility
The process of glassy material from the molten state to the solid state is gradual, and the changes in its physical and chemical properties are also continuous and gradual. This is significantly different from the crystallization process of the melt, the crystallization process is bound to appear new phases, in the vicinity of the crystallization temperature point, many of the properties will undergo a sudden change. The glassy material from the molten state to the solid state is completed in a wide range of temperatures, with the gradual decrease in temperature, the viscosity of the glass melt gradually increased, and finally formed a solid glass, but the process does not have the formation of new phases. On the contrary, the process of heating glass into a melt is also gradual. Classification
By process
Hot melt glass: embossed glass, wrought glass, crystalline glass, glazed glass, laminated glass, polycrystalline glass, glass mosaic, tempered glass, laminated glass, insulating glass, dimmable glass, luminous glass.
The piece of artifacts display more and more people pay attention to, which has a large part of the artifacts modeling by the glass manufacturing.
According to the production
The simple classification of glass is mainly divided into flat glass and deep processing glass. Flat glass is mainly divided into three kinds: namely, leaded flat glass (divided into two kinds of slotted/unslotted), flat drawn flat glass and float glass. As float glass has a uniform thickness, the upper and lower surfaces are flat and parallel, coupled with high labor productivity and management and other factors, float glass is becoming the mainstream of glass manufacturing methods. Special glass is a variety of varieties, the following common varieties according to the renovation of one by one: First, ordinary flat glass
1, 3 - 4 cents of glass, mm in daily life is also known as cents or a. The 3 cents (a) of the glass, the 3 cents (a) of the glass, the 3 cents (a) of the glass. We said 3 cents (a) glass, is the thickness of 3mm glass. This specification of glass is mainly used for picture frame surface.
2, 5 - 6 centigrade glass, mainly used for exterior windows, doors and other small areas of light transmission modeling and so on.
3, 7 - 9 centigrade glass, mainly used for indoor screens and other large areas but also have a frame to protect the molding.
Flat glass diagram
4, 9 - 10 centigrade glass, can be used for indoor large area partitions, railings and other decoration projects.
5, 11 - 12 centimeter glass, can be used for spring glass doors and some live ...... >>
Question 3: What are the types of glass? Glass: a more transparent solid material, in the melt to form a continuous network structure, the cooling process viscosity gradually increase and harden without crystallization of silicate non-metallic materials. Common glass chemical oxide composition (Na2O?CaO?6SiO2), the main component is silica. It is widely used in buildings to insulate wind and light.
In ancient China, also known as glaze, is a transparent, high strength and hardness, airtight material. Glass is chemically inert in everyday environments and does not interact with living things, so it is very versatile. Glass is generally insoluble in acids (exception: hydrofluoric acid reacts with glass to form SiF4, which leads to corrosion of the glass); but it is soluble in strong bases, such as cesium hydroxide. Glass is an amorphous supercooled liquid. The molten glass cools rapidly, and the molecules form glass because they do not have enough time to form crystals.
Glass is simply categorized into flat glass and specialty glass. Flat glass is divided into three main types: leaded flat glass (slotted/unslotted), flat drawn flat glass, and float glass. Float glass is becoming the mainstream of glass manufacturing due to its uniform thickness, flat and parallel upper and lower surfaces, coupled with high labor productivity and management-friendly factors. Specialty glass is a variety of varieties, the following common varieties of decoration according to one by one:
[Edit paragraph] History of glass
Glass was first solidified by volcanic eruptions of acidic rock. About 3700 BC, the ancient Egyptians have made glass ornaments and simple glassware, only colored glass, about 1000 BC, China made colorless glass. The 12th century AD, the emergence of commercial glass, and began to become an industrial material. 18th century, in order to adapt to the development of telescopes, the production of optical glass. 1873, Belgium first produced flat glass. 1906, the United States produced flat glass lead on the machine. Since then, with the industrialization of glass production and scale, a variety of uses and a variety of performance of the glass came out one after another. Modern, glass has become an important material for daily life, production and science and technology.
More than 3,000 years ago, a European Phoenician merchant ship, loaded with the crystalline mineral "natural soda" [2], sailing in the Mediterranean coast of the Belorussian River. Due to low tide, the ship ran aground.
So the crew went to the beach. Some crew members also carried to the cauldron, moved to the firewood, and a few pieces of "natural soda" as the cauldron support, cooking on the beach.
The crew finished eating, the tide began to rise. They were about to pack up and board the ship to continue sailing, suddenly someone shouted: "Everyone look at ah, the pot below the sand there are some crystal bright, shiny things!
The crew took these shimmering things and brought them on board to study them carefully. They found that there was some quartz sand and melted natural soda stuck to the shiny things. It turned out that these glittering things, is the natural soda that they used to make pots and pans for the stentorian when cooking, under the action of the flame, and the quartz sand on the beach chemical reaction and the crystals produced, which is the earliest glass. Later the Phoenicians made the Phoenicians rich by combining the quartz sand and natural soda and melting them in a special furnace to make glass balls.
Around the 4th century, the Romans began using glass in windows and doors. By 1291, glassmaking was well advanced in Italy.
"Our glass-making technology must not leak out, and bring all the artisans who make glass together to produce it!"
With this, the Italian glass artisans were all sent to an isolated island to produce glass, and they were not allowed to leave the island for the rest of their lives.
In 1688, a man named Nerf invented the process of making large pieces of glass, and from then on, glass became a commonplace object.
The glass we use today is made from quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone at high temperatures.
The melt in the cooling process viscosity gradually increase and get the solid material does not crystallize. Brittle and transparent. There are quartz glass, silicate glass, soda-lime glass, fluoride glass and so on. Usually refers to silicate glass, quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone as raw materials, after mixing, high-temperature melting, homogenization, processing and shaping, and then annealed. Widely used in construction, daily use, medical, chemical, electronics, instrumentation, nuclear engineering and other fields.
[edit paragraph] Classification of glass
Glass by production process classification
- hot melt glass: - embossed glass - forged glass - wonderful glass - glazed glass - laminated glass - hotel products - polycrystalline glass - glass mosaic - shadowless glue ...... >>
Question 4: What are the types of glass Simple classification categories are divided into ordinary glass flat glass and special glass. Flat glass is divided into three main types: flat glass leading to (a slot / no slot 2 kinds) of law, flat plate glass and float glass pull method. As float glass due to uniform thickness, smooth parallel upper and lower surfaces, coupled with high labor productivity, conducive to the management of float glass and other aspects of the factors are the mainstream method of glass change. There are many varieties of specialty glass, the following common varieties by fitting out:
Ordinary flat glass
. 1,3 - Glass of 4%, millimeters in everyday life, also known as centimeter. We are talking about 3% glass, which refers to the thickness of 3 mm glass. This instruction is mainly used on the surface of glass frames. 2, 5 - 6% of glass, mainly used for exterior windows, doors and other small areas of translucent molding, etc. 3, 7 - ? Glass 9%, mainly used for interior screens and other larger areas but have modeling frame for protection. 4, 9 - 10 5cm glass, can be used for interior large area panels, railings and other decoration projects. 5, 11 - 12% of the glass, glass doors on the spring and some can be used to cut off the flow of larger activities. 6, glass more than 15%, generally less in the market often need to order, mainly used for larger areas of glass doors, spring glass block wall fa?ade.
The other two glass
Other glass said, but the author on the classification of flat glass, this industry is not a formal classification. The main ones are: 1, tempered glass. It is then processed through an ordinary glass plate to make pre-stressed glass. Compared with ordinary glass plate glass, it has two characteristics: 1), the former is several times the strength of the latter, is more than three times the tensile strength of the latter, the impact is more than five times the latter. (2) the glass is not easy to break, even if broken will be greatly reduced in the form of personal injury to the particle fragments without sharp. 2, frosted glass. This is also in the ordinary flat glass above and then frosted. More than 9% or less of the average thickness to have a thickness of more than 5.6% per year. 3, Sandblasted glass. Frosted performance is roughly the same as scrubbing sand type change. Since the two are visually similar, many homeowners, professionals, and even decorators are confused by them. 4, Embossed glass. Manufactured using the method of rolling on flat glass. Its most important feature is light transmission opaque, much used in toilets and other improvements in the area. 5, laminated glass. Rolling method is utilized to embed the glass in the radial cracks made of flat glass with impact formed only by the impact of the fall, metal wire or metal mesh, and thus will not be harmed. Therefore, used in high-rise buildings and planted strong impact. 6, insulating glass. Which is mostly used in the method of two glued glass to maintain a certain interval, the interval for dry air, and then sealing materials from around, mainly used for sound insulation requirements of the decoration. 7, laminated glass. Laminated glass consists of two pieces of ordinary plate glass in general (it can be glass or other special glass) and glass composites between the organic glue layer. When broken, the fragments remain adhered to the adhesive layer to avoid flying debris that could harm the human body. Multiple safety requirements for remodeling projects. 8, Bullet Resistant Glass. A kind of laminated glass is actually just a larger amount of high-strength glass and laminated glass is used more. Which are mostly used in banks or mansion renovations that require very high security. 9, Heat Bending Glass. Quality flat glass is heated and softened by molding in a mold, and then the surface is annealed by the glass. Beautiful style, smooth lines, appeared some more and more advanced decorative frequency. 10 Glass Block. The basic difference between the production of glass block and plate glass is the molding method. In which the dry air. Used for decorative projects or have translucent insulation requirements into the shape. 11, Cellophane. Also known as window film, with a variety of colors and patterns. Depends on the properties of the paper film with different properties. The vast majority of the insulating properties, infrared protection, ultraviolet protection and so on.
Classification of major components
Glass components are usually divided into oxide and non-oxide glass glass. Non-oxide glass and a small number of varieties, mainly sulfide glass and halide glass. A variety of anionic sulfide glass is sulfur, selenium, tellurium, etc., and can be cut by short wavelengths of light into yellow, red, and near- and far-infrared light, with low resistance and switching characteristics of the memory. Halide glasses have low refractive index and low dispersion and are mainly used as optical glasses. Silicate glasses are categorized as oxide glasses, borate glasses, and phosphate glasses. Silicate glass refers to the basic component of SiO 2 glass, which comes in many varieties and has a wide range of applications. SiO 2 glasses and are usually alkali metal, alkaline earth metal oxides, and a different ...... >>
Question 5: What are the common types of glass Simple classification
Glass simple classification is mainly divided into flat glass and special glass. Flat glass is mainly divided into three kinds: namely, the lead on the method of flat glass (divided into two kinds of groove / no groove), flat pull method of flat glass and float glass. Due to the float glass due to the uniform thickness, the upper and lower surfaces are flat and parallel, coupled with high labor productivity and facilitate the management of factors such as the impact of the float glass is becoming the mainstream of glass manufacturing methods. Specialty glass is a variety of many
Question 6: What kind of glass is used to make the screen of the phone? The color screen of the phone because the LCD quality and R & D technology varies, and its types of roughly TFT, TFD, UFB, STN and OLED several kinds. Generally speaking, the more colors you can display, the more complex the image can be, and the richer the picture can be.
In addition to the above categories of LCD, you can also see some other LCDs on some cell phones, such as Japan SHARP's GF screen and CG (Continuous Crystalline Silicon) LCD. two kinds of LCDs belong to a completely different kind of comparison, the GF for the STN improvement, can improve the brightness of the LCD, and CG is a high-precision high-quality LCD can be achieved QVGA (240 × 320) pixel specifications. The GF is a modification of the STN to increase the brightness of the LCD, while the CG is a high-precision, high-quality LCD that can achieve QVGA (240×320) pixel resolution.
TFT screen
TFT (Thin Film Transistor) that is, thin-film field effect transistor, belongs to the active matrix liquid crystal display in a kind of. It can "actively" control each individual pixel on the screen, which can greatly improve the response time. Generally TFT response time is faster, about 80 milliseconds, and the viewing angle is large, generally up to 130 degrees or so, mainly used in high-end products. The so-called thin-film field effect transistor, refers to the liquid crystal display on each liquid crystal pixel point is integrated in the thin film transistor after it to drive. Thus can do high speed, high brightness, high contrast display screen information. TFT belongs to the active matrix liquid crystal display, in the technology of the "active matrix" way to drive, the method is to use the thin film technology made of electro-crystalline electrodes, the use of scanning methods "active pull" to control any one display point. "Control any one of the display point of the on and off, the light source irradiation first through the lower polarizing plate upward transmission, with the help of liquid crystal molecules to conduct light, through the shading and transmittance to achieve the purpose of the display.
TFD screen
TFD (Thin Film Diode) screen, also known as thin film diode semi-transparent LCD, TFD technology was developed by Seiko and Epson, specifically for cell phone screens. It is a compromise between TFT and STN, with better brightness and color saturation than STN, and is also more power efficient than TFT. The most important feature is that it provides a high quality, easy-to-view display regardless of whether the backlight is turned off (reflective mode) or turned on (transmissive mode) conditions, and has the advantages of low power consumption, high picture quality, and high response speed.
UFB Screen
The UFB LCD is a new liquid crystal display device for cell phones released by Samsung in March 2002, featuring ultra-thin, high-brightness. the UFB-LCD is a display designed specifically for cell phones and PADs, featuring ultra-thinness, high-brightness, and the ability to display 65536 colors up to a resolution of 128x160,. The display also features a special grating design that reduces the pixel pitch for better image quality. the UFB LCD has twice the contrast ratio of the STN LCD, is as bright as the TFT display at 65536 colors, consumes less power than the TFT display, and sells for about the same price as the STN display, which is a combination of the strengths of both existing products.
OLED screen
OLED (Organic Light Emitting Display) that is, organic light emitting display, in the cell phone LCD belongs to a new product, known as the "dream display. OLED display technology is different from the traditional LCD, no backlight, using very thin organic material coating and glass substrate, when there is a current through, these organic materials will emit light. Moreover, OLED display screens can be made lighter and thinner, with a larger viewing angle, and can significantly save power consumption. In the OLED two technology system, low molecular OLED technology for Japan to master, and polymer PLED (LG cell phone is the so-called OEL is the product of this system) technology and patents by the British science and technology company CDT master, the two compared to the PLED products on the color of the product is still a certain degree of difficulty.
TFT-LCD LCD is a thin-film transistor liquid crystal display, also known as "true color" (TFT). TFT liquid crystal for each pixel is equipped with a semiconductor switch, each pixel can be directly controlled by the point pulse, so each node is relatively independent, and can be continuously controlled, not only to improve the response time of the display. Improve the response speed of the display, at the same time can accurately control the display color gradation, so the TFT liquid crystal color is more true.TFT liquid crystal display is characterized by good brightness, high contrast, strong sense of hierarchy, bright colors, but there is also a relatively power-consuming and costly shortcomings.TFT ...... >>
Question 7: What is the material of the cell phone screen glass Mobile phone touch screen glass is mainly used for cell phone touch screen panels, which is a kind of chemically strengthened glass, the raw material of its glass is a special sodium silicate glass material, through the sodium-potassium ion exchange to enhance its own strength, to achieve the purpose of the glass strengthened, impact resistance, their DOL can reach 50um, CS can Surface hardness of 500mpa has been significantly improved.
Question 8: cell phone touch screen is divided into what kinds, which is the best Mobile phone touch screen is divided into two kinds: resistive screen and capacitive screen, most of the popular touch screen for the lens screen, that is, flat resistive and mirrored capacitive screen, most of the Nokia resistive screen, capacitive screen representative for the iphone.
Resistive touch screen is commonly known as the "soft screen", mostly used in Windows Mobile.
Resistive touch screens are commonly known as "soft screens" and are mostly used in Windows Mobile phones;
Capacitive touch screens are commonly known as "hard screens", such as the iPhone and the G1, and other machines that use this screen quality.
Comparison of resistive and capacitive screens
First, the indoor visual effect of the two are usually very good.
Second, touch sensitivity
1, resistive touch screen: need to use pressure to make contact with all layers of the screen, you can use your fingers (even with gloves), fingernails, stylus, etc. to operate. Support for stylus is important in the Asian market, where gestures and text recognition are valued.
2. Capacitive touch screen: The slightest contact from the surface of the charged finger can also activate the capacitive sensing system below the screen. Invalid for inanimate objects, fingernails, gloves. Handwriting recognition is more difficult.
Third, precision
1, resistive touch screen: precision at least up to a single display pixel, with a stylus can be seen. Facilitate handwriting recognition, which helps to operate under the interface using small control elements.
2. Capacitive touch screen: Theoretical accuracy can reach a few pixels, but in practice will be limited by the finger contact area. So much so that it is difficult for users to accurately click on targets smaller than 1cm2.
Fourth, the cost
1, resistive touch screen: very cheap.
2, capacitive touch screen: different manufacturers of capacitive screen price than the resistive screen is 10% to 50% more expensive.
V. Feasibility of multi-touch
1, resistive touch screen: not possible, unless the restructuring of the resistive screen and the machine's circuit connection.
2, capacitive touch screen: depending on the way to achieve as well as the software, most of the mainstream cell phones have already supported capacitive touch screen (except Nokia)
Six, damage resistance
1, resistive touch screen: the fundamental characteristics of the resistive screen determines that the top of the screen is soft, and you need to be able to press down. This makes the screen very susceptible to scratches. Resistive screens require protective film and relatively more frequent calibration. On the plus side, resistive touchscreen devices that use a plastic layer are generally less fragile and less likely to break.
2. Capacitive touch screen: the outer layer can use glass. This is not as indestructible and could potentially shatter under severe impact, but glass copes better with everyday bumps and smudges.
VII. Cleaning
1, resistive touch screen: because you can use a stylus or fingernail to operate, it is less likely to leave fingerprints, grease and bacteria on the screen.
2, capacitive touch screen: to use the whole finger to touch, but the glass outer layer is easier to clean.
Eight, environmental adaptability
1, resistive touch screen: the specific value is not known. But there is evidence that Nokia 5800 with resistive screen can work normally at temperatures from -15°C to +45°C, and there is little requirement for humidity.
2. Capacitive touch screen: Typical operating temperatures are between 0° and 35°, and require at least 5% humidity (limited by the principle of operation). IX. Sunlight visibility
Resistive touch screens: usually terrible, the extra screen layer reflects a lot of sunlight.
Question 9: What are the types of high performance glass? Commonly used high-performance glass in architecture
In terms of optics: Low-E glass, heat-reflective glass, prismatic glass
In terms of strength: toughened glass, laminated glass, laminated glass
In terms of heat transfer: insulating glass, vacuum glass, inert gas glass
In terms of appearance: colored laminated glass, stained glazed glass, etched glass, Carved glass
In terms of usability: polymer organic glass, fireproof glass, ultra-white glass
-- pure hand-typed, please accept
Question 10: What are the types of high-performance glass High-performance glass commonly used in construction
In the optical aspect: Low-E Glass, heat reflective glass, prismatic glass
In terms of strength: tempered glass, laminated glass, laminated glass
In terms of heat transfer: insulating glass, vacuum glass, inert gas glass
In terms of appearance: colored laminated glass, glazed glass, corrosion glass, engraved glass
In terms of usability: polymer plexiglass, fire-resistant glass, super-white glass
In terms of the use of: polymer organic glass, fireproof glass
In terms of usability: polymer organic glass, fireproof glass, super white glass