Status and Measures of Atmospheric Pollution
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Status and Measures of Atmospheric Pollution
Abstract:
Abstract:
We, human beings, live in the base of the earth's atmosphere, and we cannot leave the atmosphere for a moment. We can't live without the atmosphere for a moment. The atmosphere provides an ideal environment for the reproduction of life on earth and the development of human beings. Its state and changes affect human activities and survival everywhere. With the development of the economy and people's lack of awareness of atmospheric protection, atmospheric pollution is becoming more and more serious. It is more and more important to improve the environmental protection consciousness of all people and to prevent and control atmospheric pollution.
Keywords: atmospheric pollution, health, environment, sustainable development, prevention and control
Atmospheric Pollution Situation and Measures
Summary:
We humans live in the bottom of the Earth's atmosphere, and the moment withoutthe atmosphere.The atmosphere is the proliferation of life on Earth, human development, provides an ideal The atmosphere is the proliferation of life on Earth, human development, provides an ideal environment. Its status and changes, and always affect human activity and survival. With
economic development and people's lack of awareness on the protection of the atmosphere, air pollution has become a major concern. With
economic development and people's lack of awareness on the protection of the atmosphere, air pollution is
getting worse. Raise people's awareness
of environmental protection, prevention of air pollution
. Raise people's awareness
of environmental protection, prevention of air
pollutionis increasingly important.
Keywords:
Air pollution prevention
and control healthy environment for
Air pollution prevention
and control healthy environment for
sustainable developme1Concept of Air PollutionAccording to the definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), "Atmospheric pollution is usually defined as the introduction of certain substances into the atmosphere as a result of human activity or natural processes, presenting a sufficient concentration for a sufficient period of time, and consequently jeopardizing the comfort of the human body, health and welfare or environmental pollution."
Atmospheric pollutants are mainly categorized as harmful gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, photochemical smog halogenated elements, etc.) and particulate matter (dust and acid mist, aerosols, etc.). Their main sources are factory emissions, automobile exhaust, agricultural burning, forest fires, cooking smoke (including roadside barbecues), dust (including construction sites) and so on.
2 Current Status of Air Pollution
2.1.Current Status of Total Air Pollutant EmissionsCurrently, China's air pollution situation is very serious, mainly characterized by soot-type pollution. Total suspended particulate matter concentration in the urban atmospheric environment generally exceeds the standard; sulfur dioxide pollution remains at a high level; the total amount of motor vehicle exhaust pollutant emissions are rapidly increasing; nitrogen oxide pollution is aggravating the trend; the formation of the country's central China, southwestern China, eastern China, southern China more than one area of acid rain in central China acid rain area as the heaviest. 2.2 Weak environmental awareness . Insufficient understanding of sustainable development strategy people only consider the recent, local economic development needs, in the formulation of a number of comprehensive economic policy, industrial policy and urban construction and development planning lack of consideration for the protection of the atmospheric environment. Therefore, the lack of environmental protection considerations of the introduction of local policies, itself is the cause of aggravated atmospheric pollution triggers, caused by environmental hazards and losses are irreparable. 2.3 Energy, the use of irrational, serious waste of energy unreasonable use of energy and serious waste of energy is caused by China's serious atmospheric pollution is one of the causes of the main performance is as follows: (1) in our country Primary energy consumption structure, coal accounted for 75%, and for the use of coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal, coal and coal. Coal accounts for 75%, while the amount of coal used for power generation only 35% of the total amount of coal, other coal is used for industrial and civil combustion, 84% of the coal directly burned, this coal consumption composition is hate unreasonable. (2) China's coal production focuses too much on the increase of production, and pays insufficient attention to the problem of controlling high sulfur coal, which is mainly manifested in the low rate of coal washing and the rapid growth of coal production in high sulfur coal areas. (3) Various types of combustion equipment technology and manufacturing level is low, the energy utilization rate is not high, the use of high energy consumption and large amount of sewage and the phenomenon of over-service combustion equipment is quite common. (4) the rapid development of township industry, most of the enterprises using production technology, technology is relatively backward, simple production equipment, resource and energy utilization rate is extremely low, the air pollution caused by the phenomenon is alarming. 2.4. Insufficient capital investment in the prevention and control of air pollution (1) The starting point of China's industrial development is low, the overall level of basic industry is slow to improve, technological transformation is difficult, and there are many pollution debts. (2) The national investment in the implementation of clean coal policy, measures to improve the energy structure such as coal washing and processing, coal type, coal desulfurization, the use of clean energy, etc. is too weak, far from meeting the needs. (3) Urban centralized heat supply, gas and other infrastructure projects are the main measures to solve urban air pollution. However, many areas are still developing slowly, the key is still the problem of capital investment is not in place. (4) The sewage charges are too low, making polluting enterprises would rather pay sewage charges than spend money on treatment.2.5 Lax law enforcement and insufficient supervision and management Although China has made great progress in the construction of regulations and standards for the prevention and control of air pollution, the phenomenon of not following the law, not enforcing the law, and not investigating the violation of the law is still very serious. (1) Some local governments intervene in the law enforcement of environmental protection departments, and approve the construction of industrial projects with good short-term economic benefits but high energy and resource consumption and serious air pollution; they do not carry out the provisions of the state's "Evaluation First, Construction Later", and there are some new construction projects with irrational layout and pollution exceeding the standard. (2) Lax enforcement of laws on local power plants, local cement factories and township enterprises, and the lack of supervision and management. township enterprises have been lax in enforcing the law, and exceeding the standard is relatively common. (3) Due to financial constraints on local monitoring organizations, they are unable to generally carry out regular supervision and monitoring of pollution sources, thus weakening the daily supervision and management of pollution sources by environmental protection departments. The operation and management of environmental protection facilities is relatively poor, and the actual operation rate is low. Many projects, despite the fact that they can meet the standards at the time of acceptance at the start of construction, exceed the emission standards in actual operation. It is estimated that the current national average rate of exceeding the standard for industrial boiler smoke and dust emissions is 30%, the average rate for industrial kilns is 50%, and the rate of exceeding the standard for dust emissions in the local cement industry is 40%. (4) motor vehicle pollution prevention and control started late, exhaust supervision and management mechanism has not really been established, the supervision and enforcement of the duties of the various departments unclear, poor supervision, especially on the car manufacturing, sales, use, end of life of the whole process of pollution supervision and management is still very weak 2.6 Lack of practical control technology in China in the air pollution control technology and equipment development, development, promotion and use, although a lot of work has been done, but with the Although China has done a lot of work in the research, development, promotion and use of air pollution control technologies and equipment, the gap between them and the demand for air pollution control is still large, and the investment in capital and manpower as well as the degree of commercialization of practical technologies is far inferior to that of developed countries. Weak areas are clean coal technology, technologies to control pollution emitted from industrial kilns and production facilities in metallurgy, chemical industry, building materials and other industries, and technologies to purify the interior of motor vehicles. The lack of practical technology directly affects the process and effect of air pollution control.
3 Hazards of air pollution
3.1 Hazards to human health
3.1.1 Acute poisoning
The low concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere, usually does not cause acute poisoning of the human body, but in some special conditions, such as factories in the process of production of special accidents, a large number of hazardous gases leaked out of the outside world, the outside world meteorological conditions, etc., will cause acute poisoning of the crowd. However, under certain special conditions, such as special accidents in the production process, leakage of large quantities of hazardous gases, and sudden changes in external meteorological conditions, acute poisoning of the population may occur. Such as India's Pabol pesticide plant methyl isocyanate leaks, directly endangering the human body, occurred in 2500 people lost their lives, more than 100,000 people were victimized.
3.1.2 Chronic poisoning
Air pollution on human health chronic toxic effects, mainly manifested in low concentrations of pollutants, a long time after the continuous role of the human body, the emergence of the phenomenon of increased morbidity.
In recent years, China's urban residents have a high incidence of lung cancer, the highest of which is the Shanghai Municipality, the city residents of respiratory diseases significantly higher than the suburbs.
3.1.3 Carcinogenic effect
This is the result of long-term impact, is due to the pollutants for a long time in the body, damage to the body's genetic material, causing mutations, if the germ cells mutated, so that the offspring of the body to appear a variety of abnormalities, called the teratogenic effect; if the cause of the organism's cellular genetic material and the role of the genetic information of a sudden change in the role of the mutagenic effect; if the role of the tumor is called the role of carcinogenic; if the role of the induction of the tumor is called the role of the carcinogenic effect. If it causes sudden changes in the genetic material and genetic information of the cells of an organism, it is also called mutagenicity. The "cancer" referred to here includes benign and malignant tumors. Carcinogens in the environment can be divided into chemical carcinogens, physical carcinogens and biological carcinogens. The process of carcinogenicity is quite complicated, generally there are initiation stage and promotion stage. Factors that can induce tumors are collectively called carcinogenic factors. Tumors caused by long-term exposure to carcinogenic factors in the environment are called environmental tumors.
3.2 Hazards to Industrial and Agricultural Production
The hazards of air pollution to industrial and agricultural production are very serious, and these hazards can affect the economic development, resulting in a large number of human and material resources and financial losses. Atmospheric pollutants on the hazards of industry are mainly two kinds: one is the atmosphere of acidic pollutants and sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc., on industrial materials, equipment and construction facilities corrosion; the second is the increase in dust to the production of precision instruments, equipment, installation and debugging and the use of the adverse effects brought about by the adverse effects. The harm of atmospheric pollution on industrial production, from an economic point of view is to increase the cost of production, improve the cost and shorten the service life of the product.
Air pollution also causes great harm to agricultural production. Acid rain can directly affect the normal growth of plants, but also through infiltration into the soil and into the water column, causing soil and water acidification, toxic ingredients dissolved, thus toxic to plants and animals and aquatic organisms. Severe acid rain can cause forests to die and fish to become extinct.
3.3 Effects on the atmosphere and climate
Air pollutants also affect weather and climate. Particulate matter reduces atmospheric visibility and decreases the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground. Especially in large industrial cities, in the case of smog does not dissipate, daylight is 40% less than normal. Pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the upper atmosphere are causing a massive decomposition of ozone, triggering the "ozone hole" problem, which has become a global concern.
Particles emitted into the atmosphere from factories, power stations, automobiles, and small household coal stoves mostly have the role of water vapor condensation nuclei or frozen nuclei. These particles can adsorb water vapor in the atmosphere to make it condense into water droplets or ice crystals, thus changing the original precipitation (rain, snow) in the area. It has been found that downwind areas not far from large industrial cities receive more precipitation than other areas around them, which is known as the "Laporte effect". If acidic pollutants are trapped in the center of the particles, downwind areas can be hit by acid rain.
In addition to its adverse effects on the weather, atmospheric pollution is also raising concerns about its impact on the global climate. The greenhouse effect, triggered by the rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is the most significant impact on the global climate. Warming of the earth's climate will bring many adverse effects to the human ecological environment, and human beings must fully realize this.
4 Protective Measures against Atmospheric Pollution
4.1. Reasonable Arrangement of Industrial Layout and Functional Zoning of Towns
The reasonable layout of industries should be comprehensively considered in conjunction with town planning. Industrial areas should generally be configured on the edge of the city or in the suburbs, and the location should be on the downwind side of the local maximum frequency wind direction, so that the exhaust gases blowing the least number of times in the residential area. Harmful industrial enterprises should not be built in residential areas.
4.2. Strengthening of greening
Plants, in addition to beautifying the environment, also has the function of regulating the climate, blocking, filtering and adsorption of dust, and absorbing harmful gases in the atmosphere.
4.3 Control of coal pollution
①The use of raw coal desulfurization technology, you can remove about 40% of the coal burning 60% of inorganic sulfur. Priority is given to the use of low-sulfur fuel, such as low-sulfur coal and natural gas with low sulfur content. ② Improve coal combustion technology to reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the coal combustion process. For example, liquefied coal combustion technology is one of the new technologies welcomed by various countries. It mainly utilizes the addition of limestone and dolomite, which reacts with sulfur dioxide to generate calcium sulfate to be discharged with the ash residue. Flue gas desulfurization is carried out on the flue gas formed after coal combustion before it is discharged into the atmosphere. ③ Development of new energy sources, such as solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, combustible ice, etc., but the current technology is not mature enough, if the use of new pollution, and consumption costs are very high.
4.4. Enhancement of technological measures
①Enhancement of technological process. Take non-toxic or low-toxic raw materials instead of toxic raw materials. Adopt closed loop to reduce the exclusion of pollutants and so on. ② Strengthen production management. Prevent all possible emissions pollution of the atmosphere. ③ Comprehensive utilization of waste into treasure.
4.5. Transportation exhaust management
Reduce automobile emissions. Mainly to change the engine combustion design and improve the quality of oil combustion, strengthen traffic management. To solve the problem of automobile exhaust generally often used to install automobile catalytic converter, so that the fuel is fully combusted to reduce the emission of harmful substances. The catalyst in the converter is made of high-temperature porous ceramic carrier, coated with finely dispersed palladium and platinum, which can convert NOX, HC, CO, etc. into harmless substances such as nitrogen, water and carbon dioxide. In addition, new types of fuels such as methanol, ethanol and other oxygenated organic substances, vegetable oils and gaseous fuels can also be developed to reduce tailpipe pollution emissions. The adoption of effective control of the development of private cars, expanding the scope and capacity of subway transportation, the use of green public **** cars (using liquefied petroleum gas and compressed gas) and other environmentally friendly vehicles, is also an effective way to address environmental pollution.
4.6. Chimney dust removal
Sulfur dioxide control technology in the flue gas is divided into two major categories of dry (solid powder or particles as an absorbent) and wet (liquid as an absorbent). High chimney smoke exhaust chimney the higher the more conducive to the diffusion of flue gas and dilution, the general chimney height of more than 100m effect has been very obvious, too high a sharp rise in construction costs is not economic. It should be noted that this is a way to expand the scope of pollution at the expense of reducing local ground pollution.
5 air pollution and sustainable development 1 local governments are responsible for the quality of the environment, take the road of sustainable development. Governments at all levels should be responsible for the quality of the atmospheric environment in their jurisdictions, and fully recognize the importance of taking the path of sustainable development. When studying major strategies and major projects for economic and social development, they should give full consideration to the requirements of environmental protection. The quality of the urban atmospheric environment should generally meet national secondary standards. Measures should be taken to implement the trans-century green project plan and the plan for controlling the total amount of major pollutant emissions, to break down the total amount of targets in accordance with the objective of controlling the quality of the atmospheric environment in the jurisdiction, and to ensure this in terms of funding, supervision and management. In particular, large, medium and small-scale new construction, expansion, reconstruction and technological transformation projects emitting sulfur dioxide and soot must take effective measures to control the total amount of pollutant emissions, or by the project construction unit or the local people's government is responsible for reducing the emissions of other sources of pollution in the region, to ensure that the emissions of air pollutants are controlled within the regional total control targets. 2. Develop clean energy and improve the structure of energy consumption. Gradually reduce the direct consumption of coal, and increase the proportion of consumption using gas, electricity and other clean energy. Gradually improve the quality and grade of automobile fuels and accelerate the elimination of leaded gasoline, so that China's gasoline will develop in the direction of unleaded and high grade as soon as possible. the ban on the production, sale and use of leaded gasoline was completed in 2000. Actively develop various kinds of low-pollution vehicles, such as natural gas vehicles, liquefied gas vehicles, methanol vehicles, electric vehicles, etc. 3. Promote coal washing and processing, and control the pollution of high-sulfur and high-ash coal. Strictly control the mining of high sulfur and high ash coal and the implementation of coal washing is an important measure to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions, the provisions: (1) shall not be approved to mine sulfur greater than 3% of the coal mines, the sulfur is greater than 3% of the coal mines to implement the production limitations, with the mining or be shut down; (2) vigorously increase the rate of washing of raw coal. New coal mines with sulfur content greater than 1.5% are required to build coal washing facilities. For existing coal mines with sulfur content greater than 2% and inorganic sulfur content greater than 50% of the total sulfur content, supporting the construction of coal washing facilities within 2005; (3) coal research stone that has not recovered sulfurous iron ore after coal washing can not be used as a fuel for power generation; (4) eliminating outdated production processes, preventing and controlling industrial exhaust gas pollution by eliminating outdated processes and equipments that cause serious pollution to the environment, adopting cleaner processes that have a high starting point in terms of technology and minimizing the waste of energy and resources. To minimize the waste of energy and resources, radically reduce the generation and emission of pollutants, and reduce the capital investment required for end-of-pipe pollution control. 5. Strengthen the practical technology of air pollution prevention and control of the vertebral wide from the national conditions, as soon as possible to develop and promote the practical technology of air pollution prevention and control of technologically reliable, economically reasonable, and supporting equipment over the key areas, including coal washing and removal of organic sulphur, industrial coal, circulating fluidized bed boilers, coal gasification and liquefaction of coal. 6. Boiler, coal gasification and liquefaction, flue gas desulfurization, converter steel dust collection, coke oven flue gas treatment, ceramic brick kilns, black smoke treatment, etc. 6. Improve the environmental supervision and management system: mainly includes: (1) all the air pollutants discharged in excess of the standard emission units by the year 2000 to meet the standard, develop an implementation plan, the implementation of the treatment of funds, and complete the deadline for the completion of the treatment tasks in phases. (2) All localities will allocate the total emission targets to the emission units, and implement the emission license system, so that the emission units can clearly define their respective targets for controlling the total emission of pollutants, and implement effective control over the total amount of emission from the pollution sources. Sewage discharge units must organize their production in accordance with the permissible emissions approved by the environmental protection authorities on the basis of environmental quality requirements. (3) A mechanism has been established to supervise the environmental protection work of the industrial sector, requiring each sector to take practical measures to implement the industry's "Ninth Five-Year Plan" for environmental protection. (4) Sulfur dioxide sewage charges pilot areas by the "two provinces'," "nine cities" to expand to the two control areas. Improve the sulfur dioxide sewage charges, so that it gradually reach higher than the cost of governance, prompting sewage enterprises to actively increase investment, take the initiative to control pollution.
6 The most advanced top ten air pollution control technology
1, clean HEPA filter
Very fine glass fiber filament absolute filter is more effective than the fiber filter. Continuous cleaning technology makes it available for pollution control. New air toxicity laws will make emissions of the most toxic substances only a few pounds per year. This can only be achieved with clean HEPA filters, whereas conventional fiber filters emit hundreds of pounds of toxins per year.
2, condensing heat exchanger
European and U.S. test results show that the condensing heat exchanger can greatly reduce toxic emissions and reduce the cost of electricity. It can get more heat from the exhaust gas, so that the efficiency of coal or oil into electricity increased by 4%, reducing the greenhouse gas consumption. An even greater advantage is that it condenses heavy metals and removes a wide range of air toxins.
3, less polluting, fully utilized incineration system
This new technology is currently being used in Europe. The first stage dust collector produces industrial hydrochloric acid, and the second stage dust collector produces gypsum for wallboard. The heavy metals are sealed in a vitrified product made of mountain soot (an inert material). This so-called gas mask technology also includes a final stage of radicalized charcoal filters that eliminate all fouling.
4. Mass Measurement Continuous Emission Monitoring Technology
Several new technologies in Europe measure the weight of emitted particulate fouling continuously. It is much more accurate than opaque monitors and is fully compliant with new air pollution regulations.
5. Improvements to pulse-jet engines for power station boilers
Replacing the internal dust collector with a pulse-jet filter or replacing the associated dust collector with a small, high-speed, tail-end pulse-jet filter opens up a new way to reduce particles.
6, sulfur, sulfuric acid production S02 separation system
Furnace gas S02 into useful sulfur and sulfuric acid at a relatively small cost of the technology is advancing. Catalyst conversion, separation and on-site amine sulfate production technology will soon be commercialized.
7, solid and semi-solid filter media
From low-temperature plastics to high-temperature ceramics, a number of new materials are increasingly being used to make solid and semi-solid filter media, providing a variety of advanced performance, including high efficiency, long life and high temperature resistance.
8, wet power dust collector
This old technology has a new use, can be used in the tail-end device to remove large amounts of heavy metals and moisture. The development of new materials, especially plastics, has made this technology most effective.
9, the use of grain media to remove S02 technology
The United States has allowed the application of liquid or solid lime or limestone beds in power station boilers and industrial boiler drying system to remove S02. this technology can be relatively small amount of calcium in the case of removing more than 90% of the S02.
10, the zeolite technology
Zeolites are proving to have a lot of new uses in the adsorption and catalysts. In terms of adsorption and catalysis has many new uses, in the capture of N02 and VOCS performance is outstanding, its application prospects are very broad.
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