Contents[hide]
Word explanations
Basic introduction
Historical origins
In China
Regulations
Classification and compositionAnalog rockets
Launch vehicles
Spaceship rockets
Meteorological rockets
Modern rocket milestones
Rocket artillery
Multi-stage rockets
Status and development
Launch records around the world
China's satellite rocket launch bases Jiuquan Satellite Launch Base
Xichang Satellite Launch Center
Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center
Related knowledgeEngine basic principles
Rocket fuel
Propellant
Posted Albums Glossary
Basic Introduction
Historical Origin
In China
Regulations
Classification and Composition Analog Rockets
Launch Vehicles
Cosmic Rockets
Meteorological Rockets
Modern Rocket Milestones <
Rocket artillery
Multi-stage rockets
Status and development
Launch records of the world
China's satellite and rocket launch bases
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Base Xichang Satellite Launch Center Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center Knowledge
Engine fundamentals Rocket fuels Propellant posting Album
[编辑本段]词语解释
◎ 火箭 huǒjiàn [rocket] A device consisting of a casing containing a flammable mixture in which the gases generated by combustion are discharged backward, thus creating a reaction force to launch it into the air. Used for incendiary or demolition bombs, or as a launching device (e.g., for lifelines or whaling harpoons). --Guangdong Military Records The rockets were fired frequently. The fire of artillery and rockets are fired one after another. huǒjiàn 火箭 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Anciently, a kind of arrow with a fire-starter attached to the arrowhead was shot into the enemy line to cause burning. Three Kingdoms - Wei Zhi - Ming Di Ji (《三国志-魏志-明帝纪》), "Zhuge Liang surrounded Chen Cang, and Cao Zhen dispatched the general Fei Yao to reject it." Pei Songzhi quoted Wei Yu Jin's Wei Liao (魏略》)in the Three Kingdoms: "Zhaó (Hao Zhaó) then shot rockets at the ladder in reverse, and the ladder was burned to death." Song Sima Guang (宋 司马光) "涑水记闻" (涑水记聞) Volume 12: "Miao Jixuan (苗继宣), the governor of Ruzhou (汝州), used the mud to coat his ladder, and made preparations to shoot rockets at the thieves." Qing Gu Yanwu, "Ruzhou Governor Qian Jun's Actions": "The thieves shot rockets at the city, and the city responded by sending out rockets." 2. Modern flight device utilizing recoil propulsion. Used to launch artificial satellites, artificial planets, spacecraft, etc., can also be loaded with warheads made of missiles. In general terms, rocket is also used as an abbreviation for rocket engine.
[edit]Basic introduction
Rockets are currently the only means of transportation that can enable objects to reach cosmic speeds, overcome or escape from Earth's gravity, and enter cosmic space. The speed of the rocket is obtained by the work of the rocket engine. As early as 1903 Tsiolkovsky rocket launchers derived the ideal speed formula for a single-stage rocket: V = ωLnMo/Mk, known as the Tsiolkovsky formula. ω is the jet velocity of the engine, Mo and Mk, respectively, are the initial mass of the rocket and the mass of the rocket when the engine is turned off (when the propellant is used up). Mo/Mk is known as the mass ratio of the rocket. From this formula, it can be seen that the velocity of the rocket is directly proportional to the jet velocity of the engine, and at the same time increases as the mass ratio of the rocket increases. Even with the best performance liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen propellant, the jet velocity of the engine can only reach 4.3 to 4.4 kilometers per second. Therefore, it is impossible for a single-stage rocket to send an object into space orbit, and a multi-stage rocket must be used to relay a spacecraft into space orbit. Rockets used to carry spacecraft are called space launch vehicles, and those used to carry military bombs are called rocket weapons (uncontrolled) or missiles (controlled). Space launch vehicles generally consist of a power system, a control system and a structural system, with some having telemetry, safety self-destruction and other additional systems. Multi-stage rockets are connected in series, parallel and series-parallel connections. Tandem is a few single-stage rockets connected in a straight line; parallel is a larger single-stage rocket in the middle, called the core stage, in its surrounding bundled with a number of smaller rockets, generally called booster rockets or boosters, that is, the booster stage; tandem-parallel multi-stage rocket core stage is also a multi-stage rockets. Multi-stage rockets between levels, rockets and payloads and fairings, through the connection of a separation mechanism (often referred to as the separation mechanism) to realize the connection and separation. The separation mechanism consists of an explosive bolt (or explosive cable) and an ejection device (or small rocket). Normally, they are connected by explosive bolts or explosive cable into a whole; separation, explosive bolts or explosive cable explosion, so that the connection is unlocked, and then by the ejection device or small rockets will be the two parts of the separation, but also with the help of the front of the first level of the rocket engine after the start of a powerful jet separation. Rocket technology is a very complex and comprehensive technology, including rocket propulsion technology, overall design technology, rocket structure technology, control and guidance technology, program management technology, reliability and quality control technology, test technology, for missiles there are warhead guidance and control, surprise defense, re-entry anti-heat, nuclear reinforcement and miniaturization of warhead technology.
[edit]Historical origin
The word "rocket" according to ancient books, first appeared in the 3rd century AD in the era of the Three Kingdoms, more than 1,700 years ago, has been the Song Dynasty rocket history. At that time in the war between the enemy and us, people put a kind of head with flammable material, ignited and shot to the enemy, flight with fire arrow called rocket. This is a weapon used for fire attack, in essence, it is only a kind of arrow with "fire", in the meaning of what we now call the rocket is far from. After the invention of gunpowder in the Tang Dynasty, in the Song Dynasty, people put the gunpowder tube tied to the arrow shaft, or in the arrow shaft loaded with gunpowder, ignite the fuse and then shot out, the arrow in flight with the gunpowder burning backward fire produced by the reaction force to make the arrow fly farther, and people also put this fire arrow called rocket. This backward fire, the use of reaction force boost arrows, has the prototype of modern rockets, can be called the original solid rockets. A rocket is a jet propulsion device that sprays backward at high speed with a stream of hot air and uses the resulting reaction force to move forward. Often the term rocket also includes missiles, spacecraft, and even fireworks pyrotechnics. The most common rockets burn a solid or liquid chemical propellant. The burning of the propellant produces a stream of hot gas, which is ejected through a nozzle toward the rear of the rocket. Rockets carry their own fuel and oxidizer, whereas all other types of jet engines must carry only fuel, and the oxygen needed to burn the fuel is taken from the air. Therefore, rockets can be used outside the Earth's atmosphere, while other jet engines cannot. When the rocket is launched, it generates a huge thrust that makes the rocket quickly rise into the sky in a very short period of time. As the fuel continues to diminish, the mass of the rocket itself gradually decreases, and as the distance from the Earth increases, the mass and the effect of gravity continue to decrease, and the rocket speed is therefore getting faster and faster. "When the Saturn V rocket departed for the moon, the five engines consumed nearly 3 tons of kerosene per second, and the thrust they generated was equivalent to the take-off thrust of 32 Boeing 747s. It is impossible to determine exactly when the rocket was invented. Most experts believe that the Chinese developed practical military rockets as early as the 13th century. the 19th century saw several major technological advances: the replacement of the paper shell of the fuel container with a metal shell, which lengthened the duration of combustion; the standardization of the formula for the gunpowder propellant; the manufacture of launching pads; and the discovery of the principle of spin-guidance, among other things. in the late 1800's rockets began to be used for non-military purposes, such as carrying lifelines in rockets to At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, American scientist Goddard and several other experts laid the foundation of modern rocket technology and launched the first liquid-fueled rocket. In the 1970s, the United States developed a new rocket-powered space vehicle, the space shuttle. It was divided into three main parts: the orbital vehicle with three main engines at the rear of the fuselage; an external fuel tank with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants (which came off after 5 minutes) to ensure that the main engines were working; and two separable solid-fuel rocket motors (which came off after 2 minutes), which were activated at the same time as the main engines of the orbital vehicle to provide thrust for the initial liftoff phase.On April 12, 1981, the first space shuttle, the Columbia, was launched. The first space shuttle, Columbia, was launched. After the introduction of ancient Chinese rocket technology to Europe, the rocket was improved and included in the equipment of the military. Early rockets had a short range and a large drop point, and were later replaced by artillery. After the First World War, with the continuous progress of science and technology, rocket weapons have been rapidly developed and played a powerful role in the Second World War. In the 1880s, the Swedish engineer Laval invented the Laval nozzle, so that the design of the rocket engine has been perfected. 19 century, the end of the 20th century, the liquid rocket technology began to rise. 1903, Russia's К.E. Tsiolkovsky put forward the idea of manufacturing a large-scale liquid rockets and the design principle. 1926, on March 16, the U.S. rocket expert, physicist R. H. Goddard test-flight of the first rocket, and the first rocket was launched on the first flight. Goddard test-flown the first uncontrolled liquid rocket.In 1944, Germany used the controlled V-2 missile, propelled by a liquid rocket engine, for the first time in war.In May 1931, the Cosmonautics Society, led by the German scientist Hermann Oberth, successfully tested the first liquid rocket in Europe. By 1932, the German military, after visiting the Association's liquid rocket launch tests, realized the huge potential of rocket weapons in future wars, and began to organize a group of scientists and engineers to focus on the secret development of rocket weapons. By the early 1940s, Germany, in the middle of the Second World War, had successfully developed two types of missiles, V-1 and V-2, which could be used in actual combat. The V-1 is a flight-type winged missile that uses an air-jet engine for power; the V-2 is a ballistic missile that uses a rocket engine for power After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States developed a variety of rocket weapons, including intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). China began developing new rockets in the 1950s; on April 24, 1970, it successfully launched its first artificial Earth satellite by the Long March 1 three-stage launch vehicle; on November 26, 1975, it launched its first artificial Earth satellite by the higher-thrust Long March 2 launch vehicle. On May 18, 1980, a new type of rocket was successfully launched into the waters of the South Pacific Ocean, and in October 1982, the submarine underwater launching of rockets was another success. On September 7, 1988, the meteorological satellite was successfully put into sun-synchronous orbit by the Long March No. 4 carrier rocket, and on August 14, 1992, the newly-developed Long March No. 2E bundled high-thrust carrier rocket successfully launched the Australian meteorological satellite into sun-synchronous orbit. On August 14, 1992, the newly developed "Long March" No. 2E bundled high-thrust launch vehicle put the Australian satellite Osset B1 into a predetermined orbit. All these show that China, the birthplace of rocketry, has entered the ranks of the world's advanced in the field of modern rocket technology and has steadily entered the international launch service market. In the development of modern rocket technology, China's Qian Xuesen, Germany's Von Braun and the Soviet Union's S.P. Korolev and Tsiolkovsky have all made outstanding contributions.
[edit]In China
Before the Qing Dynasty, China was always the first country in the world to use rockets and the highest rocket technology, and even in the Ming Dynasty was once the only country in the world to master the rocket weapon technology and the large-scale application of the rocket technology, around the Southern Song Dynasty, people used ball gunpowder packaged in the vicinity of arrowheads, and then shot out with bows and arrows to kill the enemy, which was later known as the "rocket weapon". This was later known as "Ten Thousand Enemies". Later, people will fill the gunpowder in a bamboo tube, gunpowder behind the tiny "directional rod" to ignite the ignition tube on the fire nitrate, causing the gunpowder in the tube to burn quickly, resulting in forward thrust, so that it flew to the enemy line to explode, which is the world's first gunpowder rockets. In the Ming Dynasty, the old rocket technology reached its peak and widely used in combat, from the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the battle of Jingnan, to the Wanli period of aid to the Korean War against Japan, and later on to the British in the battle are large-scale use of the records, "Wushu Zhizhi" book is a record of a wide range of rockets at the time of the weapons, from a single simple rockets to the multiple tubes of a nest of rockets such as a hornets, to the multi-stage rockets out of the water, basically! To form all the categories of modern rockets, according to the "Ming History" recorded in the Ming Dynasty with the barbarians in the war, a battle using tens of thousands of rockets is commonplace. There was even a man named Wandu (probably an official name) who tied 47 large rockets to a chair and ignited them at the same time, wanting to utilize the principle of counterpropulsion to fly into space, but unfortunately it ended in failure. This is the world's first manned rocket launch that can be examined (with the conditions at that time, we can imagine the spirit of scientific exploration and courage of our ancestors in the Ming Dynasty!) The first rocket launch in the world (given the conditions at that time, we can imagine the spirit of scientific exploration and courage of the Ming Dynasty ancestors! Later, China under the cruel rule of the Manchu government, because of the suppression of firearms development and closed-door stupidity, China's rocket technology gradually stagnated and serious regression, until 1958, China made the first modern rocket, not only later than the United States, the Soviet Union, even later than Japan and other countries, have to cause people to think y. The first sentence on the wall of the American Air and Space Museum is: the earliest flying machines were Chinese kites and rockets.
[edit]Regulations
International law dictates that the nationality of the owner of a launch vehicle determines that country's liability for any resulting damage. Therefore, some countries require rocket manufacturers and launchers to follow specific regulations to compensate and protect people and property that may be affected.
[edit]Classification and composition
Rockets can be classified in different ways. Depending on the energy source, they are categorized as chemical rockets, nuclear rockets, electric rockets, and photonic rockets. Chemical rockets are divided into liquid propellant rockets, solid propellant rockets and solid-liquid mixed propellant rockets. According to different uses, they are divided into satellite launch vehicles, mine rockets, weather rockets, hail rockets and various types of military rockets. According to whether there is control is divided into controlled rockets and uncontrolled rockets. According to the number of stages is divided into single-stage rockets and multi-stage rockets. According to the range is divided into short-range rockets, medium-range rockets and long-range rockets. Although there are many ways to categorize rockets, their components and working principles are basically the same. Solid rockets and liquid rockets are the most commonly used rockets today. In addition, there are hybrid rockets, which use solid fuel and liquid oxidizer. It is also worth noting that most of today's launch vehicles contain both liquid and solid rockets, meaning that a rocket may have a solid first section and a liquid second section. The basic components of a rocket are the propulsion system, the body and the payload. Controlled rockets are also equipped with a guidance system. The rocket propulsion system is the power source on which the rocket flies. Among them, the rocket engine can be divided into chemical rocket engine, nuclear rocket engine, electric rocket engine and photon rocket engine according to its quality. Widely used is the chemical rocket engine, it is relying on the propellant in the combustion chamber for chemical counter-rocket construction should be released into the thrust of the energy. Thrust and propellant consumption per second ratio is called ratio impulse, it is the main indicator of engine performance, its high and low and engine design, manufacturing level, but mainly depends on the performance of the selected propellant. Rocket engine thrust, is selected according to its characteristics and uses, its size varies greatly, small to micro cattle, such as electric rocket motors; large to more than ten trillion cattle, such as the U.S. Space Shuttle solid rocket booster. Arrow body is used to install and connect the rocket systems, and contain the propellant. In addition to the requirement of good aerodynamic shape of the arrow body, but also requires the established function of the premise of the same, the lighter the better, the smaller the better. When the takeoff mass is certain, the lighter the structural mass, the greater the flight speed or range can be obtained. Payloads for launch vehicles are spacecraft such as artificial satellites, airships or space probes. The payload of a rocket weapon is the fighting part (warhead). In order to successfully launch a rocket, there must also be ground launch equipment and launch facilities. Ground launch equipment can be large or small. Small hand-held shoulder, such as portable anti-aircraft rockets and anti-tank rockets launch tubes (racks); large satellite launch vehicle, such as the need for a fixed launch site and a huge launch facilities, as well as flight tracking measurement and control stations.
Simulation of rockets
(1) take two small metal tube (preferably refrigerator waste filter drier) symmetrically fixed horizontally at both ends of the crossbar, in the tube at the end of a small hole drilled in the lower part of the tube to be able to place the alcohol cotton balls, as shown in the figure. With a medical syringe through a small hole in the tube to the internal injection of alcohol, ignite the tube below the alcohol cotton balls, you can soon see the flame from the small hole, the model rocket will rotate rapidly, and issued a "whirring" sound, very vivid image. (2) you can also take the glass bottle of eye drops, in the center of the bottle cap inserted into a section of the ballpoint pen core tube to remove the beads, to make the stopper tightly in the bottle mouth, and then the two glass bottles symmetrically fixed horizontally at the ends of the crossbar, the bottle should be able to place below the alcohol cotton ball, a syringe to the vials injected into one-third of the volume of water. When the alcohol cotton balls are ignited, vapor is soon seen to spew from the mouths of the glass bottles at each end of the crossbar, and the rotating frame rotates rapidly. Again the rocket principle is illustrated.
carrier rocket
yùn zǎi huǒ jiàn 运载火箭（运载火箭） -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ◎carrier rocket yùnz ài huǒjiàn [launch vehicle;carrier rocket] A rocket vehicle used to carry certain objects The carrier rocket of the first artificial Earth satellite has fallen behind. yùn zǎi huǒ jiàn 运载火箭（运载火箭） -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- refers to a rocket that carries artificial satellites or other man-made stars. This kind of rocket has high speed, and some of them also operate in a certain orbit between stars after delivering artificial stars. Wen Wei Po, 1984.4.19: "In his more than twenty years in the space business, he has commanded many launches of carrier rockets on the ground, sending several satellites into space."
Cosmic rocket
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A rocket that can be launched out of the Earth's gravitational range to other planets or galactic space.
Meteorological rocket
qì xiànɡ huǒ jiàn Meteorological rocket -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A rocket that detects the physical characteristics of the upper atmosphere (e.g. Airborne rocket to detect the physical characteristics (such as air pressure, temperature, humidity, etc.) and phenomena of the upper atmosphere. It is usually a small uncontrolled rocket weighing 10-100 kilograms. Exploration altitude 30 to 100 kilometers.
Modern rocket milestones
V2 is a single-stage liquid rocket, 14 meters long, weighing 13 tons, 16.5 meters in diameter, the maximum range of 320 kilometers, shooting height of 96 kilometers, the warhead weighs 1 ton. v2 adopts the more advanced program and gyro dual control system, the direction of thrust by the manipulation of the implementation of the high-temperature-resistant graphite rudder sheet. v2 in engineering technology to achieve the technology of astronautical pioneers of the concept, and played a role in the development of modern large rockets. The V2 has played an important role in the development of modern large rockets. It became an important milestone in the history of space development.
rocket artillery
huǒjiànpào 火箭炮 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ◎ 火箭炮 huǒjiànpào [ bazooka] Artillery that fires rockets. There are multi-track, frame and multi-tube types. It can fire one to dozens of rockets at a time. Launching speed, firepower, power, mobility and good performance. However, the projectile spread large, launching the fire light obvious, position easy to be exposed. Rocket Ammunition Unguided munitions propelled by rocket motors. Mainly used to kill, suppress enemy forces, destroy fortifications and weapons and equipment. According to the destructive effect on the target is divided into killing, blasting, armor-breaking, armor-shattering, burning and other rockets; according to the flight stabilization mode is divided into tail-type rockets and turbine rockets. Rockets are usually composed of three parts: the fighting part, the rocket engine and the stabilizing device. The combat part includes fuses, rocket shells, explosives or other fillings. The rocket motor includes the ignition system, propellant, combustion chamber, nozzle and so on. Tail type rockets rely on the tail to maintain flight stability; turbine rockets rely on the gas sprayed from the tilted nozzle, so that the rocket rotates at high speed around the bomb axis, resulting in a gyroscopic effect, to maintain flight stability. Rocket launchers, rocket launchers, rocket artillery and rocket launchers and so on. As the rocket with self-propulsion device, the launching device is small force, so can be more tubes (rail) joint launch. The rockets used by a single soldier are lightweight and flexible, and are effective close-range anti-tank weapons. huǒjiànpào 火箭炮 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A gun that fires rockets. Recoil occurs from the rockets on the shells to fire the shells out.
Multi-stage rocket
duō jí huǒ jiàn Multi-stage rocket -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Combination of two or more rocket stages into a Rocket. There are three kinds of combinations: tandem, parallel, and tandem-parallel. The use of multi-stage rockets can increase the range and the final speed of payloads (warheads, satellites, spacecraft, etc.). Strategic missiles and large launch vehicles usually use multistage rockets.
[edit paragraph] Status and development
Since the 1950s, rocket technology has been rapidly developed and widely used, especially various types of controllable rocket weapons (missiles) and space launch vehicles have developed most rapidly. From rockets to anti-tank missiles, anti-aircraft missiles and anti-ship missiles, as well as various types of tactical missiles and strategic missiles for attacking fixed targets on the ground, have all been developed to a fairly perfect degree, and have become indispensable weapons and equipment for the modern army. Various types of rocket weapons are continuing to develop in the direction of improving hitting accuracy, anti-jamming capability, surprise defense capability and survivability. In addition, anti-missile and anti-satellite rocket weapons are also being developed, and carrier rockets developed on the basis of ground-to-ground ballistic missiles have been widely used to launch satellites, manned spaceships and other spacecraft. In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union and the United States had developed six or seven series of launch vehicles. Among them, the United States manned the moon "Saturn" 5 rocket, diameter 10 meters, length 111 meters, take-off mass of about 2930 tons, near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 127 tons. The Soviet Union's Energia rocket has a take-off mass of about 2,000 tons and a near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of about 100 tons. China's Long March 2E rocket adopts parallel boosting technology, which not only increases its capacity, but also lays the foundation for the further development of rockets with larger capacity. Launch vehicles are developing in the direction of high reliability, low cost, multi-purpose and multi-use. The introduction of the Space Shuttle, which can make multiple round trips between space and the Earth, is a manifestation of this development trend. The rapid development of rocket technology will not only provide a more complete variety of missiles and promote the development of related sciences, but will also make it possible to develop space resources, establish space industries, space bases and interplanetary navigation.
[Editorial] Launch Records of the World
No. Region Number of Launches Number of Failures Success Rate
1 Russia 1262 49 96.1%
2 United States 513 35 93.1%
3 European Union 164 11 93.3%
4 China 124 6 95.2% (of which 100% success rate after 1996)
4 China 124 6 95.2% (of which 100% success rate after 1996) After 1996, the success rate was 100%)
5 Japan 50 5 90%
6 India 19 6 68.4%
7 Israel 6 2 66.7%
(August 2010)
[Edit Paragraph]China's Satellite and Rocket Launching Bases
Jiuquan Satellite Launching Base
Jiuquan Satellite Launching Base The base is located 210 kilometers northeast of Jiuquan City, deep in the Badanjilin Desert, built in 1958, is the largest satellite launch center, but also a variety of types of carrier rockets and sounding meteorological rockets integrated launch site, with a complete and reliable launch facilities, capable of launching a larger inclination angle of the medium and low orbit satellites. Since its establishment in 1958, the center has created a remarkable eight firsts for the development of China's space industry; on April 21, 1970, China's first artificial Earth satellite was lifted up here; on November 26, 1975, the first returnable artificial Earth satellite was lifted up here; and on May 18, 1980, the first long-range carrier rocket flew into the Pacific Ocean's predetermined airspace here; On September 20, 1981, three satellites were sent into space for the first time with a single rocket ...... So far, the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center has successfully launched 21 scientific test satellites, of which, 8 recoverable satellites were launched here with a success rate of 100%. It is one of the three famous satellite launch bases in China. ◆Xichang Satellite Launch Center
Xichang Satellite Launch Center
Xichang Satellite Launch Center was built in 1970 and was put into use in 1982, and since the launch of China's first communication satellite in January 1984, it has launched domestic and foreign satellites 28 times. It is mainly responsible for the organization and command of broadcasting, communication and meteorological geosynchronous orbit (GTO) satellite launches, test launches, active segment measurements, safety control, data processing, information transfer, meteorological protection, wreckage recovery, experimental technology research and other tasks. The location of the launch site is 102 degrees east longitude and 28.2 degrees north latitude.
Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center
Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center is one of China's experimental satellites, application satellites and launch vehicle launch test bases. It is located in the plateau area northwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, and is equipped with the capability of multi-direction, multi-orbit, long-range and high-precision measurements, and is responsible for the launch of many types of medium- and low-orbit satellites and launch vehicles in sun-synchronous orbits for meteorology, resources, communications and so on. The launch center was built in 1967, and on December 18, 1968, the first medium-range launch vehicle designed and manufactured by China was successfully launched. By 1988, the center*** had successfully launched more than 70 launch vehicles of various types, including medium- and short-range, medium- and long-range, etc. On September 7, 1988 and September 3, 1990, the center successfully launched China's first and second Fengyun-1 meteorological satellites into sun-synchronous orbits using the Long March No. 4 launch vehicle. orbit. In addition, it conducted a series of launch vehicle tests, and on December 8, 1997, the center carried out its first international commercial launch, successfully placing two Iridium satellites manufactured by the U.S.-based Motorola Corporation into a predetermined orbit. By 1999***, 10 Iridium satellites had been successfully launched for foreign companies. on May 10, 1999, the Center successfully launched the Fengyun-1 meteorological satellite and the Practice-5 scientific experiment satellite into a sun-synchronous orbit at an orbital altitude of 870 kilometers by a Long March 4B carrier rocket. This is the seventh consecutive successful space launch by the center in the form of one arrow and two stars. Under construction in Wenchang, Hainan.
[edit]Related Knowledge
Engine Fundamentals
When most people think of motors or engines, they think of them in relation to rotation. For example, a reciprocating gasoline engine in a car produces rotational energy to drive the wheels. An electric motor produces rotational energy to drive a fan or turn a disk. Steam engines are used to accomplish the same thing, as are steam turbines and most gas turbines. A rocket engine is fundamentally different. It is a reaction engine. Rocket motors are driven by a well-known Newton's law, which states that "for every action there is a reaction of equal magnitude and opposite direction". A rocket motor that throws material in one direction results in a reaction force in the other direction. At first you may find it difficult to understand the concept of "projecting matter and obtaining a reaction force" because it doesn't seem to be the same as the real thing. It's not quite the same as the real thing. Rocket motors seem to emit flames and noise and create pressure, and have little to do with "projecting matter". Let's look at a couple of examples to better understand the real situation: If you've ever used a shotgun, especially one of those big 12-gauge ones, then you know that it creates a huge "impact force". That is, when you fire a shotgun, it "hits" you hard in the back of the shoulder. This impact is the reaction force. The shotgun fires 31.1 grams of metal in a certain direction at about 1,120 kilometers per hour, and your shoulder is hit by the reaction force. If you're wearing roller skates or standing on skis when you fire the gun, the gun acts like a rocket engine and the reaction force causes you to slide in the opposite direction. If you've ever seen a thick fire hose spraying water, you may have noticed that it takes a lot of effort for a firefighter to grab it (sometimes you'll see two or three firefighters holding the same hose). What happens with a water hose is similar to a rocket engine. The hose sprays water in one direction and the firefighters use their own strength and weight to overcome the reaction force. If they let go of the hose, it will slam around with great force. If the firefighters were all on skis, the hose would propel them backwards at great speed. If you blow up a balloon and let go of it, it will fly all over the house until it runs out of air, and that's the rocket engine you've created. In this case, it is the air molecules in the balloon that are ejected. Contrary to what many people think, air molecules actually have mass (check out the page on helium for a better understanding of air mass issues). If you let air out of the balloon's nozzle, the rest of the balloon moves in the opposite direction.
Rocket Fuel
Fuel is an oxide of nitrogen there are:CO,H2,C2H2,CH4,C2H4,CH3CH2OH,N2H4,advanced borosilanes (this is all rocket propulsion fuel). It's almost the same as 2-kick, the ignition and principle are the same, only the layer on top is not gunpowder, it's the rocket head (inside is a satellite or something like that). Aviation kerosene is colorless and transparent, smells no different from ordinary kerosene, and it's not easy to evaporate. The ignition point is about 300C, not to mention flint, even with an open flame it will not ignite! What kind of power does a launch vehicle use to send a spacecraft into space? Long before the invention of launch vehicles, people used oil and steam as fuel, and cars, ships and airplanes depended on these fuels to run. Later, scientists invented launch vehicles, which rely on chemical energy to generate power. Carrier rockets are kerosene, alcohol, metamethylhydrazine, liquid hydrogen, etc. as a combustion agent, and nitric acid, liquid nitrogen and other oxidants provided to help combustion, people are accustomed to combustion and oxidizing agent commonly known as rocket engine fuel or propellant.