On the voyage 1 14W in 2007, DBB was on the way from Cape Town, South Africa to Singapore. At about ten o'clock in the morning, the thumb and forefinger of the coppersmith's right hand, which was undergoing normal maintenance work in the engine room, were crushed by the valve body that suddenly decoupled from above, and the scene was terrible. When life is at stake, the captain immediately starts the medical emergency procedure on board. At that time, the ship was sailing in the southwest Indian Ocean near Mauritius, and the captain decided to change course and detour to the nearest land port, Port Louis, Mauritius, and contacted the shore-based personnel urgently. As soon as the electronic MIAL was issued, it immediately alerted the relevant departments and medical departments of four countries (Singapore/Japan/Mauritius/China) and P& D; A multinational medical aid operation was thus launched. After nearly 8 hours of intense sailing and a series of port handover procedures, the wounded were finally safely sent ashore for hospitalization. However, due to serious injuries and long finger amputation, the wounded had to undergo finger amputation. Life was saved, but the insurance claim continued afterwards.
As an ocean shipping enterprise, the key to safe production is to ensure the safety of ships, protect the health of crew and protect the marine environment. Therefore, we must adhere to the policy of "safety first, prevention first", strictly implement the relevant conventions of the International Maritime Organization, conscientiously study, implement and implement the Law on Work Safety, and actively maintain and continuously improve the quality system of safety management. Safety in production is related to the life and death of enterprises, to the stability of enterprises and even society, and to the vital interests of every employee and family. Therefore, every employee of the enterprise should take active actions, strengthen study, raise awareness, strictly manage and pay close attention to implementation.
Pay attention to safety, care for life, constantly sum up experience and draw lessons from blood. Based on the data accumulated by the author during his long-term overseas assignment, this paper discusses the health of seafarers, the prevention of industrial accidents and the safety management of ships for reference only.
I. Common industrial accidents on board
(1) injured. The main manifestations are not wearing a helmet, improper operation methods, unsafe standing, not wearing protective glasses, throwing and transferring objects, and unstable objects.
(2) Fall or slip. The main manifestations are incorrect use of seat belts or no use of seat belts, failure to wear work shoes, careless fall of cargo hold, risky climbing, use of seriously corroded or damaged straight ladder or inclined ladder, serious corrosion of overhead support, careless or no handrails when going up and down stairs, being knocked down by objects, slipping in work and living places due to oil pollution or ice and snow, etc.
(3) People fall into the water. The main manifestations are that the safety belt and life jacket are not used in outboard operation, the floating raft or spreader fails, the safety net is improperly used, the gangway or bridge deck is unattended and adjusted, the pedal of the first platform of the gangway falls off, the rope ladder is seriously damaged, there is no safety lanyard on the deck in heavy wind and waves, and the lifeboat falls off during ship abandonment exercise and training.
(4) Crushing injury or crushing injury. It is mainly manifested in negligence when repairing rotating machinery or winding cables, being crushed by the collapse of goods, improper coordination of switch cabin, improper inspection when opening and closing doors, illegal operation when using electric tools, improper coordination when lifting objects, etc.
(5) get an electric shock. The main manifestations are disorderly pulling wires, privately connecting electrical appliances, illegal live working, failure to repair damaged wires and electrical appliances in time, power plugs, sockets, and line water intrusion.
(6) Asphyxiation/poisoning. The main manifestations are unauthorized entry into long-term closed places, unauthorized entry into oxygen-deficient or harmful gas cabins, violation of fumigation operation management regulations, poisoning caused by toxic goods leakage, food poisoning, alcoholism and so on.
Second, the causes and analysis of industrial accidents.
(1) Violates the rules and regulations of safe operation, and the inspection is not in place, and the measures are not implemented, resulting in personal injury due to ignorance, blindness and negligence.
(2) Loss of safety awareness and self-vigilance, lack of discipline, insecurity and self-righteousness, resulting in unnecessary casualties.
(3) Lack of unity and cooperation spirit, failure to take care of each other and remind each other, failure to eliminate potential safety hazards in time, and safety accidents are inevitable.
(4) The safety supervision mechanism is not perfect, the safety supervisor exists in name only, the on-site commander or the person in charge fails to inspect and supervise, and the ability to predict and prevent in advance is not strong.
(5) Mechanical accidents and industrial accidents caused by external objective factors.
(6) Occupational accidents caused by the crew's own health and excessive fatigue.
Third, measures to prevent industrial accidents.
(1) Strengthen safety education.
Article 50 of the Law on Safety in Production stipulates that employees should receive education and training in safety in production, master the knowledge of safety in production required for their jobs, improve their skills in safety in production, and enhance their ability in accident prevention and emergency response. According to statistics, most accidents are caused by people's unsafe behaviors (weak sense of responsibility and poor professional ability). In this regard, how to strengthen the safety education for seafarers, how to strengthen the safety management of ships and create a stable production and operation situation is not only related to the improvement of the economic strength and efficiency of enterprises, but also an urgent requirement to ensure the sustained and effective operation of the safety management system. The so-called safety education refers to the process of understanding the essential meaning and importance of safety through educational means, obtaining necessary safety knowledge and operation skills, and improving safety production awareness, self-protection ability, safety technical level and safety management level. It is necessary to educate the crew to always adhere to the policy of "safety first, prevention first" and consciously abide by safety rules and regulations and various operating procedures; Ensure that safety and vigilance are always maintained at work, avoid randomness and blindness, master enough knowledge and skills, and timely and accurately judge and deal with nonconformities, dangers and accidents. We should advocate the use of open, unconstrained, compulsory, natural and free safety education, and emphasize the treasure and care of life and enterprise property. No matter when and where a person is consciously or unconsciously influenced, reformed and improved by safety culture, safety culture education will undergo a qualitative change in the depths of the soul, so that everyone will consciously change "want me to be safe" into "I want to be safe". Safety is no longer just a responsibility and obligation, but more of a responsibility. According to the author's many years' experience in sending ships abroad, many ocean shipping companies mainly implement the system of 3E principle and 3M, 1C method in the field countermeasures and safety education management to prevent ship accidents. 3E principles are engineering, education and law enforcement; 3M and 1C methods can be used to analyze the causes of ship accidents and formulate countermeasures, that is, people, machines, management and environment.
(2) Strengthen the management of "man-machine-environment-management" system elements to prevent common industrial accidents.
Painful shipwrecks, sad scenes, amazing figures and broken families all make people sad. Statistics show that more than 80% of ship safety accidents are caused by human factors. The reasons are mistakes, luck, blindness and dereliction of duty. In order to fundamentally eradicate these bad human factors, we must always do four words-"be careful". Zhang Ruimin, CEO of Haier, once said, "Always be afraid and always walk on thin ice", and these two words are also very applicable to ship safety. To prevent the crew's industrial accidents, we can start with the elements of the "man-machine-environment-management" system: "man" focuses on enhancing the crew's safety awareness through education and training, improving the crew's occupational safety quality and adaptability, and reducing or avoiding the occurrence of unsafe behaviors; People are the key to safe production. The person in charge of ship safety production refers to the ship leader and crew. As the first person in charge of ship safety production, the captain is the key to do a good job in ship safety production. The captain has the responsibility to manage the crew, pay close attention to the behavior of the personnel on board and try his best to protect personal safety. He must lead each crew member to establish a consistent relationship and mutual assistance, otherwise, it will be difficult to carry out orders, unify command and coordinate actions. For the "engine", it is important to prevent and eliminate the unsafe state of the engine (object), eliminate potential safety hazards and meet the requirements of ship safety production; Ship equipment and machinery is an important link to ensure the safe production of ships. Natural wear and tear of equipment and machinery, defects, hidden dangers and hidden dangers caused by improper human operation are all factors that cause accidents. For the "environment", it is important to create a safe working environment, a necessary living environment, create a good ship wind, and maintain a good mental state of the crew; Unfavorable environment is one of the factors that cause accidents. Every link in the production process should be continuously improved into a good environment, so as to eliminate the unfavorable factors of accidents in this respect. A good environment is conducive to the operation of the process. In terms of "management", we should focus on improving safety management and rules and regulations and ensure their effective implementation. Management is a systematic project, and the optimization of management can further mobilize the enthusiasm of everyone in the system, thus tapping the potential. Management is also improved with the development and improvement of productivity, that is, management should conform to the objective situation, social status and company status. Therefore, management is to ensure the standardized operation of all work, and management is also to transform the current situation of shipping companies (enterprises) into a state that meets modern advanced requirements, which is what we call "international integration", that is, to update management concepts and models to make all production processes run safely and efficiently.
(3) Standardize operation and pay attention to safety.
Ship work is a special environment, and various operators should pay special attention to standard operation, and pay attention to the following points:
① Do the "four checks" before homework: check whether you are healthy? Check whether the dress meets the requirements? Check whether the electrical appliances are suitable? Check whether the surrounding environment is safe?
② "six sufficiency" of homework preparation: fully understand and understand the homework content; Work steps and preparations are fully prepared; The work site has been completely cleaned up and rectified; A comprehensive inspection of machinery, appliances, tools and materials; Fully understand the relevant rules and precautions; Conduct a comprehensive inspection of safety devices and protection devices.
③ "six musts" in operation: the operation method must meet the specified requirements; Be sure to master the situation around the scene; Protective equipment must be used correctly; Familiar with the correct use of tools; Be sure to pay attention to the safe position when operating; * * * Be sure to contact each other and coordinate the steps in the same operation.
④ Post-operation inspection: Check whether the tools and appliances used after maintenance are stored in the designated location. Check whether the site is well cleaned and rectified? Check for carelessness or negligence. Check whether abnormal mechanical instruments, poor tools or damage have been reported to the ship leader, etc.
(4) Pay attention to enhancing the crew's awareness and ability of self-protection.
The crew lived on the ship for a long time, and the working environment and conditions were very different from those on land. The relatively closed living space and boring working environment, as well as the restriction of personnel communication, often affect the crew's mentality, making them prone to mistakes and mistakes in operation, leading to accidents; On the other hand, due to the rapid turnover of personnel, some crew members have low basic quality and cannot master advanced equipment and technology well. Therefore, the captain must strengthen the management and training of the crew, supervise and inspect their work, correct their mistakes in time, enhance the crew's self-protection awareness and ability, and control the occurrence of accidents.
Check frequently to ensure safety. As an ocean-going crew member, as long as you get on the ship, you can't leave safety at any time. You should pay attention to safety in your work and life. Once, a sailor was seriously injured when he went to the stern to take out the garbage at night and slipped down the inclined ladder. Others had their fingers cut off when they closed the door; There are also hook injuries or stab wounds caused by fishing. This kind of accident shows that the crew should also pay attention to check their behavior and surrounding environment in their daily activities.
Observe carefully before you act. No matter working on the ship or all activities in daily life, you should keep your eyes open and listen to all directions, otherwise it is easy to have accidents such as touching your feet, slipping, falling, getting an electric shock and stabbing. At present, in order to prevent such accidents and strengthen the standardized management of ships, the company has complete and eye-catching safety warning signs in order to attract everyone's attention and attention.
Healthy and energetic. "Body is the capital of revolution" is an old saying and a truth. Imagine, how can you accomplish high-intensity and full-load physical and mental work without healthy body and abundant energy? Therefore, we should pay attention to food hygiene, exercise, rest normally, maintain a healthy body and a good mental state, and avoid accidents due to physical weakness, decreased resistance and inattention.
Go to land and be punished. After the ship stops at the port, it is a pleasure for the crew to land ashore, and at the same time, they often relax their safety vigilance. In recent years, there have been accidents such as traffic accidents, being robbed and injured by gangsters, and drowning while playing with small sampans. When the crew go ashore, they must abide by foreign disciplines on the one hand and the rules and regulations of the port authorities on the other. Undoubtedly, these are effective measures to protect their own safety.
Pay attention to care and take care of the overall situation. The life of the crew on the ship is monotonous, especially after a long time, various contradictions breed and emotions recur frequently, which directly or indirectly affects the safety of the ship and crew. This requires mutual care, love and help among the crew, maintaining a good attitude and maintaining the stability of the crew.
Safety requires the conscious action of every employee; Safety is a restriction that has laws to follow and rules to follow. People need to be safe, and they want to be safe, because this is a matter of human life. Every employee has the responsibility to start from me and the things around him, so that safety can be guaranteed.
Fourth, do a good job in ship safety management.
As we all know, safety work is the lifeline of shipping enterprises and the basis of all work. Without safety, shipping operation and production will lose its foundation, and safety management is an eternal theme. In essence, the safety management of ships can be divided into maritime affairs and maintenance work, and maritime affairs pays more attention to the work of experience, and there is no rule to follow in the various processes of maneuvering ships; Maintenance pays more attention to management, and the hull and equipment have their own laws, which are "rules to follow". Different majors should have different management methods, which can be tested by port state inspection, and finally achieve the goal of safety. The author believes that many years of safety management practice tells us that there is no panacea and no shortcut in safety work, but we must work hard on the words "strict", "fine" and "real", that is, 1) adhere to the word "strict". Strict requirements, strict management and strict inspection; 2) Highlight the word "essence". Careful thinking and careful operation; 3) Implement the word "real". Safety measures must be implemented, implemented and re-implemented. Only by truly implementing the policy of "safety first, prevention first" can safety management progress and achieve practical results.
As the saying goes, it is an effective method to look at the safety, hidden dangers and unsafe factors with a magnifying glass and quantify the ship safety work to every molecule and atom under the microscope. As we all know, "worrying about the sky" is a derogatory term. We might as well think and deal with the problem with the thinking mode of "worrying about the sky" in ship safety production from another angle, and avoid three kinds of bad psychology: luck psychology, conformity psychology and conformity psychology.
(1) the biggest problem of fluky psychology is the unclear understanding of the degree of danger and the lack of attention to potential safety hazards. It is a kind of mentality of "almost estimated", "should be no problem" and "even if something happens, it will not necessarily happen to me". People with this mentality generally have low requirements for work standards, do not think carefully, and are easy to make subjective judgments. If you are blinded by temporary superficial phenomena, you will make biased or even wrong judgments, and then make wrong responses and measures. Ocean shipping is a risky industry. In recent years, terrorism has become more and more rampant, and anti-terrorism and counter-terrorism have become global. The situation of smuggling and extradition is becoming more and more complicated, crimes are becoming more frequent and organizations are becoming more and more strict; In addition, the scope of piracy activities is expanding, the equipment is becoming more and more sophisticated, and the means are becoming more and more ferocious; At the same time, PSC inspection standards are getting stricter and stricter. With the full implementation of ISPS, the international standards of ship safety and security are getting higher and higher. "The embankment of a thousand miles, collapsed in the ant nest". If anyone holds an irresponsible attitude, the consequences are sometimes quite terrible. Maybe the living life will be lost forever because of his temporary luck. Perhaps because of his carelessness, it has caused irreparable pain to many families; Perhaps because of his irresponsibility, the property on board was destroyed; Perhaps because of his bad ideas, the reputation of the enterprise has been seriously damaged; probably ...
From the old psychology, individuals are unwilling to innovate in procedural work and never want to ask "why?" , is a kind of "I am used to doing this, there is no danger" bad mentality. This mentality is that they only know "1+3=4", but they don't know that "2 plus 2 equals 4", which means "carving a boat for a sword". As we all know, it's going to rain, and if we go to bask in food like the day before, we will definitely not bask in it; The bus changed its route, so it was impossible to reach its destination by bus; If the objective factors have changed, it will deviate from the direction if we take the old road again. In terms of ship safety, it is possible that the safety situation of the whole ship has become extremely severe because of simple working habits and thinking, and even caused great losses to people and property, and even more serious foreign-related incidents.
(3) The herd mentality is common, which is manifested in blind work. It is a kind of mentality of "everyone else has done it", "whatever others have done" and "whatever others have done, I will do it with this mind", so I will follow others' ass, have no opinion and are not good at using my brain. "A leaf can't see Mount Tai". Only by knowing that what others are doing is right, taking what others don't want and eating what others have left, and not knowing what they should do, can we better ensure safe production. Moreover, in the process of conformity, we generally just chase the superficial state of others blindly, without analyzing and discussing the internal psychological state of others, and without understanding the whole process of others' working procedures, which is prone to blind obedience and sometimes serious accidents.
The author believes that ship managers can avoid the above three kinds of bad safety psychology with the thinking mode of "worrying about the sky", and at the same time, they should establish three kinds of safety consciousness: responsibility, consciousness and worry. "Hidden dangers are more dangerous than open flames, prevention is better than disaster relief, and responsibility is more important than Mount Tai". Responsibility that is more important than Mount Tai, including post responsibility and social responsibility, especially leading cadres and directly responsible personnel, is duty-bound; In my opinion, leaders who dare not take responsibility are by no means good leaders. Efforts should be made to mobilize the original motivation and potential factors of safety awareness of relevant personnel, which is the responsibility entrusted by the outside world, with the aim of mobilizing the initiative to do a good job in safety. The initiative is mainly embodied in the word "prevention". First of all, we should be aware of the dangers of hidden dangers, and then take corresponding positive measures to eliminate hidden dangers in the bud. This sense of safety responsibility is actually a sense of responsibility and a sense of mission. With this sense of responsibility and mission, safety managers can take the initiative to control their own bad emotions in production and operation, and they will be happy and self-sustaining when they encounter satisfactory things, and will not get carried away; If something goes wrong, can you not be trapped by adversity, let nature take its course and get rid of it in time? Only people with a strong sense of responsibility and a good mental state can have abundant energy and strong fighting spirit, reduce mistakes in work and ensure the safe production of ships.
Safety is a kind of culture and a conscious subject consciousness. We can't simply take mandatory, punitive and binding safety measures, so that the managed person is always in a state of being forced and supervised. This is passive and needs my safety. The mental and psychological influence is short-lived, limited and rebellious. After changing jobs, passive security and repression will be repeated. There is a saying in the countryside that "clothes are not covered, dry food is not hungry." Only by thinking ahead and doing ahead can we not deal with things passively, and there will be no passive situation with severe security situation. As far as our shipping industry is concerned, we need this sense of urgency. If we are more worried, we will be more alert and safer. To do a good job in safety production from the source and maintain a good situation, we must put people first, do a good job in people's ideological work, and put the safety concept into the hearts of the people. Especially in the aspect of ship safety, we can only be more concerned, and we must never be careless. The characteristic of our industry is high risk, so we must take safety precautions. First of all, we should start from the ship manager-crew, input the correct signals from their minds, issue the correct orders, and plan ahead, so as to ensure the stability of safety work. With this sense of urgency, we should always tighten the string of safe production in order to achieve real safety. Of course, we emphasize that we should distinguish between "worrying too much" and "worrying too much", and we should not affect our normal work and life because of "worrying too much". What we emphasize is to have this awareness of taking precautions, preventing problems before they happen and preventing them scientifically. Overcome bad safety psychology, establish correct safety awareness, eliminate potential safety hazards, take precautions in advance, enhance self-confidence, ensure ship safety in all directions, and make greater contributions to the stability and efficiency of enterprises.