Foreign Government LoansForeign Government Loans are low-interest preferential loans provided by one government to another government with a certain nature of assistance or partial grant. Its loan interest rate is low, generally 2% to 4%, or interest-free loans. The term is 20 to 30 years, the longest can be up to 50 years. The Ministry of Finance on behalf of the Chinese government unified foreign borrowing and centralized management of government loans, Japan's exports into the bank loans. For each region, each department reported the above loan projects, the Ministry of Finance review, screening, and then reported to the State Planning Commission included in the utilization of foreign capital plan, the Ministry of Finance is responsible for external negotiations and consultations. After the negotiation, the Ministry of Finance, on behalf of our government, will sign the loan agreement with the creditor government. The Export-Import Bank of China and the Bank of China are responsible for the transfer of government loans and domestic projects of the Japanese Export-Import Bank, and supervise, guide and manage the use and repayment of loans. China Development Bank is responsible for transferring loans from the Asian Development Bank. The repayment of foreign government loans is categorized into two types: unified loan repayment and unified loan self-repayment. The former is included in the national budget and the Ministry of Finance is responsible for the repayment; the latter is responsible for the repayment by the debtor who signed the domestic loan transfer agreement. In addition, the project unit is responsible for negotiating the procurement of materials and equipment and signing business contracts with foreign countries.
International commercial loansInternational commercial loans refer to the loans provided to a country's government, financial institutions or industrial and commercial enterprises by one or several international commercial banks in the international financial market. The main forms of loans are term loans and rollover revolving loans. Term loans have a fixed term and can be short-term loans of less than one year or long-term loans of more than one year or even 10 or 20 years. Within the agreed term, the borrower makes withdrawals as agreed, and after a grace period (only interest is paid during the grace period, not principal) repays the principal and interest year by year, or repays the principal at one time upon maturity, with interest usually paid every three or six months, and the interest rate is based on the international interbank offered rate (IBOR), which can be fixed or floating. A rollover revolving loan is a series of short-term loans that the bank agrees to provide to the borrower continuously over a period of time in the future. For example, if a bank provides continuous loans with a maturity of 3 months and revolves for 1 year, i.e., after the repayment of the 3-month maturity loan, the bank will automatically provide a new 3-month loan, with the interest rate based on the prevailing market interest rate. China manages international commercial loans ex ante in two ways. In addition to the four major wholly state-owned commercial banks, namely, Industrial, Agricultural, Chinese and Construction Banks, other Chinese-funded financial institutions approved to operate overseas borrowing business, and non-financial corporate entities approved by the authorized departments of the State Council to borrow medium- and long-term international commercial loans externally, and to obtain the foreign debt index from the State Planning Commission, and to negotiate with the creditor on the borrowing intention (mainly including the amount, term, interest rate, etc.), and to report to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) for approval, before they formally externally The loan agreement can only be formally signed after negotiating with the creditor on the intention of borrowing (including the amount, term, interest rate, etc.) and submitting to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange for approval. The People's Bank of China determines the total scale of short-term international commercial loans, and within this scale, SAFE issues annual control targets for the balance of short-term commercial loans to qualified financial institutions and enterprises in need of such loans. Within this target, short-term commercial loans are no longer required to be submitted to SAFE for approval on a case-by-case basis. Foreign-invested enterprises can raise foreign debt, but must also be like Chinese enterprises, to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange for foreign debt registration procedures, and foreign-invested enterprises to borrow foreign medium- and long-term foreign debt and short-term foreign debt balance and the sum of the total amount of investment and registered capital specified in the certificate of approval can not exceed the difference.
China's foreign exchange reserves to maintain a certain scale of advantages and disadvantages: (1) foreign exchange reserves on behalf of a country's ability to pay for foreign and comprehensive national strength, hold a relatively abundant foreign exchange reserves, is conducive to maintaining the external credibility of the country and enterprises, and to reduce the cost of domestic institutions to enter the international market financing. (2) China currently has more than 140 billion U.S. dollars of foreign debt and 360 billion U.S. dollars of foreign direct investment, each year to cope with a large number of debt servicing, foreign investment profit remittance and other foreign exchange demand, foreign exchange reserves is the country's last means of payment. (3) China is in a period of economic transition, the domestic economy, financial development needs a solid foundation, and the international economic environment is complex and volatile, hold more foreign exchange reserves is conducive to ensure that China's macro-control ability to withstand external shocks. The important reason for the financial crisis in neighboring Asian countries is the sudden change in the market, resulting in a sharp decline in foreign exchange reserves, international liquidity shortages, triggering a confidence crisis. And during the Asian financial crisis, China's foreign exchange reserves continued to increase, effectively preventing the contagion of the confidence crisis to the domestic, supporting the RMB exchange rate and Hong Kong's financial stability. Grid research counseling to provide guidance for financial graduate admissions test registration, the universities and colleges admissions brochures, online registration, online Q&A, faculty, curriculum, fees and charges, each professional directory query. Financial postgraduate conditions, the latest financial postgraduate policies and regulations of colleges and universities, to help students correctly apply for the ideal college in graduate school majors. Renmin University of China, University of International Business and Economics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate School, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, East China University of Science and Technology, Beijing University of Technology and Business and other finance postgraduate enrollment popular colleges and universities.
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