1910165438+10/4, American pilot Eugene? Erie took off from the cruiser Birmingham for the first time, and there was a 25-meter-long wooden runway on the foredeck, driving a "Guandis" biplane. The following year1October 8th, 65438, Yili landed successfully on the cruiser "Pennsylvania" for the first time by using the 36-meter runway and 22 blocking ropes on the back deck. 19 12 and 19 17, British captain samson and lieutenant colonel Deng Ning took off and landed from a moving warship respectively. The experiment of these brave people gave birth to the aircraft carrier.
1965438+In June 2007, Britain converted a cruiser into the world's earliest aircraft carrier "Rage", which can carry 20 planes. However, the building in the middle of the original cruiser was not demolished, and the deck was divided into two parts, making it inconvenient and dangerous for the aircraft to take off and land. 19 18, the Cargill, which is under construction in Britain, was converted into an aircraft carrier and renamed as the Hundred-Eye Giant. It is the first aircraft carrier with a through deck, and its flight deck is168m long. Below the deck is the hangar. There are many elevators that can lift planes to the deck and can carry 20 planes.
In June 19 18, Britain began to build the aircraft carrier "Hemmes". But the crown of the world's first real aircraft carrier failed to belong to it. 19 19, the Japanese aircraft carrier Fengxiang was designed according to the scheme of gemes. 1922165438+10 was put into use for the first time in October, becoming the world's first specially designed and built ship-to-air aircraft carrier. And "Hemmes" was built and put into use eight months later. "Fengxiang" and "hymes" both carry more than 20 planes, and both have direct decks and bridges. Masts, chimneys and other prominent buildings were moved to the right side of the flight deck and later imitated by later aircraft carriers. Since then, the United States, France and other countries have also built aircraft carriers.
However, at that time, many adults in the navies of various countries were old-fashioned and regarded heavy gunboats as the main force to win naval battles, while aircraft carriers were only the auxiliary force of the fleet, and their main task was reconnaissance. The aircraft carrier was first built in1940165438+1October1,and there are 20 old-fashioned sailfish in the British navy. British aircraft carriers and carrier-based aircraft also played an important role in the naval battle of 194 1 in May. Although these examples fully illustrate how fragile heavy artillery giant ships represented by battleships are in front of naval aviation, the British navy with strong traditional concepts still did not fully realize the role of aircraft carriers, which led to Britain's great losses in the subsequent Pacific naval battles. On the contrary, the Japanese navy, represented by Isoroku Yamamoto, attached great importance to this, and sent people to collect and study information about the taranto war. The later Pearl Harbor incident was actually a repeat of the Battle of Taranto.
194165438+On the morning of February 7, 354 Japanese planes taking off from six aircraft carriers attacked the US Pacific team in Pearl Harbor. Four American battleships were sunk and seriously damaged, 16 cruisers and destroyers were destroyed, 188 aircraft was blown up, and about 4,500 officers and men were killed. The U.S. Pacific fleet was almost wiped out except for the aircraft carrier, while the Japanese lost only 29.
1May 4 -8, 942 The Coral Sea Battle was a brand-new sea battle, and the carrier-based aircraft decided the outcome. In this campaign, the United States has two aircraft carriers and 122 aircraft, and Japan has three aircraft carriers and 12 1 aircraft. As a result, US 1 aircraft carrier was sunk, and another 1 aircraft carrier was injured and lost. Japan 1 aircraft carrier sank, two suffered heavy losses and 85 aircraft lost. The two fleets never met and did not shoot each other. This war changed the face of traditional naval warfare. In a series of Pacific naval battles since then, the United States has won most of the victories. It can be said that the United States finally won the Pacific naval battle with its aircraft carrier. Aircraft carrier has become the dominant force in naval warfare in the new era.
In the 1950s, Britain developed and adopted the inclined flight deck and steam catapult, which reduced the number of active naval carriers in various countries, but greatly improved their performance and attack capability, with more and more displacement, more and more carrier-based aircraft and better aircraft performance. Aircraft carriers played an extremely important role in the British-Arab War, the US air strikes against Libya and the Gulf War after the 1980s.
Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier-The first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier in the world was Enterprise, 196 1,1,and the United States started construction on February 25th. The biggest advantage of using nuclear power for aircraft carriers is to improve their endurance. At present, the endurance of conventional power carriers is generally1.5-2.7mm km, while that of nuclear-powered carriers is 50 times, which greatly enhances the ocean-going operations and continuous duty. After Enterprise, the United States built seven Nimitz-class nuclear-powered aircraft carriers after the 1970s. Both "Enterprise" and "Nimitz" have a full displacement of more than 90,000 tons and can carry 90 planes. The latter is slightly larger and has twice the endurance of the former. Nimitz class is also the largest aircraft carrier in the world and the largest warship today.
Cruiser: it is a multi-purpose large and medium-sized surface warship with displacement, artillery and armor protection second only to battleships. It has high-speed and ocean-going mobile combat capability.
Cruise ships in the medieval navigation era are the origin of modern cruisers. It can be traced back to 15 14, the British warship Henry, which was rebuilt in 1593. Cruise ships have fewer guns (about 50 guns), but they are faster. Usually, it does not participate in the front artillery battle of the fleet, and is mainly used for reconnaissance, patrol, escort or confrontation with enemy merchant ships.
/kloc-after the birth of the marine steam engine at the beginning of the 0/9 th century, it also caused the revolution of cruise ships. However, the early open-wheel propeller was inefficient, unable to withstand big waves and artillery fire, and could not give cruisers the characteristics of fast and ocean-going maneuvering.
/kloc-around 0/884, Britain built the world's first light cruiser "rattlesnake" propelled by propeller. 1845, the British navy organized an interesting race: the rattlesnake was as powerful as another ship, but the steam ship Erikto, propelled by paddle wheels, tied a steel cable at the stern, with the bow facing the opposite direction and pulling forward at the same time to see who could hold on, so as to identify which propeller was efficient and produced large thrust. The result of the competition is that the cruiser "rattlesnake" pulls the ship "Erikto", which proves the superiority of propeller propeller in propulsion. Moreover, the propeller is installed below the waterline, which has good anti-destruction.
The adoption of propeller can not only realize the characteristics of cruisers, but also equip warships with benzene heavy armor without affecting their maneuverability. 1859, France built the world's first armored cruiser "Glory". Its hull is made of wood, and its side is covered with armor. It is powered by a steam engine, propelled by a propeller and supplemented by sails. Its appearance is basically the same as that of the previous sail warships, and it still uses fixed naval guns.
During the Civil War (18 16- 1865), the United States built the earliest armored cruiser "monitor" with rotating turret guns, which showed its characteristics in the battle. Since then, as a mobile warship, the cruiser can not only fight with the fleet array, but also fight independently in the ocean, which has been affirmed by navies of various countries. Due to the progress of warship power plant, the cruiser not only gained faster maneuverability, but finally got rid of the sails completely in the 1980 s of 19 and had a shape similar to that of modern cruisers. 1904, the world's first cruiser with a steam turbine, the purple timely built in Britain, was launched, marking the birth of modern cruisers.
After the advent of modern cruisers, cruisers made outstanding achievements in many naval battles in the subsequent Russo-Japanese War (1904- 1905), World War I and World War II. The displacement of cruisers is generally 5,000-20,000 tons, and the caliber of the main gun is between 150-280 mm. In World War II, there were heavy cruisers with the displacement exceeding 10000 tons. But with the rise of naval aviation, the status of large gunboats is declining. After World War II, cruisers were rarely built in most countries. Since the 1950s, due to the rapid development of missile technology, electronic technology and nuclear technology, cruisers have been thoroughly remoulded under modern war conditions, changed the face of heavy artillery, highlighted the role of air defense and anti-submarine, and played a leading role in attacking surface targets.
Missile cruiser-1 953, the Tiens-1missile launcher was first installed on the heavy cruiser Baltimore during World War II. 1955, two "Boston" class cruisers are equipped with anti-aircraft missiles. But they are not real guided missile cruisers, because their main weapon is still the original large-caliber artillery. The first real guided missile cruiser in the world was the USSR Grozny, which was started in 1959 and launched at the beginning of 196 1. Its full-load displacement is 5500 tons, the maximum speed is about 67 km/h, and the endurance is 12500km. It is equipped with two 4-mounted anti-ship missile launchers and three dual-mounted air defense missile launchers. The anti-submarine weapons are two 12 anti-submarine rockets and two 3-mounted torpedo tubes. The gun station consists of two 76mm dual-purpose guns and four 30mm guns. It can be seen that the important function of the missile cruiser gun is air defense, not the gun battle between ships, so the caliber of its gun is much smaller than before.
Almost at the same time as Grozny, the United States also built its own earliest guided missile cruiser "Leahy", which was slightly larger than Grozny and equipped with more missiles, with a full displacement of 8,200 tons, equipped with 2 pairs of anti-ship missiles, 2 pairs of anti-aircraft missiles, 3 pairs of 1 anti-submarine missiles and 2 guns 166.
Later, Britain and France also built their own guided missile cruisers, and the United States and the Soviet Union also developed guided missile cruisers for different purposes. At present, there are about 80 cruisers in the world, except for a few second-hand goods retired from Britain and the United States to third world countries, the rest have been guided by missiles.
Nuclear-powered cruiser-The first nuclear-powered cruiser in the world was the nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser Long Beach, which was started in 1957 and launched in 1960. The biggest feature of nuclear-powered cruisers is their strong endurance. It can sail continuously for several years and circle the earth for several weeks without refueling. "Long Beach" has a full displacement of 6.5438+0.8 million tons and is equipped with cruise missiles, anti-ship missiles, air defense missiles and anti-submarine missiles. Since then, the United States has built four models and eight nuclear-powered cruisers.
The nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers Kirov and Fu Longzhi of the former Soviet Union are the only two nuclear-powered cruisers in other countries except the United States, and they are also the largest cruisers in the world at present. Their full-load displacement is 28,000 tons, and there are 250 missile launchers on board, which can carry up to 296 missiles. Launched in 1977 and 198 1 respectively.
Destroyer: a medium-sized warship with missiles, torpedoes and naval guns as its main weapons and various combat capabilities. It is one of the ships with strong assault power in the naval fleet, which is used to attack submarines and surface ships, fleet air defense, escort, reconnaissance patrol alert, mine laying, and attack shore targets.
From 65438 to 70' s, there appeared torpedoes that could sail in water and attack enemy ships and speedboats-torpedo boats with torpedoes as weapons. Generally speaking, only a few tens of tons of torpedo boats can sink thousands of tons of armored ships with powerful firepower, which poses a serious threat to armored ships as the main force of navies in various countries. Therefore, people built ships slightly larger than torpedo boats and equipped them with naval guns. Use it to stop and chase torpedo boats, cover your own big ships and torpedoes, and have the ability to attack enemy big ships. This warship with "dual personality" is the torpedo gunboat born in 19 in the 1980s. It is the predecessor of the destroyer, also known as the "lightning ship". However, due to the limitation of technical conditions at that time, the speed of torpedo gunboats was only about 37 km/h, and the speed of torpedo boats at that time had reached more than 40 km/h, which made it difficult for torpedo gunboats to chase and kill torpedo boats.
19 in the 1990s, steam power plants made new progress. According to the shipbuilding alliance a? Arrow's suggestion is to build a warship with strong fighting capacity and high speed, which can effectively deal with torpedo boats. 1893, destroyers Hawok and Hodnet were launched with a displacement of 240 tons and a speed of 50 km/h, equipped with four naval guns and three torpedo tubes. They were the earliest destroyers in the world and the fastest warships at that time. Since then, navies of various countries have built destroyers one after another, and increased tonnage, enhanced firepower, improved endurance, and made them have stronger combat capabilities.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the displacement of armored ships (battleships) increased continuously, while destroyers lighter than cruisers undertook the tasks of reconnaissance, patrol and escort. During the First World War, due to the extensive use of submarines, the role of torpedo boats declined, so destroyers were more used for escort and anti-submarine fleet. During this period, the performance of the destroyer, such as firepower, speed and endurance, has been continuously improved, and the displacement has reached more than 1000 tons.
In the Second World War, destroyers that continued to be strengthened not only carried out anti-submarine escort missions, but also undertook more fleet air defense missions due to the rise of naval aviation. It has also played an important role in supporting island and coastal operations, transporting people and materials and patrolling bases. He has also participated in naval battles between fleets for many times, with outstanding performance, and is known as the "generalist at sea".
After 1950s, destroyers did not decline like battleships and cruisers. On the contrary, because of its flexibility and versatility, it has been highly valued by navies of various countries, and has rapidly developed in the direction of missiles, electronics and command automation. Anti-submarine destroyers and air defense destroyers have a division of labor, and the tonnage of destroyers has also increased significantly. Large destroyers have a displacement of more than 6,000 tons, equivalent to light cruisers. Some destroyers are also equipped with anti-submarine helicopters.
Missile destroyer-The first missile destroyer in the world was the destroyer Mitchell built by the United States in 1953. It has a displacement of 5,200 tons and is equipped with "Tatar" air defense missiles. The earliest destroyer equipped with anti-ship and anti-submarine missiles was the guided missile destroyer "Cüneyt" launched by the United States 1958.
Frigate: It is a medium or light warship with artillery, missiles and underwater weapons (torpedoes, mines and depth charges) as its main weapons. It is mainly used for anti-submarine and air defense escort, as well as reconnaissance, alert patrol, mine laying, land support and protection of army flanks. In modern naval formations, frigates are surface warships with tonnage and firepower second only to destroyers.
The frigate was born at the beginning of this century. 1904- 1905, during the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese ships broke into the Russian naval base in Lushunkou many times, attacked Russian ships with torpedoes and artillery fire, laid mines, blocked the port with sunken ships, and restricted the movement of the Russian fleet. At first, the Russian fleet patrolled the port, and the number of destroyers was small. It also undertakes other tasks, and the tactical and technical performance of the modified civilian ship is poor. So after the Russo-Japanese War, Russia built the first batch of special frigates in the world. The original frigates had small displacement (400-600 tons), small gun caliber, weak firepower, poor wind and wave resistance and low speed, and were only suitable for offshore activities.
During World War I, Germany launched a large-scale submarine war against the maritime transport lines of Britain and France. Countries have also built frigates that can undertake ocean-going escort and anti-submarine missions, and the tonnage, firepower and endurance of new frigates have been improved.
During the Second World War, Germany launched a more violent submarine offensive, and aircraft increasingly became a serious threat to the fleet and transport fleet, which made the demand for frigates greater and the tasks more diversified. Many countries have built frigates with better performance. Britain, the United States, France, Germany and Italy alone have built as many as 1800 frigates. Frigates played an important role in anti-submarine, air defense and escort operations in World War II, and participated in mobile formation naval battles and amphibious landing operations many times. During this period, the frigate was fully loaded with 800- 1300 tons of water, equipped with 2-3 76- 127 mm naval guns and 8- 10 anti-aircraft guns, and equipped with torpedoes, mines, deep-water radar and sonar.
After 1950s, the development trend of frigates was similar to that of destroyers, and they developed towards large-scale, missile-oriented, electronic and command automation. Air defense, anti-submarine and radar early warning frigates have a special division of labor, and some frigates are also equipped with anti-submarine helicopters. The difference between modern frigates and destroyers is not obvious, but the former is slightly inferior to the latter in tonnage, firepower and endurance, and even large frigates in some countries are better than some destroyers in these aspects. At present, the displacement of frigates is generally 1500-4000 tons, and a few of them are more than 5000 tons.
Submarine: a ship that can dive underwater for activities and operations. Also known as submarine. One of the main types of naval vessels. It is used to carry out nuclear attacks on strategic targets on land and destroy the military, political and economic centers of the enemy; Destroy transport ships and destroy enemy maritime communication lines; Attacking large and medium-sized surface ships and submarines; And mine laying, reconnaissance, transportation, rescue and repatriation of special personnel to land.
classify
According to combat tasks, it is divided into attack submarines and strategic missile submarines; According to the power, it is divided into conventional power submarines (diesel battery-powered submarines) and nuclear-powered submarines (see nuclear submarines); Conventional power submarines are divided into large submarines (more than 2,000 tons), medium submarines (600-2,000 tons), small submarines (100-600 tons) and pocket submarines (less than 100 tons) according to the displacement, and nuclear-powered submarines are generally more than 3,000 tons; According to the hull structure, it is divided into double-hull submarine, half-hull submarine and single-hull submarine.
trait
You can use the water layer to cover hidden activities and carry out sudden attacks on the enemy; It has great self-sustaining, endurance and operational radius, can be far away from the base, can fight independently for a long time, in a large ocean area or even in the enemy sea area, and has strong assault force; It can launch missiles, torpedoes and mines underwater and attack targets at sea and on land. However, its self-defense ability is poor and it lacks effective air defense weapons; Underwater communication is difficult to achieve two-way, timely and long-distance communication; Because the detection equipment is close and the observation range is limited, it is difficult to grasp the enemy's situation; Conventional power submarine has low underwater speed, so it must be in the snorkel navigation state when charging, which is easy to be exposed.
compose
It mainly includes hull, control system, power plant, weapon system, navigation system, detection system, communication equipment, underwater acoustic countermeasure equipment, life-saving equipment and living and living facilities.
shell
The hull of a double-hull submarine is divided into an inner shell and an outer shell. The inner shell is a steel pressure shell, which ensures that the submarine can withstand the hydrostatic pressure corresponding to its depth when underwater. The hull is a steel non-pressure hull and does not bear the pressure of seawater. Between the inner shell and the outer shell are the main ballast water tank and the fuel tank. A single-hull submarine has only a pressure hull, and the main ballast tank is arranged in the pressure hull. Half-shell submarine, with some non-pressure shells on both sides of the pressure hull, is used as the main ballast tank of the submarine. The submarine hull is mostly streamlined to reduce the resistance during underwater movement and ensure the submarine has good maneuverability. Pressure hull is usually divided into 3 ~ 8 sealed cabins, which are equipped with control and command components, weapons, equipment, devices, various systems and crew living facilities. To ensure the normal work, life and fighting of the crew. There is a pressure command room and a non-pressure water command bridge in the middle of the hull. The command room and its enclosure are equipped with periscope, snorkel and lifting device with antennas such as radio communication, radar, radar reconnaissance alarm receiver and radio direction finder, which can work at the depth of periscope.
control system
It is used to realize submarine diving and floating, underwater equalization, maintaining and changing course and depth, etc. After the main ballast tank of submarine is filled with water, its weight increases to offset its reserve buoyancy, that is, it dives from the water surface to the water. The water in the main ballast tank is discharged by compressed air, the weight is reduced, and the reserve buoyancy is restored, that is, it surfaced. There is a special buoyancy control tank in the boat, which is used to inject or discharge a proper amount of water, so as to adjust the underwater buoyancy of the submarine due to the consumption of materials and ammunition and the change of seawater density. The bow and stern are also equipped with trim balance tanks. By adjusting the water volume of the bow and stern balance tanks, the possible trim of the submarine under water can be eliminated. There are a pair of horizontal elevators at the bow (or the fence of the command room) and at the tail, respectively, to control the submarine to change and maintain the required diving depth. Propeller and rudder are installed at the stern to ensure the submarine to sail and change course.
powerplant
Divided into conventional power plants and nuclear power plants. The conventional power plant is mainly composed of diesel engine, storage battery and main motor. Diesel engine is the main power device of conventional submarine sailing on the water surface, which can make the submarine's water surface speed reach 10 ~ 15 knots. The main motor is the main power device for conventional submarine underwater navigation, which can make the submarine underwater speed reach 15 ~ 20 knots. It is also equipped with an economical motor with an underwater speed of 2-4 knots. Submarine navigation under water is limited by the battery power, so it often needs to surface or underwater to a certain depth. A diesel engine is used to sail and drive the main motor to charge the battery to replenish the power. The nuclear power plant is mainly composed of nuclear reactor, steam generator, main circulating pump and steam turbine. Most of the nuclear reactors used by nuclear-powered submarines are light water pressurized water reactors; It is also equipped with standby power devices such as diesel generator sets, batteries and motors, as well as ventilation pipes to provide emergency power for nuclear submarines when necessary. Using nuclear energy as power, the submarine's power has undergone fundamental changes. The propulsion power reaches tens of thousands of kilowatts, and it can run continuously for many years at a time, and its endurance capacity has increased to hundreds of thousands of nautical miles, thus enabling the submarine to sail underwater for a long time and greatly improving its concealment.
weapon system
There are mainly ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, anti-submarine missiles, torpedoes, mine weapons and their control systems and launchers. Ballistic missile is the main weapon of strategic missile submarine, which is used to attack important targets on land. 1 strategic missile submarine equipment 12 ~ 24 ballistic missiles. 1 attack submarine can carry cruise missiles, 8 ~ 24 anti-submarine missiles or 12 ~ 24 torpedoes. Cruise missiles include tactical cruise missiles and strategic cruise missiles. Tactical cruise missiles are mainly used to attack large and medium-sized surface ships; Strategic cruise missiles are mainly used to attack land targets. Anti-submarine missile is a rocket-propelled torpedo or deep-water bomb, and some of it uses nuclear charge, which is mainly used to attack underwater submarines. Torpedo, acoustic homing torpedo and wire-guided torpedo are mainly used to attack ships and submarines. Most of the mines used by submarines are submarine mines, which are mainly deployed in enemy bases, ports and waterways to destroy enemy ships. The weapon control system mostly uses digital computers, which can calculate and track multiple targets at the same time, provide decision-making basis, find out the shooting position of the best target and calculate the shooting data of multiple targets, thus realizing the automation of weapon shooting command.
navigation system
Including magnetic compass, gyro compass, log, sounder, sextant, track self-plotter, autopilot and radio, starlight, satellite, inertial navigation equipment, etc. Inertial navigation system can continuously and accurately provide submarine's underwater position, heading, speed, pitch angle and other information. After using the global positioning system of "Navigation Star", the instantaneous positioning accuracy of submarine at sea reaches about 10 meter.
sensor
There are periscope, radar, sonar and radar reconnaissance alarm receiver. The submarine can lift the periscope lens off the water surface, and can visually observe the sea surface, air and coast, determine the orientation and distance of the target, and calculate its motion elements. Modern submarines are equipped with sensors such as laser ranging, thermal imaging and low-light-level night vision on periscope, which have the functions of night vision, photography and celestial positioning (see submarine periscope). Radar, through the radar lifting antenna, can measure the orientation, distance and motion elements of the target at a certain depth underwater, thus ensuring the safety of submarine navigation and surface ships attacked by torpedoes or missiles. The antenna of radar reconnaissance and warning receiver adopts special lifting mast or parasitic on other lifting devices to ensure the submarine's reconnaissance and warning to enemy radar when periscope is sailing. Sonar is the main detection tool for submarine underwater activities, including noise sonar and echo sonar. Noise sonar can passively identify, track, direction find and range. Echo sonar can actively measure the orientation, distance and motion elements of the target. In addition, there are sonar, ice sonar, identification sonar and soundtrack.
Communication equipment
There are mainly shortwave and ultrashort wave transceivers, very long wave receivers, satellite communication and underwater acoustic communication equipment. Submarines mainly use short-wave communication to report the situation to the shore-based command post, mainly use very long-wave receivers to receive the communication from the shore-based command post, and mainly use ultra-short-wave communication to communicate with other ships, planes or coastal areas. Submarine can receive information at a certain depth by using lifting antenna and at a deeper depth by using towing antenna. Satellite communication enables the submarine to communicate with the shore command post through satellite, with a long communication distance. Underwater acoustic communication is used for underwater communication and identification with other submarines and surface ships. In order to ensure the concealment of communication, submarines generally adopt one-way communication mode and use ultra-high-speed communication system, so that submarines can send letters to shore command posts in a very short time.
Underwater acoustic countermeasure equipment
There are mainly reconnaissance sonar and underwater acoustic jamming equipment. Reconnaissance sonar is used to detect the acoustic information and technical parameters sent by the target active sonar. Underwater acoustic jamming devices mainly include underwater acoustic jammers, underwater acoustic decoys (submarine simulators), air curtain bombs, etc., which are used to suppress chaos, lure away enemy sonar tracking or attack acoustic homing torpedoes.
life-saving appliance
There are wrecked buoys and single lifeguards. When the submarine crashes, release the wrecked buoy to mark the location of the submarine crash and get in touch with the outside world. The single lifesaver can be used for the crew to leave the ship through the torpedo tube, the command room or the life-saving brake sleeve specially designed for escape. An emergency blowing and drainage system is also installed in the main ballast tank of the submarine. When a submarine crashes, the submarine or lifeboat can inject high-pressure gas to discharge the water in the main ballast tank and make the submarine surface.
domestic installation
Including air regeneration, atmospheric control, radioactive pollution detection, temperature and humidity adjustment system, daily life, food, water, lighting, excretion, medical care and other facilities, used to maintain a suitable living and activity environment in the boat and ensure the health of the crew.