[Key Points]
The main characteristics of different population growth patterns and their regional distribution The main factors affecting population migration The difference between the carrying capacity of the environment and the reasonable capacity of the populationKnowledge Scanning
1. The main characteristics of population growth at different stages of social development
1. The natural rate of population growth refers to the number of births and deaths in a given period of time
2. Compare the main characteristics of population growth at different stages of social development
Patterns of population growth Stages in which population growth occurs Main characteristics Causes of growth
High - High - Low Before the industrialization of the society, including the primitive society, the slave society, the feudal society, the slave society, the feudal society, the slave society and the feudal society. Primitive society, slave society, feudal society, early capital society High birth rate, high death rate, low natural population growth rate. Low levels of productivity, low food production, low levels of health care, and high population mortality rates
High-Low-High Appeared in Europe from the mid-18th century onward until the end of the 19th century. widespread in most developing countries from the 1950s onward. High birth rate, low death rate, high natural population growth rate The level of productivity was significantly increased, health care was rapidly developed, food production was greatly increased, and the death rate of the population was significantly reduced.
Low-Low-Low At present, the world's major developed countries have stepped into this pattern of population growth. Low birth rate, low death rate, low natural growth rate The popularization of modern scientific knowledge and the progress of medical and health care technology have improved human living standards and cultural standards, and people's concept of reproduction and reproductive behavior have also undergone major changes. The birth rate began to show a downward trend.
II. Combined with examples, explain the main characteristics of population growth in different regions
At present, most of the developed countries have already belonged to the modern pattern of population growth, and from the 1950s onwards, the "high-low-high" growth pattern has prevailed in most of the developing countries. Since the 1950s, the "high-low-high" growth pattern has prevailed in most developing countries. At present, all developing countries are facing relatively serious population problems. The Chinese Government attaches great importance to family planning and has taken a series of effective measures to control population growth. China's population growth pattern is gradually transitioning from a "high-low-high" pattern to a "three-low" pattern. The world's population growth pattern is also in transition from traditional to modern.
3. Distinguish between environmental carrying capacity and reasonable population capacity
1. Environmental carrying capacity is the number of people that the environment can sustainably support.
2. Environmental population capacity is the maximum number of people that the environment can support in a country or region, which can be expressed by environmental carrying capacity.
3. The primary influence of environmental population capacity is resources (positive), but also includes the level of science and technology (positive), the level of regional living and consumption (negative).
4. Reasonable population capacity is the optimal number of people in a country or region, so the environmental population capacity is greater than the reasonable population capacity.
4. Analyze, with examples, the main reasons for the migration of people in different regions at different times.
1. International migration: Before the 19th century, international migration was generally characterized by group and mass migration. For example, in the 15th-16th centuries, Europe carried out colonialist expansion, triggering the migration of 70 million Europeans to countries and regions in the Americas and Oceania. After the Second World War, international population movements showed new features: population flows from developing to developed countries, a decrease in sedentary migration and an increase in short-term mobility. Europe has changed from a place of population emigration to a place of population immigration, mainly because of the faster economic development of Western Europe, attracting a large number of immigrants; Latin America has changed from a place of population emigration to a place of population emigration, with a large number of people flowing to the United States, Canada and Europe, and, since the 1970s, the oil-exporting countries of West Asia and North Africa have recruited a large number of expatriate workers from outside their borders.
Domestic migration: from the beginning of liberation to the reform and development of the country, domestic migration was mainly planned and organized. For example, in the 1960s, immigrants supported the border provinces, and in the 1970s, young people were sent to the countryside, and at this time, most of China's population moved from the east to the central, northwestern, northeastern, and southwestern directions; after the 1980s, a large number of peasants from the central and western parts of the country went to the eastern seaboard to seek employment. In order to improve the material living conditions and obtain higher economic income.
Unit II: Cities and the Environment
Section 1: Spatial Structure of Cities
[Key Points]
Spatial Structure of Cities and Causes of Their Formation Differences in Service Functions of Cities of Different Scales[Knowledge Scan]
I. Combining with the examples, we will learn the characteristics of distribution of the main functional areas of the cities and analyze the spatial structure of the cities<
1. Distribution characteristics of the main functional areas of the city
Distribution characteristics of the main functional areas of the city
Commercial area Distributed in the center of the city, street corners, both sides of the traffic arteries and other areas with convenient transportation
Residential area Residential area is the most widely used land use in the city
Industrial area Industrial area Distributed in the center of the city's production, generally near rivers, railroads, highways and other convenient transportation. Industrial zones are located in the production centers of cities, generally near rivers, railroads, highways, and other places with convenient transportation.
Changes in the location range of the central business district have a significant impact on the city's land use structure, functional zoning, the layout of commercial outlets and real estate prices.
2. Formation and change of urban spatial structure
(1) The spatial distribution and combination of urban functional zones have formed different territorial structure patterns, and there are three kinds of representative urban territorial structure patterns: concentric circle pattern, fan pattern, multi-core pattern
(2) The most important factor influencing the formation of the spatial structure of the city is the economic factor, i.e., the level of land rent that all kinds of activities are willing to pay
(3) The most influential factor for the formation of the spatial structure of the city is the economic factor.
(3) The factors affecting the spatial structure of the city also include the distribution of transportation routes, historical and cultural factors, natural geographic factors, and the level of economic development.
(4) In order to protect the urban environment and reduce costs, urban industrial zones move to the periphery of the city; in order to facilitate transportation, industrial zones move to the periphery of the main traffic routes.
II. Urban Service Functions
Understand the relationship between the size of a city and its service functions, and compare the differences in the service functions of different cities.
(1) The size and number of cities and towns in a region are inversely proportional to each other, with more cities and towns of smaller size and fewer cities and towns of larger size.
(2) Ideally, on the plain, the service scope of the center (towns) is expressed as a positive hexagon with the center as the core
(3) The service scope of high-level centers is large, far away from each other, and the number of positive hexagons is small; the service scope of low-level centers is small, close to each other, and the number of hexagons is large
(4) In terms of the region as a whole, the high-level centers contain the low-level The range of high-level centers covers the low-level centers, thus forming a nested spatial network system
Section II.3 Urbanization
1. Concept of urbanization: the spatial agglomeration of population and industrial activities, and the process of transforming the rural area into an urban area, also known as urbanization.
2. Signs of urbanization: increase in urban population, increase in the proportion of urban population in the total population, and expansion of land use. Among them, the percentage of urban population in the total population is the most important indicator.
3. The different processes of urbanization in different types of countries:
Characteristics of developed countries: Early start; high level of urbanization (70% in the late 70's); the emergence of the phenomenon of reverse urbanization (the reason for the emergence of: in the late 70's, due to the improvement of the requirements of people for the quality of the environment, as well as the gradual improvement of the infrastructure of the rural areas and small towns; manifestation: the return of the urban population to the rural settlements and small towns; and the return of urban population to the countryside. The phenomenon of reverse urbanization (causes: the late 70's due to the improvement of environmental quality requirements and the gradual improvement of infrastructure in rural areas and small towns; manifestations: the return of urban population to rural settlements and small towns, the shrinking of the urban centers of large cities, the rapid development of small and medium-sized towns, and the growth in the number of rural populations)
Characteristics of developing countries Adaptation)
4. Problems arising from the process of urbanization:
Decline in environmental quality Atmospheric pollution Smoke and dust produced by the burning of urban dwellers, smoke and fumes emitted by industrial and mining enterprises, and exhaust fumes emitted by all kinds of transportation vehicles endanger people's health
Water pollution Urban industrial wastewater and sewage from daily life endanger people's health
Noise pollution hinders people's rest, work, study and conversation, and even harms human health, Study and conversation, and even damage human health
Solid waste Harmful to human health and the environment
Traffic congestion, poor living conditions Traffic congestion, resulting in a waste of time, energy; housing manifested in the lack of housing, poor quality
Increase the difficulty of employment, the number of unemployed Impact on social security, but also bring poverty, the decline of the inner city and other problems.
5. Ways to solve the problem of urbanization: (measures to protect and improve the urban environment)
a. Establishing satellite towns and developing new districts;
b. Improving urban transportation and living conditions;
c. Protecting and managing the urban environment;
6. China's urbanization (p. 40 of textbook)
Unit III Human Production Activities and Geographic Environment
Section 1 Agriculture
1. Overview of Agriculture
1. Characteristics of agricultural production: territoriality, seasonality and periodicity.
② inputs to agriculture: natural conditions: light, heat, moisture, soil
socio-economic conditions: labor; means of production, science and technology
③ classification of agriculture: classified according to the object of production: planting and animal husbandry
classified by the number of inputs: rough and intensive agriculture
classified by the purpose of the product: subsistence agriculture and Commodity agriculture
④ Agricultural location factors: climate, water, topography, soil, market, transportation, policy, etc.
⑤ Relationship between agricultural development and location:
Location factors Agricultural development
Climate Heat, light, and precipitation have a great influence on agricultural location. Light and heat conditions are most closely related to crop distribution, replanting systems and yields.
Water Source Irrigation water is the decisive factor in arid areas where annual precipitation is less than 250 millimeters.
Topography Different topographic areas (slope, height) are suitable for different types of agriculture. Plain areas are flat, deep soil, suitable for the development of farming, mountainous areas are suitable for the development of animal husbandry and planting
Soil Different types of soil are suitable for the growth of different crops. For example, the hilly areas in the southeast are widely distributed acidic soil, suitable for planting tea
Market demand Market demand ultimately determines the type and scale of agricultural production
Transportation Mainly affects the location of commercial agriculture, horticulture, dairy and animal husbandry require convenient and fast transportation conditions
National policy The world's agriculture is affected by the national policy and the intervention of the government. means of government intervention. For example, China's commercial grain base established in the 1980s
Science and technology is an important factor affecting the location of agriculture, but it is through the influence of other factors to affect the location of agriculture.
Industrial and urban development On the outskirts of cities and around industrial and mining areas, agricultural production bases focusing on the production of vegetables, meat, dairy, poultry and eggs are often formed.
6 Impact of changes in the development of socio-economic factors on agricultural location
Impact of changes in socio-economic factors on agricultural location
Market location Emergence of new industrial and mining zones, development of cities, urban areas and around industrial and mining zones will focus on the production of vegetables, meat, eggs, dairy, etc., and the development of horticulture
Market demand When supply is in excess of demand, stimulate production. When supply exceeds demand, compression of production, such as China's apple planting in the early 1990s
Transportation conditions and preservation, refrigeration technology Improvement of transportation conditions and the development of agricultural preservation, refrigeration technology, so that the market's impact on agricultural location in the geographic region to expand greatly, for example, the southeastern United States to take advantage of the development of vegetables, flowers, supply of the northeastern region, the northern part of our country in the winter from the south of Guangdong, Sichuan, etc. Province large quantities of vegetables; make agricultural regional specialized production possible, for example, the United States, Canada, Australia, France and so on to become the world's major commodity food production base, the Netherlands, Denmark, New Zealand and so on for the world's major supplier of dairy and livestock products, Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia and South Asia to become the world's production base of tropical cash crops
2, the characteristics of the major agricultural geographical types
Types of agricultural regions Distribution areas Other profiles Typical cases
Rice cultivation Concentrated in the monsoon areas of East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia, as well as the tropical rainforest areas of Southeast Asia Location conditions:
①Hot and rainy climate
②Flat topography
③An abundance of labor force
④A long history of rice as a traditional food staple
4. Rice is a traditional food grain Small-scale farming; high yield per unit area but low commodity rate; low level of mechanization; large amount of water conservancy works; low level of science and technology.
Grand Ranch Grazing The United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa, etc. The United States and Argentina are dominated by cattle grazing, and Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa are dominated by sheep grazing.
Pampas grassland location conditions: ① excellent natural grassland; sparsely populated, low land rent; ③ seaport near Measures taken (in Argentina, for example): cultivate good breed of cattle, strengthen the study of cattle disease; improve transportation conditions; open up the water; planting fodder.
Commercial grain agriculture The United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, etc. Basic features:
Large scale of production and high degree of mechanization are the basic features of commercial grain agriculture.
Crops: wheat, corn Location advantages of commercial agriculture in the central plains of the United States: superior natural conditions, convenient transportation, sparsely populated,
highly developed industry
Mixed agriculture Europe, North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, etc. Mainly mixed agriculture of livestock raising and grain production Murray- Advantages of the Darling Basin: farms become a benign ecosystem; farmers can use their time efficiently to organize their agricultural activities; agricultural production has great flexibility and adaptability to the market
3. Impacts of Agricultural Production on the Geographic Environment
Impacts of excessive intensity of agricultural production on the natural environment: desertification, soil erosion, and soil contamination
Agricultural production development Causes changes in vegetation, surface environment, surface radiation characteristics, carbon cycle, etc.
3. Impacts of Agricultural Production on the
Geographic Environment Impacts of irrational agricultural production methods on the environment: overgrazing, irrationality
Impacts of technological improvements in agricultural production on the ecological environment: excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides
SECTION II INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
Knowledge Scan
I. Explain, with examples, the main factors affecting the location of industrial zones
Where factories are built and where industrial zones and industrial cities are constructed require a combination of many factors to be considered. For example, it is necessary to consider where to get raw materials, fuel and labor, where the market is, whether the transportation is convenient, the size of the impact on the environment and other factors. (Industrial location factors: raw materials, power (fuel), labor, markets, transportation, land, water, government.)
1. Different types of industrial sectors, with different production processes and production characteristics, have different dominant factors to consider in location selection.
Industrial Sector Category Name Basic Principles of Location Selection Representative Sectors
Raw Material Oriented Industry Transportation of raw materials is more costly (the weight of raw materials to the product is greatly reduced) Raw materials are not easy to be transported over long distances (perishable, etc.) Processing of fruits and aquatic products such as sugar beets and sugarcane sugar
Market Oriented Industry Transportation of raw materials is more costly (the weight and volume of the product is reduced not much or increased) The product is not easy to be transported over long distances. (little or no reduction in weight or volume) Products that cannot be easily transported over long distances (perishable, broken, etc.) Furniture, printing, beer, and some foodstuffs
Power-oriented industries Industries that consume large amounts of electricity Aluminum refineries, metallurgy, and heavy industries such as chemicals
Cheap-labor oriented Industries that require a large amount of labor and should be close to areas with a large amount of cheap labor General apparel, electronic assemblies, belts, and shoes
Technology-oriented industries that require high technological requirements. Technology-oriented industry High technical requirements, should be close to higher education and science and technology developed areas Integrated circuits, satellites, airplanes, precision instrumentation, etc.
2. With the development of society, changes in market demand, science and technology levels continue to improve, the industrial location factors and the role of various factors are constantly changing. For example, with the emergence of high-tech enterprises, knowledge and talent factors on the layout of the gradual increase in the impact of enterprises. Another example is that with the development of transportation, some raw material-oriented enterprises can be far away from the origin of raw materials, close to the market distribution (Baosteel and Anshan Iron and Steel location selection differences). Another example is that with the enhancement of people's environmental awareness, environmental factors on the industrial layout more and more influence.
Two, combined with examples of the formation conditions and development characteristics of industrial territories
1. Industrial territories: industrial agglomeration to form a territory, known as industrial territories.
2. industrial linkage
(1) production collaboration linkage: the complexity of the industrial production process, a variety of procedures, play with the need for many factories *** with the collaboration in order to complete a product, there is a collaborative relationship of production between these factories
(2) geographic and spatial linkage: some factories, although there is no linkage between the production process, but the layout of the same industrial area, *** with the use of the infrastructure here
(2) geospatial linkage: some factories, although there is no linkage of production processes, but layout of the same industrial area, *** with the use of the infrastructure here. *** with the use of infrastructure here. For example, many places in China's economic development zones within the factory belongs to this kind of connection. We call it geospatial links.
3. The formation of industrial territories: some factories with industrial links tend to gather in close proximity to form industrial agglomeration. Industrial agglomeration can strengthen the exchange of information and technical cooperation between enterprises, reduce the transportation costs of intermediate products and energy consumption, reduce costs and improve efficiency.
4. Industrial agglomeration formed in the territory, known as the industrial region
By cause: the spontaneous formation of the industrial region and the planning of the formation of the industrial region
By the degree of development: the development of a low degree of industrial region (such as the food industry), the development of a high degree of industrial region (for example, the iron and steel industry, the petrochemical industry, the automobile industry, etc., the complexity of its internal industrial links to form the Industrial area is large, more collaborative enterprises, large production scale, often developed into an important industrial zone, and further evolved into an industrial city, such as Panzhihua City, Anshan City, Daqing City, Shiyan Automobile City)
5. Industrial dispersal and industrial geographic linkage
In order to give full play to the advantages of the different areas of the region, a number of collaborative relations with the production of factories are not necessarily clustered together, but scattered to various parts of what we call a "dispersed", and we have to be careful to avoid the use of the industrial zone. Rather, they are dispersed to various places, which we call industrial decentralization. For example, many multinational enterprises factory distribution.
Three, combined with examples of industrial production activities on the geographic environment
With the enhancement of people's awareness of the environment, the quality of the environment has become an important industrial location factors
1. air pollution industries (chemical plants, cement plants, power plants, iron and steel mills, etc.)
distribution pattern: factories are distributed in the residential area of the prevailing wind downwind, or upwind of the minimum wind frequency. upwind of the minimum wind frequency.
2. industries polluting water sources (printing and dyeing factories, paper factories, electroplating factories, chemical factories, oil refineries)
Distribution pattern: factories are located in the lower reaches of rivers in cities
3. industries polluting both the air and the water sources (chemical factories and oil refineries)
Distribution pattern: both the wind direction and the rivers should be taken into consideration
polluting industries Distribution pattern
Industrial sector Pollution type Location selection
Cement factories, breweries Pollution of air Factories located upwind of the minimum wind frequency of a residential area or downwind of the prevailing winds of the year, vertical suburbs of the monsoon area
Printing and dyeing factories, paper factories, electroplating factories, tanneries Pollution of water Sewage discharge outlets should be far away from the water source and the upper reaches of the rivers
Chemical factories, oil refineries, oil refineries, oil refineries, chemical plants, oil refineries, oil refining plants, oil refining plants, oil refining plants. Oil refineries Pollution of the air, pollution of water sources Combination of the above two
Power plants, iron and steel plants Pollution of the air, solid waste pollution Pollution of the air Combination of the above, solid waste pollution should be far away from residential areas and farmland
Four, industrial classification
Types of industries Examples Distribution areas
Resource-intensive industries Extractive industries, sugar industry Constrained by the distribution of natural resources
Resources intensive industry Extractive industry, sugar industry constrained by the distribution of natural resources
Labor-intensive industries Textile and garment industries are located in labor-abundant areas
Capital-intensive industries Iron and steel industries and chemical industries require large amounts of capital investment, and still rely heavily on raw materials
Technology-intensive industries Electronics, aerospace, nuclear, and laser industries are located in areas where science and technology and higher education are developed
Fourth Classification of Industries
Examples of Industries
Distribution areas The impact of the three technological revolutions on industry in history
Three technological revolutions, major symbols, new industrial sectors
First, 1860s, invention of the steam engine Cotton textile and iron and steel
Second, 1870s, electrification Electricity, chemistry, petroleum, automobiles, and airplanes
Third, 1850s, information technology, bio-engineering, and the development of the world's most advanced technology
Third, 2050s, information technology and bio-engineering. 1950s Information technology, bioengineering, new energy, new materials and microelectronics Microelectronics, nuclear industry, aerospace, lasers
VI. Characteristics of Different Types of Industrial Zones:
Famous Industrial Zones Development Conditions Development Characteristics
Traditional Industrial Zones Ruhr Area, Germany
(Midland Industrial Zone in the United Kingdom, and Northeastern Industrial Zone in the U.S.
(Central Industrial Zone in Britain, and Northeastern Industrial Zone in the U.S.
Abundant Coal, Proximity to iron ore mines, abundant water supply, convenient land and water transportation, broad market Reasons for decline: Single production structure, due to the decline in the energy status of coal, worldwide steel surplus, impact of the new technological revolution. Comprehensive remedies: ① development of new industries and tertiary industries; ② adjustment of industrial layout, expansion of transportation; ③ improvement of transportation network, development of science and technology; ④ prosperity of the economy; ⑤ elimination of pollution and beautification of the environment
New industrial zones Italy's new industrial zones Large pool of cheap labor, developed bank credit system, highly open economy, strong government support Small and medium-sized enterprises are the mainstay; light industry is the mainstay; decentralization of the production process Low degree of capital concentration; mostly scattered in small towns or rural areas
Silicon Valley in the United States
(High-tech industry) Convenient geographical location, beautiful environment; pleasant climate; colleges and universities; convenient transportation; military orders. High proportion of scientific and technological personnel; rapid growth, short product replacement cycle; high proportion of research and development costs; products for the world market
Section III: The geographical linkage of human production activities and transportation
Knowledge Scanning
I. Combined with the examples, the importance of the geographical linkage of production activities
Human beings have a variety of social activities, all of which are carried out in certain The geographical differences in the distribution of resources and the imbalance in regional socio-economic development encourage the exchange of material, energy, capital and information between different regions through transportation, communication, commerce and trade to achieve complementarity and mutual promotion, thus leading to territorial links.
II. Understand the main modes of territorial linkage in productive activities
Main modes: transportation, communication, commerce and trade.
Understand a comparative chart of the characteristics of the major modes of modern transportation systems. (Punch page A59)
The most important factor affecting the choice of modern transportation routes is the need for socio-economic development, which can be overcome by scientific and technological development of unfavorable natural conditions
III. Explain the impact of changes in the mode of transportation and its layout on the spatial pattern of settlements, combining it with examples.
1. Transportation and the formation of settlements: convenient transportation places, conducive to the development of trade and commerce activities, usually form a larger settlement, such as the confluence of the river and tributaries of the confluence of the river is often developed as a city (such as Wuhan, Chongqing), in the river estuary, due to the availability of well-developed water transport conditions and the frequent trade activities, is conducive to the formation of a relatively large city. (For example, Shanghai, Guangzhou, etc.)
2. Transportation and spatial distribution of settlements
Ancient means of transportation, the modern main means of transportation, settlement distribution, settlement form
North, horse, land, land near the main road, lumpy
South, boat, water transport, water distribution, banded
3. Transportation and distribution of cities and towns: set up a city along the river is a general rule of the south of China. Laws. (Convenient transportation, easy access to water)
4. The impact of changes in transportation modes and layout on the spatial pattern of settlements
For example: with the construction of railroads, the formation of a number of new cities along the railroads and railroad junctions (Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Zhuzhou)
Another example: changes in the transportation conditions of a region will bring about a great impact on the layout and development of the cities of this region. great influence.
(Yangzhou City, for example, see page 80 of the textbook)
Four, combined with examples, to illustrate the impact of changes in transportation modes and layout on the layout of commercial outlets.
1. mountainous areas with inconvenient transportation, small density of commercial outlets, the plains with convenient transportation, high density of commercial outlets
2. city center, convenient transportation, large flow of people often form the central business district. (The principle of market optimization)
The edge of the urban ring road, the urban periphery of the highway on both sides of the formation of large wholesale business district (is the principle of optimal transportation, and cheap land prices)