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Part 5 of Civil Buildings - Safe Evacuation and Refuge
Evacuation Design Principles
Evacuation routes must be simple and easy to identify, and must be set up in a simple and easy-to-understand, Eye-catching evacuation instructions are easy to find and identify.
The design of evacuation routes should conform to people’s habitual requirements and people’s psychological state and behavioral characteristics under building fire conditions.
Try not to have evacuation routes and firefighting routes intersect to avoid mutual interference.
Any room or part of the building should generally have two different evacuation directions for evacuation, and bag-shaped walkways should be avoided as much as possible.
Fire doors on evacuation passages can remain closed in the event of a fire.
Ensure the fire prevention and smoke prevention performance of various safe evacuation facilities under fire conditions.
Unless there are special provisions, the number of safety exits on each floor or fire protection zone in the building should not be less than 2, and the total width of the safety exits on each floor or fire protection zone should be able to meet the requirements of the floor or fire protection zone. Requirements for the total number of people to evacuate from the fire zone and to safely evacuate to a safe location within the available evacuation time. Evacuation path
Conditions for a safety exit
The number of safety exits for each fire compartment or each floor of a fire compartment in a public building shall be calculated and determined, and There should be no less than 2. Public buildings that meet one of the following conditions can be equipped with a safety exit or an evacuation staircase:
1. Except for nurseries and kindergartens, the building area shall not exceed 200 square meters and the number of persons shall not exceed 50 people. The first floor of a single-story public building or a multi-story public building;
2. In addition to medical buildings, buildings for the elderly, children's rooms in nurseries and kindergartens, children's amusement halls, etc. Public buildings that comply with the requirements in the table below, except for activity venues and singing, dancing, entertainment and screening entertainment venues;
Open to adjacent fire protection zones
First and second grade fire-resistant public buildings* **In fire compartments where it is difficult for all safety exits in a building to lead directly to the outdoors, Class A fire doors leading to adjacent fire compartments can be used as safety exits, but the following regulations should be met:
1 Use the door leading to the adjacent fire compartment When a Class A fire door in an adjacent fire compartment is used as a safety exit, a fire wall should be used to separate it from the adjacent fire compartment.
2 Fire protection zones with a building area greater than 1,000 m2 shall have direct access to the outdoors.
There shall be no less than 2 safety exits; fire protection zones with a building area not exceeding 1,000 m2 shall have direct access to outdoor safety exits. There should be no less than 1 outlet.
Evacuation Stairs
1. The number, location, width and form of evacuation stairs (rooms) should meet the requirements for safe evacuation of personnel and ease of use.
2. The form of the stairwell of the building should be determined based on the building form, number of building floors, building area and other factors. The first floor of the stairwell should be equipped with a direct exit to the outside; when it is difficult to set up a direct exit to the outside on the first floor of the stairwell, it should be ensured that a fire on the first floor will not affect the safe evacuation of people on the upper and lower floors using this exit.
3. For Class I high-rise public buildings and Class II high-rise public buildings with a building height greater than 32m, the evacuation stairs should use smoke-proof stairwells.
4. For podiums and Category II high-rise public buildings with a building height not exceeding 32m, the evacuation stairs should be closed stairwells.
5. For underground and semi-underground buildings (rooms) with a height difference between the indoor ground and the outdoor entrance and exit floors greater than 10m or 3 floors or above, the evacuation stairs should use smoke-proof stairwells; other underground or semi-underground buildings The evacuation stairs of the building (room) should use closed stairwells.
Except for the stairwells directly connected to the open verandahs, the evacuation stairs of the following multi-story public buildings should use closed stairwells:
1. Medical buildings , hotels, buildings for the elderly and buildings with similar functions;
2. Buildings with singing, dancing, entertainment and screening entertainment venues;
3. Shops, libraries, exhibition buildings, conference centers and buildings with similar functions;
Other buildings with 4 or 6 floors and above.
Evacuation exits
1. The evacuation exits of each room in the building should be arranged dispersedly and as far away from each other as possible. Generally, the straight line between the farthest edges of the two evacuation exits The distance should not be less than half of the longest diagonal in the room or area.
2. The specification requires that the straight-line distance between the farthest edges of evacuation exits should not be less than 5m, otherwise it should be considered as one evacuation exit;
3. The total width of evacuation exits should be able to Meet the requirements for all indoor personnel to be safely evacuated outdoors within the available evacuation time.
4. The evacuation exit should lead directly to the safety exit and should not pass through other rooms.
Evacuation door
1. The room located at the end of the corridor has a building area of ??less than 50 square meters and the net width of the evacuation door is not less than 0.90m, or the distance from any point in the room to the evacuation door The straight-line distance shall not be greater than 15m, the building area shall not be greater than 200㎡, and the clear width of the evacuation door shall not be less than 1.40m;
2. The building area of ??the singing and dancing entertainment venue shall not be greater than 50㎡, and the number of people staying regularly shall not exceed Hall and room for 15 people.
Evacuation walkways
1. The width of the evacuation walkway should comprehensively consider the use of the area, evacuation distance and number of evacuees, and should be able to meet the safe evacuation requirements of all people in the area, and It should not be less than the width of the safety exit or evacuation exit.
2. The evacuation corridor should lead directly to the safety exit, and two or more different evacuation directions should be considered; thresholds and stairs should not be set on the corridor.
3. The two sides of the evacuation corridor and the ceiling should be separated from the surrounding space by structures with sufficient fire and smoke prevention properties.
4. The evacuation ramp should be equipped with a surrounding wall or a guardrail with a height of not less than 1m and
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Anti-slip measures should be taken, and the slope of the ramp should not be greater than 1:10.
5. The fire separation of the evacuation corridor should be equipped with fire doors that are consistent with the separation requirements of this location.
Evacuation distance of public buildings (straight-line distance to the nearest safety exit)
Note:
1. The interior of the building opens to the open verandah building The maximum distance from the room evacuation door to the nearest safety exit can be increased by 5m according to this table.
2. The straight-line distance from the evacuation door of the room directly leading to the evacuation corridor to the nearest open stairwell. When the room is located between two stairwells, it should be reduced by 5m according to the provisions of this table; when the room is located in a bag shape On both sides or at the end of the walkway, it should be reduced by 2m as specified in this table.
3. When an automatic sprinkler system is installed inside a building, the safe evacuation distance can be increased by 25% in accordance with the provisions of this table and Note 1 of this table.
4. The stairwell should lead directly to the outdoors on the first floor. If there is any difficulty, an enlarged enclosed stairwell or a smoke-proof stairwell front room can be used on the first floor. When the number of floors does not exceed 4, the door leading directly to the outside can be set no more than 15m away from the stairwell.
5. Auditoriums, exhibition halls, multi-function halls, restaurants, business halls, etc. in public buildings with first and second fire resistance levels that have no less than two evacuation doors or safety exits, the indoor The straight-line distance from any point to the nearest evacuation door or safety exit should not be greater than 30m; when the evacuation door cannot lead directly to the outdoor ground or evacuation stairwell, an evacuation walkway with a length of no more than 10m should be used to lead to the nearest safety exit. When the place is equipped with an automatic sprinkler system, its safe evacuation distance can be increased by 25%.
4. The stairwell should lead directly to the outdoors on the first floor. If there is any difficulty, an enlarged enclosed stairwell or a smoke-proof stairwell front room can be used on the first floor. When the number of floors does not exceed 4, the door leading directly to the outside can be set no more than 15m away from the stairwell.
5. Auditoriums, exhibition halls, multi-functional halls, restaurants, business halls, etc. in public buildings with first and second fire resistance levels that have no less than two evacuation doors or safety exits, the indoor The straight-line distance from any point to the nearest evacuation door or safety exit should not be greater than 30m; when the evacuation door cannot lead directly to the outdoor ground or evacuation stairwell, an evacuation walkway with a length of no more than 10m should be used to lead to the nearest safety exit. When the place is equipped with an automatic sprinkler system, its safe evacuation distance can be increased by 25%.
Expand the enclosed stairwell
Refuge floor
Public buildings with a building height greater than 100m should set up a refuge floor (room).
Refuge floors (rooms) should comply with the following regulations:
1. The height from the stair floor of the first refuge floor (room) to the ground of the fire fighting and rescue site should not be greater than 50m. The height of the space should not be greater than 50m;
2. The evacuation stairs leading to the refuge floor should be separated at the refuge floor, misaligned on the same floor, or disconnected from the upper and lower floors.
3. The net area of ??the refuge floor (room) should be able to meet the design requirements for the number of people taking refuge, and should be calculated as 5.0 people/㎡;
4. The refuge floor can double as equipment On the first floor, equipment management should be centralized, and flammable and combustible liquid or gas pipelines should be centrally arranged. Flammable and combustible liquid or gas pipelines should not be installed in the refuge room, and other openings other than external windows and evacuation doors should not be opened; The doors of pipe wells and equipment rooms should not open directly to the refuge area. When they do need to open directly to the refuge area, the distance from the entrance and exit of the refuge floor area should not be less than 5m, and Class A fire doors should be used.
5. A fire elevator exit should be set up on the refuge floor;
6. A fire hydrant and a fire hose reel should be set up;
7. A firefighting hotline should be set up and emergency broadcast;
8. Obvious signs should be set up at the entrance to the stairwell from the refuge floor (room) and at the exit of the evacuation stairs to the refuge floor (room);
9. Openable windows directly facing the outside or independent mechanical smoke prevention facilities should be installed, and exterior windows should adopt Class B fireproof windows
High-rise ward buildings
High-rise ward buildings should Set up refuge rooms on ward floors and clean surgery departments on the second floor and above. The refuge room should comply with the following regulations:
1. The refuge room should not serve more than 2 nursing units, and its net area should be determined as each nursing unit is not less than 25.0㎡;
2. When the refuge room is used for other purposes, the safety of the personnel should be ensured, and the net area available for refuge should not be reduced;
3. It should be close to the stairwell, and should be designed with a fire resistance rating of not less than 2.00h Fire partition walls and Class A fire doors are separated from other parts;
4. A dedicated fire telephone line and fire emergency broadcast should be set up;
5. An obvious sign should be set up at the entrance of the refuge room Instruction signs;
6. Openable windows directly facing the outside or independent mechanical smoke prevention facilities should be set up. The exterior windows should use Class B fireproof windows or Class C fireproof windows with fire resistance integrity of not less than 1.00h. window.
Residential safety exits
The setting of safety exits in residential buildings should comply with the following regulations:
1. For buildings with a building height not exceeding 27m, when each unit is When the building area on the first floor is greater than 650 m2, or the distance from any door to the nearest safety exit is greater than 15m, the number of safety exits on each floor of each unit should not be less than 2;
2. Building height For buildings larger than 27m but not larger than 54m, when the building area of ??any floor of each unit is greater than 650 m2, or the distance from any door to the nearest safety exit is greater than 10m, the safety exits on each floor of each unit should not be less than 2;
3. For buildings with a building height greater than 54m, each unit should have no less than 2 safety exits per floor.
Residential evacuation stairs
The evacuation staircases in residential buildings should comply with the following regulations:
1. Residential buildings with a building height not exceeding 21m can use open stairwells ; Evacuation stairs arranged adjacent to the elevator shaft should use closed stairwells. When the door has smoke-proof performance and the fire resistance integrity is not less than 1.00h, open stairwells can still be used;
2. Residential buildings with a building height greater than 21m and not greater than 33m should use closed stairwells; when the door has smoke-proof performance and the fire resistance integrity is not less than 1.00h, open stairwells can be used;
3. Residential buildings with a building height greater than 33m should use smoke-proof stairwells. Doors on the same floor or unit should not open directly to the front room.
Residential buildings (open stairwells) not larger than 21M
Residential buildings (closed stairwells) higher than 21M and not larger than 33M
Higher than 33M Residential buildings (smoke-proof stairwells)
Residential scissor stairs
Evacuation stairs of residential units, when it is really difficult to disperse them and there is a distance from any door to the nearest evacuation stairwell entrance When the distance is not greater than 10m, scissor stairwells can be used, but the following regulations should be met:
1. Smoke-proof stairwells should be used;
2. Fire-resistant stairwells should be installed between stair sections. Fire partition walls with a limit of not less than 1.00h;
3. The front room of the stairwell should not be used for public use; when used for public use, the usable area of ??the front room should not be less than 6 square meters; (old The specification is that the public building and front room should not be smaller than 6㎡; the residential building should not be smaller than 4.5㎡)
4. The front room of the stairwell or the front room for fire protection should not be combined with the fire protection The front room of the elevator is shared; when used together, the usable area of ??the shared front room should not be less than 12 m2, and the short side should not be less than 2.4m; (the old specification is that when the public building and the fire front room are shared, the area should not be less than 10 ㎡; residential buildings should be less than 6 ㎡)
5. The doors from the evacuation corridor leading to the front room and the front room leading to the stairwell should use Class B fire doors.
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