Manual Business Processing Flow Chart
There are five main forms of accounts processing flow: journal voucher accounting form, summary statement accounting form, summary journal voucher accounting form, journal general ledger accounting form, and multi-column journal accounting form. The difference between different account processing processes is mainly reflected in the different methods and bases for registering the general ledger, of which the summary statement accounting form is the most common, and the business flow chart of the manual system here is based on the summary statement accounting form. Accounts processing manual business process flow chart as shown:
Manual processing business process analysis
(1 ) When the daily economic business occurs, the business personnel will be the original vouchers submitted to the accounting department. The voucher entry personnel, supported by the basic accounting information of the enterprise, prepare the vouchers directly from the original documents and save them in the voucher file.
(2 ) Audit the vouchers in the voucher file. If the audit passes, the vouchers are marked for audit, otherwise, the vouchers that do not pass the audit are submitted to the entry personnel.
(3 ) Register the journal, the cashier based on the receipt vouchers and payment vouchers, register the cash journal and bank deposit journal.
(4) register a variety of ledgers, general units according to the size of the business set up various accounting positions, that is, respectively, by a number of accounting staff to register a number of ledgers, such as an accountant specializing in the registration of accounts receivable ledger; an accountant specializing in the registration of materials ledger, and so on.
(5 ) according to the summary statement of accounts to register the general ledger, the general ledger accountant according to the bookkeeping vouchers regularly summarize the preparation of the summary statement of accounts, according to the summary statement of accounts to register the general ledger.
(6 ) end-of-month processing, as the general ledger, journals, ledgers were registered by a number of financial accountants respectively, it is inevitable that there are errors of one kind or another. Therefore, at the end of each month, the accounting staff to reconcile the journal with the general ledger, ledger and general ledger to reconcile the accounts. In addition, the accounting staff at the end of the month to carry out the closing, that is, the calculation of the current period of accounting accounts and balances, the end of the book records.
(7 ) follow the enterprise bank accounts and bank statements in the bank business for automatic reconciliation, and generate a balance reconciliation table.
(8 ) Inquire and generate reports, and prepare accounting reports and internal analysis sheets required by managers based on journals, ledgers, and general ledgers.
2.3 Computerized Processing Business Flow Chart. As shown in the figure:
Computer Processing Business Process Analysis
(1 ) First of all, when the system is activated by the voucher entry personnel will be the basic accounting information of the unit (such as the basic enterprise information file, the code and name of the account, the opening balance, the customer file, the supplier file, the financial personnel file, the warehouse file, etc.) through the initial module sent to the computer and saved in the enterprise basic information file. Compared with the manual process, there is a new initial setup module, which plays a pivotal role in the whole system. For example, the code settings of the chart of accounts, directly related to the entry of vouchers, storage, query efficiency; the accuracy of the amount of the balance sheet of the accounts, directly related to the interface between the computer and the manual account of the problem; the current unit information table and the balance sheet is directly related to the current unit of auxiliary information accounting and management.
(2) a new entry position, responsible for entering the vouchers, although increased workload, is essential and very important, directly related to the accuracy of the entire accounts system data processing.
(3) added a new temporary voucher file, which is used to save the temporary vouchers after the audit of the current period. Relative to the historical voucher file, its main role is to facilitate the centralized audit of the current period's bookkeeping vouchers, without having to query the previous period has been audited and closed vouchers, saving the system query time.
(4 ) bookkeeping is different from manual processing, that is, bookkeeping staff issued instructions, the computer automatically voucher file has been audited vouchers for bookkeeping, respectively, to update the summary file, the recorded documents, corporate bank accounts, and so on, and voucher files have been recorded vouchers deleted. Closing, that is, the end of the accounting period closing personnel issued instructions, the computer automatically generate a mechanism based on the voucher template vouchers, saved in the voucher file, *** bookkeeping to use; when all the vouchers are booked, the computer automatically calculates the total for the month, the cumulative data for the year.
Accounting for partnership
I. Initial investment in partnership
(I) Initial investment in partnership
Three different accounting treatments for initial investment:
1. Net investment method: when dealing with the initial investment of the partners, the capital account of each partner is recorded at the fair value of the identifiable net assets invested in the partnership;< /p>
1, Net investment method: when dealing with the initial investment of the partners, the capital account of each partner is recorded at the fair value of the net assets invested into the partnership; < /p>
2, dividend method: the total amount of capital invested is equal to the total amount of each partner's investment in the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the enterprise, but each partner's capital account 's recorded amount is not equal to the fair value of its investment in the enterprise's identifiable net assets;
3, goodwill method: the partnership accounts not only need to be recorded in the identifiable net assets, but also need to be recorded in goodwill.
(2) Capital Increase and Reduction of Partnership
The partnership agreement should stipulate the terms of treatment of capital increase and reduction in the course of business:
Capital Increase: debit: cash on hand
credit: partner's capital
Capital Reduction: make the opposite entry
(3) Partner's Withdrawal
The partnership is to pay partner's remuneration in the form of profit. The partners are paid in the form of profit, and they can usually withdraw an appropriate amount of money from the profits of the business on a weekly or monthly basis. Partner Withdrawal? account to the ? Partner's Capital? account. The significance of this transition account is that it is easy for the corporate treasurer to understand the withdrawals made by each partner during a certain period.
(4) Partner Borrowing and Lending
1. Partner borrows money from the enterprise:
Borrow: Loan Receivable from Partner?XX
Loan: Bank Deposit:
2. Partner lends money to the enterprise:
Borrow: Cash on Hand
Loan: Loan Payable to Partner?XX
(5) Partner Changes in capital
The main financial statements of a partnership: income statement, balance sheet, statement of changes in partners' capital, and statement of cash flows. Among them, the statement of changes in partners' capital is specific to partnerships.
Statement of changes in partners' capital: reflecting the changes in capital before and after the distribution of profits, comparing the balance of capital at the beginning of the period with the net amount of capital invested, and facilitating the partners to formulate the policy of investment or capital reduction.
Statement of Changes in Partner Capital
(1) Debit: Profit for the year
Credit: Partner Capital? Wang Mou
Partner capital? LiMou
(2) Debit: partner capital? Wang Mou
Partner capital? LiMou
Credit: Partner withdrawals? Wang Mou
Partner withdrawal? Li Mou
(F) Partnership profit and loss and its allocation
1. Partners' salary allowance and interest allowance are items for allocation of partnership profit and loss, not business expenses.
2. Principles of distribution of partnership profits and sharing of losses:
(1) If there is an agreement, the agreement shall be followed;
(2) If there is no agreement, the decision shall be made through consultation among the partners;
(3) If the consultation fails to be concluded, the distribution and sharing shall be made according to the proportion of the capital contribution;
(4) If it is not possible to determine the proportion of the capital contribution, the distribution and sharing shall be made equally by the partners;
(5) If the distribution of the capital contribution cannot be determined, the distribution and sharing shall be made equally by the partners. 3, weighted average capital balance proportionate distribution method
Weighted average capital balance proportionate distribution method
Calculation formula:
Amount of investment in the month of the amount of money = the actual amount of investment * the number of months of the circulation of the amount of investment
Annual weighted average capital balance = amount of investment in the month of the amount of money / 12
Second, the partnership Changes in Interests
(i) Transfer of Partnership Rights
When a partner transfers his partnership rights to a third party, the transferee acquires the transferor's rights in the partnership, including the right to distribution of future net profits, the right to claim partnership assets in the event of liquidation, and so on.
Accounting:
Borrow: partner capital? Transferor
Credit: Partner Capital? Assignee
(B) new partners into the partnership
New partners into the partnership form:
1, a third party directly to the current partner to buy interests into the partnership;
2, a third party directly to the partnership investment into the partnership.
Depending on whether the original partnership assets should be revalued or not, two accounting treatments arise: the goodwill method (revaluation), and the dividend method (no revaluation).
Direct investment into the partnership
1, the book value of the acquired capital interest = the value of the invested assets
2, the book value of the acquired capital interest & lt; the value of the invested assets
3, the book value of the acquired capital interest & gt; the value of the invested assets
Highlights:
1, the new partner Get the book value of capital interest & lt; the amount of investment, the total value of the new partnership is determined by the new partner's investment
2, the new partner gets the book value of capital interest & gt; the amount of investment, the total value of the new partnership is determined by the amount of capital of the original partnership,
(C) partner withdrawal and death
1, overpayment to the The reason: (1) the value of certain partnership assets is underestimated or not reflected in the books;
(2) the withdrawing partner has special talent and reputation, and has won a better reputation for the enterprise;
(3) the other partners are eager to let a certain withdrawing partner leave the enterprise.
2, the payment is lower than the balance of the capital
Reasons: (1) some of the partnership assets are overvalued;
(2) the withdrawal of the partner is eager to launch the business and is willing to pay a certain price.
3, the death of a partner
Third, the dissolution of the partnership and liquidation
(a) liquidation procedures
1, general partnership liquidation involves the conversion of non-cash assets into cash, recognition of profit and loss and liquidation expenses during the liquidation period, the liquidation of liabilities, and finally, according to the balance of the partners' capital account cash will be allocated to the partners of the four tasks.
2. The three assumptions of the above liquidation process:
(1) the partnership is solvent;
(2) the partners have an interest in the net assets of the partnership, i.e., there is no balance of the partner's loan;
(3) all the assets have been converted to cash, and the cash can be distributed directly to the partners.
3. Accounting treatment in the liquidation process:
(1) Simple partnership liquidation
(2) Partner's capital balance is debit balance
1. In the process of liquidation, when the partner's capital account becomes a debit balance, it indicates that the partner owes a liability to the partner with a credit balance on his capital account, and they should come up with their personal property to repay their liability to the partnership;
(4) All assets have been converted into cash and can be distributed to the partners directly. The partnership liabilities; if there are no personal assets, the loss will be allocated to other partners in proportion to the corresponding profit and loss.
2. When a partner with a debit balance in his capital account has a loan to the partnership, the loan should be offset against the debit balance in the capital account until the debit balance in the capital account is zero.
(2) Safe liquidation
1. Basic idea: In the process of liquidation of an enterprise, when all the liabilities are paid off and all the non-cash assets have been realized, some of the cash available in the enterprise will be transferred to the other partners at the same time.
2. Assumptions:
(1) All partners are insolvent;
(2) All non-cash assets are subject to loss;
(3) There are sufficient funds to cover the remaining liquidation costs, unrecorded liabilities and general contingencies after the distribution.
3, the preparation of a safe liquidation statement
(C) cash distribution plan
1, the basic idea: in the process of cash distribution one by one, according to the partners can afford the assets of the ability to realize losses in the order of the strength of the order of cash distribution, that is, the ability to bear the loss of the strong partners before the weak partners to distribute cash.
2, the basic procedure:
(1) calculate the ability of each partner to afford the realization of losses on assets;
(2) the preparation of offsetting plans;
(3) repeat the above two steps, until the capital of each partner are offset completely.
The basic process of accounting for small business accountsfrom vouchers - summarize - register the ledger - register the general ledger - prepare a variety of statements, etc.. It is essential for novice accountants to first understand the financial processes.
1, according to the original vouchers or original voucher summary table fill in the vouchers.
First of all, according to the original documents (that is, a variety of invoices) to prepare vouchers, it should be noted that the preparation of vouchers must be financial (manager) have the right to sign the signature of the person.
2, according to the receipt and payment account vouchers register cash and bank deposit journals. (The cashier should master)
Bank deposit journal, for example:
Date column: the date of the voucher.
Voucher column: the type and number of receipt and payment vouchers registered in the accounts.
Counterparty Accounts: refers to the source of bank deposits income account or expenditure of the purpose of the account. Such as the issuance of a check to pay for the purchase of materials and the use of its expenditure account (i.e., the other side of the account) for? Purchase of materials? Accounts, so you can understand the ins and outs of economic operations.
Summary column: a brief description of the content of the economic operations recorded in the accounts. The text should be concise, but can summarize the problem.
Cash check number and transfer check number column: If the recorded economic operations are settled by check payment, should be filled in these two columns of the number of checks to reconcile with the depositary bank.
Income, expenditure column: the actual amount of bank deposits received and paid. At the end of each day, should be calculated respectively, the total number of bank deposits and expenditures, settle the balance, so that the day clear; the end of the month should be calculated for the whole month of bank deposits, expenditures, income, total, to achieve the end of the month.
3, according to the vouchers to register the ledger.
Accountants are required to register into the ledger for every business that occurs. At the end of the month, but also pay attention to the extraction of depreciation, amortization of amortized expenses, etc., if the new business start-up costs in the first month all transferred to expenses . Depreciation of the entry is; debit administrative expenses or manufacturing costs credit accumulated depreciation, the depreciation amount is based on the original value of fixed assets, net value and useful life of the calculation. At the end of the month to withdraw taxes and surcharges, urban construction tax, education surcharges, etc.
The detailed ledger of different types of economic operations, according to the management needs, based on the bookkeeping vouchers, original vouchers or summary of the original vouchers day by day, pen by pen, or a regular summary of the registration.
Fixed assets, debts, liabilities and other detailed accounts should be registered day by day, pen by pen; inventory of goods, raw materials, finished goods receipt and delivery of detailed accounts and income, expenses can be registered pen by pen, can also be summarized on a regular basis.
4, according to the bookkeeping vouchers summarized, prepared by the summary table.
The amount in the general ledger is the amount of the summary statement of accounts copied over. Be sure to try to balance before registering the general ledger.
Before preparing the summary of accounts at the end of the month, you have to prepare transfer vouchers.
The total amount of profit and loss accounts will be transferred to the current year's profit, carry forward income debit main business income (investment income, other business income, etc.) credit current year's profit. Carry forward costs, expenses and taxes by debiting profit for the year and crediting cost of doing business (tax and surcharge on main business, other business costs, etc.). After the transfer, if the difference is on the debit side, then it is a loss and no income tax is payable; if it is on the credit side, then it means that the profit is subject to income tax. To pay income tax, debit Income Tax Credit Tax Payable - Income Tax Payable, and debit Profit for the year Credit Income Tax Expense. Carry forward income, costs and expenses to the current year's profit, the balance of profit and loss account after the carry forward is 0.
Carry forward the current year's profit at the end of the year Carry forward the current year's profit to Profit Distribution - Undistributed Profit, the balance of the current year's profit after the carry forward is 0.
Withdrawal of surplus surplus If there is any unrecovered loss, the net profit realized in the current year should be made up for the loss first, and then withdraw surplus surplus surplus; if there is no unrecovered loss, then the current year's profit should be used to cover the loss first, and then withdraw surplus surplus. If there is no unrecovered loss, the net profit realized in the current year as the basis for the withdrawal of surplus reserves.
Surplus reserve is divided into legal surplus reserve and arbitrary surplus reserve. The statutory surplus reserve should be withdrawn at the end of the year. Arbitrary surplus reserve should be withdrawn according to the resolution of the shareholders' meeting.
1. Limited liability companies and joint-stock companies should be in accordance with the net profit of 10% of the statutory surplus reserve, the statutory surplus reserve up to 50% of the registered capital can no longer be withdrawn.
2. The company can withdraw any surplus reserve in accordance with the proportion specified by the shareholders' meeting or similar organization, or not.
Distribution of dividends
Accounting for the distribution of dividends in accordance with the resolution of the shareholders' meeting.
Profit distribution internal line item carry forward
Carry forward the month of other line items to the undistributed profit line item, and there is no balance in the other line items after the carry forward.
5. Register the general ledger according to the summary of accounts.
Businesses can prepare a summary of accounts every five days, ten days, fifteen days, or once a month according to the volume of business. If the business is quite large. It can also be compiled on a day-to-day basis. Then at the end of the month or periodically prepare a summary of accounts to register the general ledger.
6, at the end of the period, according to the general ledger and ledger to prepare the balance sheet and income statement.
Finally, the balance sheet is prepared according to the closing balances of the general ledger's assets (monetary funds, fixed assets, accounts receivable, notes receivable, short-term investments, etc.), liabilities (notes payable, accounts payable, etc.), and owner's equity (paid-in capital, capital surplus, undistributed profits, surplus reserves) accounts, and the income statement is prepared based on the profit and loss accounts in the general ledger or the summary statement of accounts (including overhead, cost of doing business, investment income, additional income from main operations, and other income and expenses). Income statement based on the general ledger or summary statement of profit and loss accounts (including administrative expenses, cost of doing business, investment income, additions to the main business, etc.) of the current month's occurrence.
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The income statement only needs to be prepared at the end of the year. The cash flow statement is only prepared according to the requirements of the tax department, and the requirements vary from region to province.