Allergy is a civilized disease. Medically, allergies are divided into four different categories and named after Roman numerals I to IV. The most common types are type I and type IV. Type I is sometimes called "atopy" or "immediate hypersensitivity". For example, human body will react in a few seconds after being bitten by insects, animal hair allergy and pollen allergy will react in a few minutes, and food allergy will take less than 30 minutes. On the contrary, the reaction of type ⅳ allergy is much slower, and the symptoms will not appear until a day or a few days later. For example, decoration allergies and many types of occupational allergies. Therefore, people call it "delayed hypersensitivity".
There are many versions of the definition of allergy. In order to explain this important issue and ensure that medical workers communicate with a unified concept, WAO suggests using a set of internationally unified definitions and terms. Prior to this, the European Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology published "an improved immunological definition method". And it is recommended to use this set of terms (refer to Johansson et al., Allergy 200 1). On this basis, WAO has been revised and supplemented, and it is suggested to popularize this latest version (reference: Johansson et al. JACI, 2004).
Allergy: Allergy refers to hypersensitivity induced by immune mechanism. Allergies can be mediated by body fluids (antibodies) or cellular immune mechanisms. In most cases, antibodies that can produce allergic reactions belong to IgE, and these individuals can be classified as having IgE-mediated allergic reactions. However, not all "atopic" individuals will have "allergic reactions" related to IgE. In non-IgE-mediated allergic reactions, antibodies can also belong to IgG, such as anaphylactic shock and rare serum sickness caused by immune complexes containing dextran, which used to belong to type III allergic reactions. IgE and IgG antibodies can be used in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA).
Allergens: Most allergens that can react with IgE and IgG antibodies are protein. They usually have hydrocarbon side chains, but in some cases simple carbohydrates can also be used as allergens. In a few cases, some low molecular chemicals, such as isocyanate and anhydride, can be used as haptens and are still classified as allergens belonging to IgE antibodies. In the case of contact allergic dermatitis, typical allergens are small molecular chemicals, such as complex, nickel and formaldehyde, which can react with T cells.
Atopic: Atopic has the tendency of individuals and/or families, which mostly occurs in children or adolescence. When these individuals are exposed to allergens (protein) for the first time, they may have allergic reactions and produce corresponding IgE antibodies. These reactions can lead to some special clinical symptoms, such as asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis or rash. The definitions of "atopy" and "atopy" are limited to those with genetic predisposition. And individuals who can react to common allergens in the environment (which do not react to most people) and can produce corresponding specific IgE antibodies for a long time. Therefore, specific reaction refers to individuals who are highly reactive to IgE antibodies in clinic, and it can only be used for those individuals confirmed by clinical serology or skin test. Allergic symptoms occur in individuals with "specific reactivity" and can be said to be specific. Such as atopic asthma. However, IgE-mediated asthma should not be collectively called atopic asthma. Neither the positive skin test nor the appearance of IgE antibody should be used as the only indicators to judge whether an individual has a specific reaction.
Hypersensitivity: refers to the clinical symptoms or signs after exposure to stimuli within the normal tolerance threshold.
Non-allergic hypersensitivity: Non-allergic hypersensitivity is a term used to describe hypersensitivity whose immune mechanism has not been proved.
Edit this allergy (allergy)
Generally speaking, people who are prone to allergic reactions and allergic diseases and can't find the cause are called "allergic constitution". People with "allergic constitution" can have various allergic reactions and allergic diseases, such as eczema, urticaria and allergic asthma, and some of them are particularly sensitive to certain drugs, which can lead to drug dermatitis and even exfoliative dermatitis. However, if you only occasionally react highly to a known factor, you can't call it "allergic constitution."
Causes of allergic constitution
The causes of "allergic constitution" are complex and diverse, which may be caused by children's delicate skin or by wind and sun. So we should pay attention to avoid the above factors. In addition, we should pay due attention to whether children eat breast milk. If the mother eats breast milk, eating fish and shrimp will cause children's allergies through breast milk. This requires adults to pay attention to diet and avoid allergic foods, such as fish, shrimp, mushrooms and strawberries.
Edit the characteristics of allergies in this paragraph.
From the perspective of immunology, people with "allergic constitution" often have the following characteristics:
① Immunoglobulin E(IgE) is an antibody that mediates allergic reaction. The serum IgE content of normal people is extremely low, while the serum IgE of some people with allergies is 1.000 ~ 1.000 times higher than that of normal people.
② There are a certain proportion of helper T cells 1(Th 1) and helper T cells 2(Th2) in normal people, which coordinate with each other and maintain human immune balance. Some people with "allergic constitution" are often dominated by Th2 cells. Th2 cells can secrete a substance called interleukin -4(IL-4), which can induce the synthesis of IgE and increase the serum IgE level.
(3) There are many digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract of normal people, so that protein food entering the gastrointestinal tract can be completely decomposed and then absorbed into the blood, while some people with "allergic constitution" lack digestive enzymes, so that protein can be absorbed into the blood before it is completely decomposed, so that foreign protein can enter the body and cause gastrointestinal allergic reactions. These patients often lack the protective antibody-secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA) which is distributed on the surface of intestinal mucosa at the same time. The lack of this antibody will cause inflammation on the surface of intestinal mucosa, thus accelerating the absorption of foreign proteins by intestinal mucosa and inducing gastrointestinal allergic reactions.
④ Normal people contain a certain amount of histamine enzyme, which can destroy histamine released by some cells in allergic reaction (it can make smooth muscle contract, capillary dilate and permeability increase, etc.). Therefore, even if normal people have allergic reactions to certain substances, the symptoms are not obvious, but some people with "allergic constitution" lack histamine enzyme and can't destroy histamine that causes allergic reactions, but show obvious allergic symptoms.
The root cause of the above-mentioned immune abnormalities is often closely related to heredity.
The reason for editing this paragraph
Causes of skin allergy include internal and external causes:
The internal cause is that it has allergic constitution and plays a leading role in the pathogenesis of skin allergy. Early and complete desensitization is the key to treat skin allergy and prevent recurrence.
There are many external factors. Including diet, inhalants, climate, exposure to allergens and so on. Among them, seafood, protein, spicy food, wine, inhaled pollen, dust mites, cold weather, exposure to chemicals, soap and detergents are the most common causes of skin allergies. Because of such complicated reasons, skin allergy often occurs repeatedly because of the interweaving of many pathogenic factors and inducing factors.
Skin allergy is the chief culprit of acne: according to the outpatient experience of European and American countries, skin allergy is an important cause of acne among patients seeking medical treatment because of acne. Especially some acne, itchy and itchy, even after treatment, it is good and bad. Generally speaking, the causes of acne are usually caused by diet, hormonal imbalance, stress or heredity, but from clinical cases, it is found that some acne with unknown causes and difficult to cure are caused by repeated attacks due to skin allergies that cannot be treated at the same time. After taking the skin allergy treatment kit, the skin problems were quickly improved.
The study of skin cell physiology points out that sensitive skin is damaged by skin cells, which reduces skin immunity. If these damaged cells are not repaired in time, they will continue to divide into skin cells with poor immunity and incomplete sebum secretion, thus causing various troubles and many sequelae of sensitive skin, such as long-term skin allergy, pigmentation, redness, large pores, acne, spots and aging wrinkles caused by skin damage caused by allergies.
Allergy is a big problem that puzzles the beauty and medical circles, especially cosmetic allergy, which is a problem that many women and special professionals will encounter, including: redness and pain of lips caused by lipstick, scalp erythema and blisters caused by hair dye, itching, pain and pigmentation caused by sunscreen and freckle remover. Allergic people have sensitive skin, and applying seemingly simple cosmetics can also cause adverse reactions. Common products are lipstick and hair dye. After use, allergic problems such as redness, swelling, heat, itching, pain and blisters appeared. Instead of finding a good feeling, I often feel embarrassed.
Naming of diseases:
Asthma (according to GINA guidelines): Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of respiratory tract, in which many cells, especially mast cells, eosinophils and T lymphocytes, play a role in the inflammatory process. In susceptible individuals, this inflammatory reaction leads to recurrent wheezing, dyspnea, chest tightness and cough, which usually occurs at night and early morning. This inflammatory reaction can also lead to increased responsiveness of respiratory mucosa to various stimuli.
Allergic asthma: Allergic asthma refers to asthma mediated by immune mechanism. When there is evidence that it is IgE-mediated allergic mechanism, "IgE-mediated asthma" is recommended. IgE antibody can stimulate immediate and delayed asthma response. However, in other allergic reactions, T cell-related reactions may be an important factor for delayed onset and delayed response. According to the duration of symptoms, asthma can be divided into two categories: intermittent and persistent (such as allergic rhinitis and its influence on allergic rhinitis)
Non-allergic asthma: This refers to the term of asthma mediated by non-immune mechanisms. Old terms such as "external" and "internal", "exogenous" and "endogenous" are no longer used to distinguish allergic and non-allergic asthma.
Rhinoconjunctivitis: allergic symptoms of nasal mucosa and conjunctiva mediated by immune mechanism, which should be called allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Most of these cases are mediated by IgE. According to the duration of symptoms, it can be divided into intermittent and persistent.
Dermatitis: refers to the local inflammatory reaction on the skin. The so-called "atopic rash/dermatitis" is not a single disease, but the clinical manifestations and characteristics of several diseases. A more appropriate name should be eczema. In patients with rash, some people have atopic constitution and related allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis. This condition can be called atopic rash. Long-term or close contact with low molecular weight chemicals may also stimulate allergic contact dermatitis mediated by Th 1 lymphocytes. But contact dermatitis can also be caused by other non-allergic factors, such as contact dermatitis caused by irritating or toxic substances.
At present, 22% ~ 25% people in the world suffer from allergic diseases, among which children are the most. It is estimated that by 20 10, the prevalence rate will reach 40%.
On July 8th, the world's first "World Allergy Day", Academician Zhong Nanshan, President of Chinese Medical Association, pointed out that there are more than 200 million patients with allergic diseases in China, and desensitization has been recognized as an effective treatment.
Academician Zhong Nanshan introduced that at present, 22% of people in the world suffer from allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma and eczema, and the rising rate is 23 times every 10 year. It is estimated that it will reach 40% of the global population in 20 10. By analogy, at present, more than 200 million people in China suffer from allergic diseases, which should be paid attention to.
An antigen that causes an allergic reaction is called an allergen. Allergen is a necessary condition for allergy. There are 2000-3000 kinds of antigen substances that cause allergic reactions, and there are nearly 20 thousand kinds recorded in medical literature. They make the body allergic by inhalation, ingestion, injection or contact. Common allergens are as follows:
Inhalable allergens: such as pollen, catkin, dust, mites, animal dander, oil fume, paint, automobile exhaust, gas, cigarettes, etc.
B. Edible allergens: such as milk, eggs, fish and shrimp, beef and mutton, seafood, animal fat, exogenous protein, alcohol, medicine, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, sesame oil, essence, onion, ginger, garlic and some fruits and vegetables.
C contact allergens: such as cold air, hot air, ultraviolet rays, radiation, cosmetics, shampoo, detergent, hair dye, soap, chemical fiber products, plastics, metal ornaments (watches, necklaces, rings, earrings), bacteria, molds, viruses, parasites, etc.
D. Injectable allergens: such as penicillin, streptomycin, heterogeneous serum, etc.
E. Self-tissue antigen: Self-tissue antigen whose structure or composition has changed due to biological and physical and chemical factors such as mental stress, work pressure, microbial infection, ionizing radiation and burns, and self-hidden antigen released due to trauma or infection can also become allergens.
What is an allergen?
Allergens are also called allergens or allergens. Among them, allergen is a popular term, and allergen or allergen is a medical term, which refers to an antigen that can make people allergic. They have the same characteristics: after a certain period of contact with allergens, the body becomes sensitive. The sensitization period can be long or short, and there are no clinical symptoms during this period. An allergic reaction will only occur if you are exposed to allergens again. Therefore, substances that are often contacted for the first time are not allergic, and allergic symptoms may occur after repeated contact. After repeated contact, symptoms will generally worsen.
In the allergic process, allergic mediators play a direct role, allergens are the necessary conditions for allergic diseases, and the existence of a large number of free radicals is the root of allergies. Free radical oxidation destroys the cell membranes of mast cells and basophils, causing them to be damaged and denatured, and the immune ability of the body is low, which creates conditions for the allergic immune reaction of antigens and antibodies, leading to cell rupture and the release of allergic mediators, thus leading to allergic diseases.
Edit this brief introduction of allergic rhinitis.
Allergic rhinitis is a disease of itchy nose, sneezing and runny nose caused by inhaling allergic antigen from the outside.
Because allergens increase or decrease seasonally or persist, the onset of this disease is seasonal or perennial. Generally, spring and summer are the frequent seasons of allergic rhinitis, especially seasonal allergic rhinitis often occurs at this time. You should go to the hospital immediately after the onset of allergic rhinitis, but some patients can endure for more than a month and sneeze dozens or even dozens every day, which makes people dizzy. In severe cases, it is often a runny nose and tears. More seriously, some patients will have asthma attacks because of allergic rhinitis, which will aggravate the original condition.
Allergic rhinitis is usually divided into seasonal and perennial. Many chemicals, foods or microorganisms can cause allergic rhinitis, such as pollen, mites, fungi, eggs or rice. It's summer, which is not a blessing for those who are allergic to pollen. Some recurrent episodes of allergic rhinitis often lead to asthma, or asthma patients have allergic rhinitis all the time. These patients either resist or treat only one of them. Few people would have thought that the nose would have something to do with the lungs. In fact, the diseases of upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract are closely related, and the treatment of the two diseases must also be carried out at the same time. Neglect or failure to standardize treatment in time will aggravate the seemingly common allergic rhinitis or cause serious complications, including asthma attacks, which are life-threatening. So it is harmful to endure allergic rhinitis.
Standardized treatment of allergic rhinitis should start with prevention. If you know that you are allergic rhinitis, you can avoid contact with allergens appropriately and start to apply glucocorticoid nasal spray (such as ranolol, etc.) locally. ) two weeks before the season change, so that it can be mild or not. Patients who are already ill should go to the hospital as soon as possible, and how to use drugs should follow the doctor's examination and prescription. For example, after going to the hospital for skin allergy test, I don't know what I am allergic to and how to avoid it. The choice and use of drugs can only be determined by nasal examination. Especially for patients with asthma, we must seriously treat allergic rhinitis while treating asthma.
Internal causes of allergies
1, skin structure is damaged;
2, the skin immune and protective function decreased.
Edit this antiallergic drug
Commonly used anti-allergic drugs mainly include four categories:
(1) antihistamine. This is the most commonly used antiallergic drug, and it is most suitable for 1 allergic reaction. Commonly used are diphenhydramine, ipratropium, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine, terfenadine and so on. These drugs are H 1 receptor blockers. Because its chemical structure is similar to histamine, it can compete with histamine receptor, and has a good therapeutic effect on allergic reactions of skin and mucosa, and has a good curative effect on skin itching and edema caused by insect bites. It is also effective for measles in serum disease, but ineffective for those with joint pain and high fever; The curative effect on bronchial asthma is poor. The dosage should be individualized, and drivers or mechanical operators should avoid using varieties with strong central inhibition when working.
(2) Allergic reaction medium blocker, also known as mast cell stabilizer. These drugs mainly include cromoglycate (Yantai), cross-linked sodium propionate, ketotifen (methylpiperidone) and so on. It is mainly used for treating allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, ulcerative colitis and allergic dermatitis.
(3) calcium agent. Can increase the density of capillaries, reduce permeability, thereby reducing exudation and alleviating allergic symptoms. It is often used to treat measles, eczema, contact dermatitis and serum sickness. Adjuvant treatment of allergic diseases such as angioneurotic edema. Mainly calcium gluconate. Calcium chloride, etc. Usually by intravenous injection, the effect is quick. Calcium injection is hot, so it should be injected slowly. When the injection speed is too fast or the dose is too large, it can cause arrhythmia, and in severe cases, it can cause ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest.
(4) immunosuppressants. It mainly has nonspecific inhibitory effect on immune function and is effective for various allergic reactions, but it is mainly used to treat intractable exogenous allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. These drugs mainly include adrenocortical hormones such as prednisone and dexamethasone, as well as cyclophosphamide and thiopurine.
Dozens of international authorities have confirmed the great value of oligomeric compound polyphenols in treatment.
Among the medical institutions all over the world, drugs that inhibit inflammation and allergic reactions are the largest number of prescription drugs; There is no doubt that more and more people are exposed to more and more stressful environment, which is enough to cause diseases. Besides physical factors, other things such as wounds and sunlight, our food, air and water are also exposed to many different chemical mixtures, some of which are harmful to our health, such as pollen. Obviously, we are trapped in various environmental pressures. According to our personal body structure, the response to these environmental pressures is to produce various diseases, which are usually accompanied by redness, swelling, pain or tears, nasal discharge and other symptoms as follows:
● Skin (allergy, urticaria, eczema, dermatitis, purpura, sunburn, psoriasis, itchy skin, blushing and red blood)
● Nose or respiratory tract (rhinitis, cough, bronchitis, asthma, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, hay fever)
● Joints (rheumatism, arthritis, gout)
● Gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, enteritis, ulcer, bleeding)
Most doctors use drugs to control allergic inflammatory diseases, including antihistamines, but these drugs are often accompanied by many annoying side effects, such as drowsiness, liver and kidney damage, immune damage, hormone rebound and so on. If a woman takes antihistamines for five years, the physiological period will stop.
Oligomeric compound polyphenol is a natural antihistamine desensitizer, and its desensitization effect is better than that of traditional anti-inflammatory drugs and antiallergic drugs, without these side effects. Polyphenols, an oligomeric compound, prevent the release of histamine and histamine acid dehydroxylase, which is the medium for the conversion of histamine acid (an amino acid) into histamine. Polyphenol, an oligomeric compound, inhibits the acid enzyme of hyaluronidase, so it can prevent membrane leakage and allergic reaction. This method is also used in clinic to protect edema and inflammation. Hyaluronidase is called diffusion factor, which can be produced by allergens such as pathogenic bacteria, and can catalyze the decline of human tissues, so that these enzymes can spread throughout the body more effectively. Allergic reaction is an overreaction caused by foreign proteins or other allergens. Oligomeric compound polyphenols can inhibit cell destruction and allergic reaction caused by hyaluronidase, and its therapeutic benefits have been confirmed by dozens of international authorities.
Skin allergy symptoms
The symptoms of skin allergy are itching, and may also be accompanied by redness, dryness, blisters, scabbing, exudation and liquefaction. These lesions vary in shape and size. Occasionally, there will be symptoms such as chest tightness, numbness and swelling; When these symptoms appear, it is skin allergy. Other skin allergy symptoms include itching, sneezing, runny nose, tears, rash, airway obstruction or urticaria. In rare cases, allergic reactions may even be life-threatening, such as a symptom called anaphylactic shock.
Causes of allergic dermatitis
Including internal and external factors. The internal factor is the patient's own allergic constitution, which plays a leading role in the pathogenesis of allergic dermatitis. Unstable internal environment, such as chronic digestive system diseases, mental stress, insomnia, excessive fatigue, emotional changes and other mental changes, as well as infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, endocrine dysfunction, etc., can induce or aggravate allergic dermatitis. There are many external factors. Including diet, inhalants, climate, exposure to allergens and so on. Among them, seafood, spicy food, wine, inhaled pollen, dust mites, cold weather, contact with chemicals, soap and detergent are the most common causes of allergic dermatitis. Because of such complicated reasons, allergic dermatitis recurs because a variety of pathogenic factors and inducing factors are intertwined. Staying away from allergens is not the fundamental solution to the problem. In view of the above pathological process, from the perspective of cell protection, mast cells and basophils are stabilized, so that the body will not release allergic reaction media even if it is exposed to strong allergens, thus completely treating allergic dermatitis.
Symptoms of allergic urticaria
Urticaria, commonly known as wheal, is a common skin disease. Temporary inflammatory hyperemia and massive fluid exudation are caused by many factors. Causing local edema damage. It appears and quickly subsides, accompanied by severe itching. There may be fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea or other systemic symptoms. Urticaria is 80% acute and chronic urticaria. The remaining 20% are mainly cholinergic urticaria (heat type), cold urticaria (cold type), papular urticaria (insect bite infection type) and artificial urticaria (dermatoglyphic type).
Desensitization of allergic constitution
The World Health Organization (WHO) clearly pointed out in its guidance document on immune desensitization that "desensitization is the only fundamental therapy that can completely treat allergic diseases".
The authoritative organization of international allergy research also puts forward that "high-quality standardized desensitizing agents should be used, and the best allergy treatment scheme should be adopted at the same time, including allergen clearance, patient immune repair, appropriate symptomatic drug treatment for allergic inflammation, and standardized desensitizing agent immunotherapy", which is referred to as "six-in-one six-in-one therapy". However, there is a new way to treat allergies abroad, which is to drink a potion composed of various microorganisms and bacteria prepared by doctors every week. I heard that it is very useful, but the technology is not mature at present. But that method is a method without side effects.