From November 20th to 21st, 1999, the flight test of the first "Shenzhou" unmanned test spacecraft of China's manned space project was a complete success. From the beginning of 2001 to the end of 2002, the Shenzhou 2-4 unmanned test spacecraft were successively developed and successfully launched, obtaining valuable test data and laying a solid foundation for the implementation of manned spaceflight. The Shenzhou-5 spacecraft is my country's first manned spacecraft developed on the basis of an unmanned spacecraft. It carries one astronaut and operates in orbit for one day. During the entire flight, the astronauts will be provided with necessary living and working conditions, while the astronauts' physiological data and TV images will be sent to the ground to ensure the astronauts' safe return.
The spacecraft consists of an orbital module, a return module, a propulsion module and additional sections, with a total length of 8860mm and a total weight of 7840kg. The spacecraft's manual control function and environmental control and life support subsystems provide guarantees for the safety of astronauts.
The spacecraft was launched by the Long March-2f carrier rocket to an initial orbit with a perigee of 200km, apogee of 350km, and an inclination of 42.4°. After performing orbit changes, it entered a circular orbit of 343km. The spacecraft circled the earth 14 times and landed in a predetermined area.
The manned space flight of the Shenzhou-5 spacecraft has realized the Chinese nation's millennium desire to fly into the sky. It is a high degree of cohesion of the wisdom and spirit of the Chinese nation and a new milestone for China's aerospace industry in the new century. Shenzhou 5
Launch time: 9:00 on October 15, 2003
Launch rocket: New Long March 2F strap-on rocket, this is the 71st launch vehicle in the Long March series This flight is also the 29th consecutive success of my country's space launch since October 1996.
Flight time required for the spacecraft to enter orbit: At 9:10, the ship and arrows separated, and the "Shenzhou" 5 manned spacecraft accurately entered the predetermined orbit.
Return time: 6:28 on October 16, 2003
Launch location: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing location: Amgulang Grassland in central Inner Mongolia Region
Flight time/number of laps: 21 hours/14 laps
Items carried: In addition to Yang Liwei, China's first man in space, the "Shenzhou" 5 manned spacecraft also has It carries a Chinese national flag with special significance, a Beijing 2008 Olympic Games emblem flag, a United Nations flag, RMB main currency stamps, China's first manned space flight commemorative stamps, China's manned space project commemorative envelope and information from Taiwan, the treasure island of the motherland. crop seeds, etc.
Test projects: Shenzhou 5 will minimize the number of experimental projects and instruments in the cabin to free up more space for astronaut activities and scientific observation missions. It can be said that this mission is mainly for observation Adaptability of astronauts in the space environment.
New technology application: Automatic fault detection system and escape system are added for the first time. Hundreds of fault modes are set, and the alarm will be automatically issued once danger occurs. Even after the spacecraft takes off for a period of time, it can escape from danger by escaping the rocket.
Edit this paragraph Shenzhou-6
Shenzhou-6 launch time: October 12, 2005, 9:00:00
Launch rocket: Shenjian --Long March 2F launch vehicle
Flight time required for the spacecraft to enter orbit: 584 seconds
Return time: 4:32 a.m. on October 17
Launch location: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing location: Siziwang Grassland Qiuyun
Flight time/number of laps: 115 hours and 32 minutes/77 flight laps
< p> Items carried: ***There are 64 types of items in 8 categories, including the logos of well-known enterprises such as Hong Kong Goldlion and Cha Group. The biological strains, plant tissue culture seedlings and crops, plants and flower seeds are used in space. Breeding experiments.At the opening ceremony, six special "passengers" had the opportunity to make a wonderful appearance. They were the Chinese flag used during polar expeditions, the five-ring flag of the International Olympic Committee, the flag of the Shanghai World Expo, and the centenary commemoration of the "Declaration" Special issue, calligraphy and painting work "Six Horses" and 10 space paintings of Young Pioneers. The items carried by the Shenzhou 6 return capsule include the special prize essay of "I wrote a letter to the 'Shenzhou' 6 astronauts' essay competition", special stamps of the Marshal of China and the People's Republic of China, personalized stamps of Shenzhou 6 and other stamps, as well as famous calligraphers and painters works etc.
Technical application: There are many types of spacecraft, but the most commonly used one is the satellite manned spacecraft. This kind of spacecraft flies like a satellite in a low-Earth orbit hundreds of kilometers above the ground, with a flying altitude of about 300 kilometers. Spaceships are available in single-cabin, double-cabin and three-cabin types. Currently, the spacecraft of mature spaceflight countries in the world are all three-cabin. This time, Shenzhou-6 is a three-cabin spacecraft, which shows that China's aerospace technology has initially reached the international level.
The Shenzhou-6 spacecraft has the following characteristics: first, it has a very high starting point, and the spacecraft has the ability to carry three astronauts;
Secondly, it is a multi-purpose ship. After the astronauts return, the orbit The capsule can continue to be used as a satellite in an unattended state for half a year, and can even conduct rendezvous and docking experiments in the future; thirdly, the diameter of the return capsule is large, Russia's diameter is 2.2 meters, and my country's is 2.5 meters. Finally, the spacecraft returns, which is very safe and has been comprehensively tested. Overall, the technological progress of the Shenzhou-6 spacecraft is huge.
Technological progress is mainly reflected in: first, the field of new materials. It is reported that China has made progress in the field of new materials in recent years, more than 2,000 of which are from the aerospace field; secondly, the field of telecommunications, in which there are The progress of hardware equipment also includes progress in the field of software. For example, coding technology ensures voice quality and image clarity; the third is image technology, which can be used in the military field and the civilian field; the fourth is special Food, the development of food for astronauts is very complex; the fifth is special textile materials, the space suit is a system, and it is the crystallization of high technology; the sixth is the advancement of electronic control systems, the spacecraft is a complex system involving various complex subsystems , all systems need to be controlled by electronic control systems; seventh is the progress of biomedical systems. There are essential differences between manned spaceflight and unmanned spaceflight, and the system complexity and reliability are greatly different. The success of Shenzhou-6, It shows that relevant biomedicine in China has made great progress.
The Shenzhou-6 spacecraft is still a three-compartment structure with a propulsion module, a return module, and an orbital module. The shape and structure of the entire ship are the same as before, and the weight basically remains at about 8 tons. After the spacecraft enters orbit, it first runs 5 times in an elliptical orbit with a perigee of 200 kilometers and an apogee of 350 kilometers, and then changes its orbit to a circular orbit 343 kilometers above the ground. It takes 90 minutes to fly around the earth. The flight trajectory is projected onto the ground. A sinusoidal curve moving eastwards. The orbital characteristics are the same as those of Shenzhou-5.
Since there was no rendezvous and docking mission for this flight, Shenzhou-6 canceled the additional segment used for this function. In addition, more than 40 pieces of equipment and 6 pieces of software were added to the spacecraft, making the spacecraft's equipment There are more than 600 units, 82 pieces of software, and more than 100,000 components.
The improvements of Shenzhou-6 can be roughly summarized into four aspects:
1. Improvements around two-person multi-day missions. First of all, sufficient or even surplus supplies for astronauts were prepared, including food, water, sleeping bags, etc. The pantry is housed in the orbital bay, which was previously vacant. According to the water consumption of one and a half thermos bottles per person per day, water for astronauts is prepared through water tanks and separate flexible packaging. Secondly, the cockpit’s environmental control capability is improved. A person exhales nearly a liter of water a day. Shenzhou 6 has improved its ability to condense water vapor, expanded the condensation water tank, and covered all exposed pipelines with water-absorbent materials to ensure that the spacecraft humidity is controlled below 80%. The oxygen, temperature and humidity in the cabin can be automatically sensed and adjusted.
2. Improvements in the use of orbital module functions. Many necessities for astronaut life are placed, such as food heating devices and tableware. There is a sleeping bag hung in the orbital module for the two astronauts to take turns to rest. In a state of weightlessness, people can actually sleep floating in the air. However, considering the habits people develop on the ground, sleeping bags are used to artificially create a "bed" feeling. Otherwise, astronauts may have the illusion of falling into an abyss when sleeping. .
There is also a special cleaning supplies cabinet in the orbital module, and astronauts can use wet wipes and other items inside for cleaning. The urine and feces collection device was also used for the first time this time.
3. Improvements to improve astronaut safety. The astronaut's seat in the return capsule is designed with a landing buffer function to ensure the safety of the astronauts in the event of a failure of the reverse thrust rocket. In the Shenzhou-5 spacecraft, only the seat Yang Liwei was riding on had a landing buffer function, and there was a small flaw in that it was difficult for the astronauts to see out of the portholes after the seat was raised before returning. Shenzhou-6 redesigned the buffer and conducted repeated tests in conjunction with the entire ship. The three tests of being dropped from towers and airplanes were successful each time. If the door between the return module and the orbital module is not closed tightly during return, it will threaten the safety of the astronauts. Three Russian astronauts died as a result. Shenzhou-6 researchers successfully developed a rapid automatic detection device for cabin door sealing, and spent several months developing a special rag that does not produce fibers, static electricity, or odor and is specifically used to clean the cabin door.
4. Continuous improvement. my country's manned spaceflight project was officially launched in 1992. It has been 13 years since then. Some of the components and raw materials originally used on the spacecraft are no longer produced, and some technologies have become slightly outdated. Shenzhou-6 has made some daily continuous improvements. For example, the "black boxes" on Shenzhou 1 to 5 were developed in 1994 and had a storage capacity of only 10 megabytes. The current black box not only has a storage capacity that is 100 times larger than the original, but the data writing and reading speed has also been increased by more than 10 times, while the volume is less than half of the original.
Edit this paragraph Shenzhou 7
"Shenzhou 7" was successfully launched at 21:10:04 on September 25, 2008
Shenzhou 7 launch The launch times of "Shenzhou 5" and "Shenzhou 6" are both in mid-to-late October, while the launch of Shenzhou 7 will be advanced to the end of September. Relevant experts revealed that both September and October have more suitable launch windows, but because the "Shenzhou VII" will perform a spacewalk mission, the angle of the sun when it lifts off at the end of September is more suitable for astronauts' extravehicular activities, allowing the spacecraft to fly in the shortest time. The sun can be seen within the time limit, ensuring that astronauts have sunlight during their operations outside the spacecraft.
The best meteorological conditions for launching manned spaceflight mainly include: no precipitation, ground wind speed less than 8 meters per second, horizontal visibility greater than 20 kilometers; 8 hours before launch to 1 hour after launch, the site area is 30 kilometers There is no thunder and lightning activity within a range of 40 kilometers; the maximum wind speed at an altitude of 3 kilometers to 18 kilometers through the airspace where the ship and arrow is launched is less than 70 meters per second. In addition, there should be no thunder and lightning for 9 hours before and after the launch.
Huang Chunping said that whether the launch can be launched as scheduled mainly depends on the weather and other conditions at the launch site at the time. Light rain and temperature generally will not affect the normal launch of the spacecraft, but strong winds may cause the spacecraft to be delayed, because when the wind speed exceeds the rocket's ability to withstand, it may change its flight direction.
Huang Chunping also revealed that the astronauts’ spacewalk will take place after the spacecraft enters orbit and circles the earth more than five times.
Search and rescue after "Shenzhou 7" landing
"Shenzhou 7" return capsule medical rescue team leader at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia and President Zou Dewei of the 306th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army said that "Shenzhou 7" Unlike the Shenzhou VI and Shenzhou V, search and rescue and medical support at the main landing site will rely on helicopters instead of ground search and rescue.
During the Shenzhou-5 and Shenzhou-6 missions, the People’s Liberation Army’s 306 Hospital has been serving astronaut medical rescue missions at the main landing site for China’s manned spaceflight. On August 29, the expert medical team from the 306 Hospital carrying out the "Shenzhou Seven" mission rushed to Siziwang Banner in Inner Mongolia. Currently, this medical rescue team composed of 16 top experts is conducting medical rescue drills near the main landing site.
In addition, the biggest difference between the medical rescue at the main landing site of "Shenzhou VII" and that of "Shenzhou V" and "Shenzhou VI" is that it will mainly adopt an aerial search and rescue platform composed of a helicopter group instead of Use the ground platform again.
According to President Zou, the main landing site of the "Shenzhou 7" this time near Siziwang Banner in Inner Mongolia is a longitude and latitude coordinate range centered on the theoretical landing site, more than 100 kilometers long and more than 80 kilometers wide. . If ground vehicles are used for search and rescue, the speed will be slower, so the search and rescue mission of "Shenzhou VII" will mainly be completed by helicopters.
This year, there are more than 10 helicopters performing search and rescue and medical missions. In addition to the command aircraft, there are 6 helicopters for search and rescue missions, 1 for medical supervision and medical insurance missions, and the medical rescue team will use 3 helicopters.
Academician Qi Faren believes that going to heaven is not about traveling, but about completing the research, development and utilization of the space environment. In the past, Yang Liwei was just the first step to give it a try. To complete the task, it required multiple people and multiple days. For example, if you wanted to assemble a space station or repair a satellite, people would have to get out of the cabin, and at least two people would need to get out of the cabin. In the future, if you want to take a transport vehicle to the space station, you need to dock with the space station, open the door and take out the people inside. From abroad, they have spent many experiments to do this. Now according to our plan, "Shenzhou VII" hopes that people can leave the cabin. What ordinary people call it space walking. "Of course, how far is it from the cabin after leaving the cabin? It can be closer or farther away." Academician Qi Faren said that the next step for our country is to solve the problem of rendezvous and docking, which requires at least three people. . So our spaceship must have this capability: three people can stay in the sky for 7 days, and they can carry 300 kilograms of things when they go up, and they can carry 100 kilograms of things when they come back. If this time is successful, there will be no need to try for two more days, and we will leave the cabin next time. Academician Qi Faren believes that the "Shenzhou 7" that is about to leave the cabin must solve two relatively large problems on the basis of the Shenzhou 6. Now astronauts have a sealed cabin and wear spacesuits in this cabin. There is no air outside this capsule, so the spacesuit itself must be able to supply oxygen. The second is that when there is no temperature control, the space suit can ensure its normal temperature, so this space suit is equivalent to a small sealed cabin, which is quite complicated. More advanced space suits can also be equipped with an engine, which can be fired up and taken off. It is equivalent to a small spacecraft. To leave the cabin, these conditions must be met. Academician Qi Faren said that in the future there will be an airlock on board our ship. People put on spacesuits and go in, close the door, and open the outside door. If the door is opened, the air will be released, so there is an airlock. "I'm just talking about the two main ones. As an astronaut, you have an extravehicular spacesuit. As our spacecraft, we must have an airlock cabin to ensure that there is atmospheric pressure in the original cabin."
< p> Edit this paragraph Composition of the Shenzhou spacecraftOrbital module: "Multifunctional Hall"
The orbital module of the "Shenzhou" spacecraft is a cylinder with a total length of 2.8 meters. The maximum diameter is 2.25 meters, one end is connected to the return capsule, and the other end is connected to the space docking mechanism. The orbital module of Shenzhou-6 is called the "multi-purpose hall" because the two astronauts spend all the time in the orbital module except for entering the return module when taking off and returning. The orbital cabin integrates many functions such as working, eating, sleeping, washing and convenience.
Escape Tower: Keep the spacecraft "safe"
Escape Tower: Located at the front of the spacecraft, 8 meters high. It itself is actually a small launch vehicle composed of a series of rocket engines. From 900 seconds before the rocket takes off to 160 seconds after takeoff, the rocket travels from 0 to 100 kilometers. Once an emergency occurs, the lifesaving tower will be activated urgently, dragging the return capsule of the "Shenzhou 6" spacecraft and The orbital module separated from the rocket, quickly escaped from the dangerous area, and parachuted to a safe area.
Orbital module: the "home" of astronauts
Orbital module: also called work module. Its shape is a cylinder with tapered angles at both ends. It is the astronaut's "space bedroom" and "workshop". It also has the functions of an astronaut living module and an orbit-retaining experimental module, so it is also called an orbit-retaining module. The orbital module is equipped with a variety of test equipment and experimental instruments for Earth observation. Its sides are equipped with retractable large-scale solar cell sail wings, solar sensors and various antennas as well as various docking structures. Convert solar energy into energy for the spacecraft, communicate with the ground, etc. As the "space bedroom" of astronauts, the environment of the orbital module is very comfortable, and the temperature inside the cabin is generally between 17 and 25 degrees Celsius.
Return capsule: the astronaut's "cab"
Return capsule: also called the cockpit, it is the astronaut's "cab". It is the cabin section that astronauts ride in when traveling to and from space. It is a closed structure with a hatch at the front. After "Shenzhou 6" completes its Earth orbiting mission, the two astronauts will also return to Earth in the return capsule.
Propulsion cabin:
Also called instrument cabin. Typically installs the propulsion system, power supply, orbital braking, and provides oxygen and water to the astronauts. The two sides of the propulsion cabin are also equipped with main solar cell sail wings with an area of ??more than 20 square meters.
Launch time:
The Shenzhou-7 spacecraft will be launched on September 25, 2008.
Edit this cabin section introduction
Orbital cabin
Dimensions: 2.8 meters long, 2.2 meters in diameter.
The orbital module of the Shenzhou spacecraft is cylindrical in shape. In order to enable the orbital module to obtain power during its solo flight, solar cell wings are installed on both sides of the orbital module. Each solar wing excluding the triangular part has an area of ??2.0×3.4 meters. When the orbital module is flying freely, it can provide 0.5 kilowatts. power above. There are 4 sets of small propulsion engines at the tail of the orbital module, each set of 4, to provide auxiliary thrust for the spacecraft and the ability to continue to maintain orbital motion after the orbital module is separated; there is a circular hatch on one side of the orbital module near the return module. It provides a passage for astronauts to enter and exit the orbital module. However, the maximum diameter of the door is only 65 centimeters, and only those with dexterity and special training can enter and exit freely. There is an observation window for the orbital cabin above the hatch.
The orbital module is the place where astronauts work and live after the spacecraft enters orbit. In addition to living devices such as food, drinking water, and toilet collectors, the cabin also has instruments and equipment for space applications and scientific experiments.
After the return capsule returns, the orbital module is equivalent to an Earth observation satellite or a space laboratory. It will continue to work in orbit for about half a year. Keeping the orbital module in orbit is a major feature of Chinese spacecraft. After the orbital module and return module of Russian and American spacecraft are separated, they are generally discarded.
Return capsule
Dimensions: 2.00 meters long, 2.40 meters in diameter (excluding heat protection layer).
The return capsule of the Shenzhou spacecraft is bell-shaped, with a hatch connected to the orbital module. The command and control center of the capsule-type spacecraft is equipped with reclining seats for three astronauts, allowing the astronauts to ride during the take-off, ascent and return stages. Under the front of the seat are the instrument panel, manual control handle and optical sight, etc., which display the status of the system equipment on the spacecraft. Astronauts use these instruments to monitor and, if necessary, control the work of systems and equipment on the spacecraft. Both the orbital module and the return module are sealed compartments with environmental control and life support systems inside to ensure that the cabin is filled with a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen at atmospheric pressure, and the temperature and humidity are adjusted to a suitable range for the human body to ensure that the astronauts are safe Life safety during the entire flight mission.
In addition, the cabin is also equipped with two main and backup parachutes for landing. There are two circular windows on the side wall of the return capsule of the Shenzhou spacecraft. One is for the astronauts to observe the scene outside the window, and the other is for the astronauts to operate the optical sight to observe the ground driving spacecraft. The base of the return capsule is a metal frame-sealed structure, on which the instruments and equipment of the return capsule are installed. The base is lightweight and very strong. When the return capsule returns to the ground and enters the atmosphere, it protects the return capsule from being burned by the hot atmosphere.
Propulsion cabin
Dimensions: 3.05 meters long, 2.50 meters in diameter, 2.80 meters in bottom diameter
The Shenzhou's propulsion cabin is also called the equipment cabin. It is cylindrical. , the engine and propellant of the propulsion system are loaded internally, providing the spacecraft with the power needed to adjust its attitude and orbit and brake and decelerate, as well as some equipment for power supply, environmental control and communication systems. There is a pair of solar wings on each side. Excluding the triangular part, the area of ??the solar wings is 2.0×7.5 meters. Combined with the battery wing of the front orbital module, the power generated will be three times that of the Soyuz, with an average of more than 1.5 kilowatts, which is almost equivalent to the power provided by the power supply of the Fukang AX new wave car. In addition to providing a large amount of power, these battery wings can also rotate around the connection points. In this way, no matter how the spacecraft moves, it can always maintain the best direction to obtain maximum power, eliminating the need to "tilt towards the sun". A large number of maneuvers can be carried out to ensure the orientation of the solar array to the sun and at the same time conduct uninterrupted observation of the earth by the spacecraft.
The tail of the equipment compartment is the propulsion system of the spacecraft. The main propulsion system consists of four large main engines, which are located in the middle of the bottom of the propulsion cabin.
Four pairs of small thrusters for attitude correction are arranged around the side skirt of the propulsion cabin. They are smaller than the main thrusters, but are much larger than other auxiliary thrusters. In addition, there are small auxiliary thrusters outside the side skirts of the propulsion cabin.
Additional section
The additional section, also called the transition section, is used to prepare for future rendezvous and docking with another spacecraft or space station. Before manned flight and rendezvous and docking, it can also install various instruments for space exploration.
There is no official introduction to the current equipment in the additional section, but some industry insiders have made bold speculations, such as: One of the semi-ring devices is speculated to be used to install square instruments. The three mutually perpendicular and extendable 0.4-meter probes are speculated to be part of the navigation system or the docking system. Because there was a similar device used for docking on the American Apollo spacecraft. The front end of the Shenzhou spacecraft's orbital module may be equipped with a Russian-style docking system. However, these devices may only be an experimental type and will definitely be replaced by new docking systems when performing docking missions with the space station in the future.