the relationship between them is that the six high-tech fields are information technology, biotechnology, new material technology, new energy technology, space technology and marine technology, which will develop rapidly in this century and become increasingly powerful high-tech industries through extensive practicality and commercialization. Biotechnology marked by genetic engineering and protein engineering will become the core of technology in the 21st century. Information technology marked by optoelectronic technology and artificial intelligence will be the forerunner of technology in the 21st century. The new material technology marked by superconducting materials and artificially oriented new materials will become the pillar of technology in the 21st century. New energy technology marked by nuclear energy technology and solar energy technology will also become the pillar of technology in the 21st century. Space technology marked by space shuttle and permanent space station will become the outward extension of technology in the 21st century. Marine technology marked by deep-sea mining and seawater utilization will become the inward expansion of technology in the 21st century.
twelve marking technologies in six high-tech fields are frontier technologies that have sprouted but are far from mature. The proportion of traditional industries in the national economy will shrink in this century, but the absolute output and output value of these industries will not shrink because of the mandatory penetration of high technology into traditional industries and the transformation of these traditional industrial sectors.
(1) Information technology field
Information technology is the forerunner of the six high technologies. It mainly refers to technologies such as information acquisition, transmission and processing. Information technology is based on electronic technology, including communication technology, automation technology, microelectronics technology, optoelectronics technology, light guide technology, computer technology and artificial intelligence technology.
The current information technology mainly includes:
(1) integrated circuits. At present, 1 megabit and 4 megabit DRAM chips have been widely used in the world, and 16 megabit chips have also been produced. In addition, the research and development of photonic integrated circuits and bio-integrated circuits have also made great progress.
(2) electronic computers. At present, the installed number of computers in the world exceeds 1 million, and the speed of super-giant computers has exceeded 1 billion times. Today's computers are similar to people's left brain for logical thinking. The work of thinking in images should be done through the right brain of people. In order to solve the problem of thinking in images, people are developing neural computers and fuzzy computers. Neurocomputers approach the human brain from the bottom to the top from the micro, while fuzzy computers approach the human brain from the macro and from the top to the bottom.
(3) software technology. Information technology is mainly composed of two parts, namely computer hardware technology and computer software technology. The operation of the collection, storage, arrangement, innovation, dissemination and application of knowledge and information will be based on the development and utilization of computer software technology.
software technology is the general name of all kinds of computer application programming or editing technology. At present, there are four main categories of software technology:
① Software technology designed to edit mandatory language programs for computers according to calculations and their own structures and functions;
② software technology for computer operation, management or editing, editing, retrieval, debugging, diagnosis and maintenance;
③ Software technology for designing or editing computer applications, special program control, system management and other programs to meet the special needs of users;
④ Software technology for planning or editing knowledge and information materials, online operation and e-book programs for various users.
(4) communication technology. Since the 197s, optical fiber communication, satellite communication, program-controlled private branch exchange and integrated services digital network technologies have appeared one after another.
(5) laser technology. Laser is one of the four great inventions in the 2th century, which are equally famous with atomic energy, semiconductor and computer. Laser technology based on laser has developed rapidly, and now it has been widely used in industrial and agricultural production, energy and power, communication and information processing, medical and health, military, culture and art, scientific and technological research and other fields. Laser technology is a high-tech that is moving towards practical use.
(II) Biotechnology field
Biotechnology is a comprehensive technology based on life science, which uses organisms and engineering principles to produce products, including genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering and microbial engineering. Biotechnology is the core of technology in the 21st century. It has two landmark technologies, genetic engineering and protein project.
Biotechnology is not only widely used in agriculture and medicine, but also has a strong penetration into environmental protection and energy technology.
(III) Technical field of new materials
New materials mainly refer to a kind of materials that have been developed recently or are under development and have better performance than traditional materials.
new material technology is the material basis of high technology, including the development and utilization of superconducting materials, high temperature materials, synthetic materials, ceramic materials, amorphous materials, single crystal materials, etc. It has two signs: one is material design or molecular design, that is, designing new materials according to needs; The other is superconducting technology.
the main research directions of new material technology in 199s are: high functionality, ultra-high performance, compounding and intelligence.
(IV) New energy technology field
Energy is the basic guarantee for human survival and development. Modern new energy technology can be divided into new energy technology and renewable energy technology according to its innovation and whether it can be regenerated or used continuously. New energy and renewable energy technologies mainly include nuclear energy, solar energy, hydropower and geothermal energy.
nuclear energy technology and solar energy technology are the main signs of new energy technology. Through the development and utilization of nuclear energy and solar energy, the traditional energy concept with oil and coal as the main body has been broken and a new era of energy has been created.
(V) Space technology field
Space technology is a new type of high-tech space technology, which is a comprehensive engineering technology to explore, develop and utilize space and celestial bodies beyond the Earth, including the research and development of space military technologies such as large launch vehicles, giant satellites and spacecraft. Space technology is an outward extension of technology in the 21st century, and its two symbols are the space shuttle and the permanent space station. It not only applies high technology to the earth, but also leads the whole human survival mechanism to outer space.
(6) marine technology
The total area of the world's oceans is 3.6 billion square kilometers, accounting for more than 7% of the total area of the earth. The average depth of the oceans is 3,8 meters, which is rich in resources and energy. Marine technology is the inward expansion of technology in the 21st century, and its marked technologies are deep-sea excavation and seawater desalination.
in addition to these six high-tech fields, introduce environmental protection technology and new agricultural technology. Environmental protection technology mainly refers to all kinds of technologies that supervise, control, manage and protect the natural environment on which human beings depend for survival and development. New agricultural technologies include: ① Agricultural industrialization. Agricultural factory is a fully mechanized and automated technology (capital) intensive production developed by comprehensively applying modern high technology, new equipment and management methods. It can carry out continuous operation in the whole process in the artificially created environment, thus getting rid of the constraints of nature. ② Green Revolution. The "Green Revolution" was a new technological revolution in developing countries in the mid-196s, with the adoption of high-yield and improved varieties of crops as the center. Its main content is to popularize excellent varieties of crops such as wheat and rice with short stem, semi-short stem, lodging resistance, high yield and wide adaptability on a large scale, and to cooperate with the improvement of irrigation and fertilization techniques. This agricultural technological innovation has made amazing achievements, so it is known as the "green revolution". The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and the International Rice Research Institute have made outstanding contributions to this revolution. ③ Sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture is a new direction of agricultural development proposed in 198s. Sustainable agriculture is a kind of agriculture that does not cause environmental degradation, is technically appropriate, economically feasible and socially acceptable. Generally speaking, it is an agriculture with coordinated development of economy, society, technology and environment. Sustainable agriculture in China is still in the stage of exploration and preliminary experiment. The work mainly focuses on three aspects: first, strengthening research, second, establishing experimental areas, and third, expanding international exchanges and cooperation.