Chapter 14 Reproduction and Development of Organisms
1. Asexual Reproduction: (Definition): a mode of reproduction in which a new individual is produced directly from the mother without the union of reproductive cells of both sexes.
(Mode): outgrowth reproduction, nutrient reproduction, plant tissue culture.
2, germination: yeast, hydra
3, trophic reproduction: (definition): asexual reproduction relying on nutritive organs (plant roots, stems, leaves).
(Advantages): ① retain the good traits of the plant parent, ② accelerate the speed of plant reproduction.
(way): grafting, cuttings, pressing.
Grafting: the branch of a plant body with buds is attached to another plant body, so that they heal into a complete plant body.
(Scion: branch with buds Brickwood: the plant to be grafted)
Grafting Representative: (citrus, orange)
Bud grafting: the buds of a plant are attached to another plant so that they heal into a complete plant.
(Scion: bud Brickwood: the plant body to be grafted)
Representatives: (peach, hawthorn, apple)
Attention to grafting: to make the scion and the formation layer of the Brickwood tightly together, so as to improve the survival rate.
Advantages of grafting: ① retaining the excellent traits of the scion; ② fast reproduction.
Cuttings: chrysanthemum, moon season, willow
4, plant tissue culture: (Definition): The organs, tissues, and cells of a plant are cultured in sterile conditions on a medium containing a variety of nutrients and plant hormones, so that it gradually develops into a complete plant body.
(Example): Cells or tissues of carrot roots
(Advantages): ① Producing a large number of plants in a short period of time;
② Preventing plant viruses;
③ Cultivating new varieties with high yield and good quality.
5, sexual reproduction: (Definition): The mode of reproduction in which both sexes of reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) are produced by the parent generation, and through the union of the two sexes of reproductive cells, they become a fertilized egg, which then develops into a new individual.
6, sexual reproduction in plants:
The six basic structures of the flower: the flower stalk, receptacle, calyx, petals, stamens (including anthers and filaments), pistil (including stigma, style and ovary). Of these, the stamens and pistil are the most important.
The internal structure of the ovary: the outer layer is the wall of the ovary, and inside there are ovules (the outer layer is the peridium, with an opening at the tip for the bead pore, and inside there are egg cells).
① The first step in pollination after flowering: the process by which the pollen in the anthers of the stamens falls onto the stigma of the pistil through different pathways.
Autoflowering: the process by which pollen from stamen anthers falls onto the pistil stigma in the same flower.
Heterogamous pollination: the process by which pollen from the anthers of the stamens of one flower falls onto the stigma of the pistil of another flower.
② After pollination, the second step is fertilization: the process by which the plant's sperm and egg cells combine to form a fertilized egg.
Specific: when the pollen tube falls on the stigma of the mature pistil, stimulated by the mucus secreted by the stigma, pollen will begin to sprout and grow pollen tubes, pollen tubes with sperm, pollen tubes through the stigma, styles to reach the ovary in the ovules (from the bead hole into), the end of the rupture, the release of sperm, the sperm and the combination of sperm and become a fertilized egg.
3) After fertilization, the various parts of the flower's structure begin to develop: the calyx, petals, stamens, the stigma and style of the pistil begin to fade, and only the ovary in the pistil develops into a fruit.
The ovary develops into a fruit and the ovule develops into a seed. (An ovule develops into a seed, and multi-seeded plants are mainly due to the fact that the fruit contains more than one ovule)
Ovary wall ------------------------------------------- pericarp
Ovary Ovule bead cover ---------------------- seed coat Fruit
Ovule Seed
Oocyte
| Fertilized egg ------- embryo
Sperm
Dependent on wind (dandelion, yucca)
7. Fruit and seed dispersal Dependent on their own elasticity (pea)
Dependent on movement of people and animals (aleurone)
Dependent on water (coconut)
8. Reproduction and development of insects:
Complete metamorphosis: a developmental process in which larvae and adults differ markedly in morphological structure and habits. (silkworm, flies, mosquitoes, bees)
Developmental mode The silkworm undergoes four developmental periods: fertilized egg, larva, pupa, adult
Incomplete metamorphosis: the developmental process in which larvae and adults are very similar in morphology, structure, and habits. (locusts, crickets, cockroaches, mole crickets, praying mantis)
Locusts go through three developmental periods: fertilized eggs, larvae, and adults
9. Reproduction and development of amphibians:
Amphibians: vertebrates that transition from aquatic to terrestrial. (frogs, toads, salamanders, giant salamanders)
Amphibian fertilization: in vitro fertilization (fertilization occurs outside the body fertilization)
Amphibian development: metamorphosis (tadpoles and adult wow in the morphology and structure and habits of life in the development of a significantly different way)
Frogs go through the development of the four periods: fertilization of the egg, tadpoles, young frogs, adult frogs.
Amphibians can't reproduce or develop without water.
Comparison of tadpoles and adult frogs:
Tadpoles Adult frogs
Respiratory organs Gills Lungs (primary), Skin (secondary)
Tail Yes No
Limbs No Yes
Living environment In water Wet area near the water's edge
10.Reproduction and development of birds:
Reproductive behaviors of birds: Courtship, mating, nest building, egg laying, egg incubation, brooding.
Mode of fertilization in birds: internal fertilization (fertilization that occurs in the body)
After the eggs are produced, the embryo will stop developing? (the outside temperature is lower than the female's body temperature)
Early Adult Bird: A chick that has just hatched from the egg shell, with its eyes already open, thick down feathers all over its body, and strong legs and feet, and that is immediately able to follow the parent bird and forage for food on its own.
(Chickens, ducks, geese, geese)
Late Adults: Chicks that have just hatched out of their eggshells, are not yet fully developed, with their eyes still open, with very few downy feathers on their bodies, or even with their whole bodies exposed, with weak legs and feet, and with no ability to live on their own, and have to stay in their nests and be fed by the parent birds.
(Domestic pigeons , sparrows, swallows)
Chapter 15 Heredity and Mutation in Organisms
1. Two phenomena of life are prevalent in living organisms: heredity and mutation.
2. Heredity: the phenomenon of similarity in morphological structure and physiological function between parents and offspring of an organism, and between individual offspring of an offspring.
3, the center of genetic information: the nucleus
4, there is a material in the nucleus that can be stained dark by alkaline dyes: chromosomes
Characteristics of chromosomes: pairs; a certain number of chromosomes in each organism.
Chromosomes are mainly composed of DNA and proteins. Of these, DNA is the main genetic material.
Autosomes: chromosomes not associated with sex determination. (22 pairs)
Chromosomes
Sex chromosomes: chromosomes involved in sex determination. (1 pair. XX for females and XY for males)
(Illustration of sex determination) : Father : XY Mother : XX
↓ ↓
Sperm : X/Y Egg Cell : X
|
↓
Fertilized Egg : XX XY
(Girl) (Boy)
Birth of a boy or girl depends mainly on the father. depends on the father, not on the mother. The probability of having a boy or a girl is equal.
Other organisms that determine sex in the same way as humans do are: fish, amphibians, and mammals
5. DNA is the main genetic material and is the carrier of genetic information.
Features: double-stranded; double helix
6. Gene: a segment of DNA that has a specific genetic effect. There are numerous genes on each DNA molecule.
Genes exist in pairs and are dominant and recessive.
Dominant gene: a gene that controls a dominant trait. (denoted by capital letters, A, B, D)
Genes
Recessive genes: genes that control recessive traits. (indicated by lower case letters, a, b, d,)
AA: expresses dominant traits Aa : expresses dominant traits aa: expresses recessive traits
7. Relative traits: different types of expression of the same trait in the same organism. (single and double eyelids, earlobes and no earlobes)
8. Genetic disease: a disease caused by a change in the genetic material or controlled by the gene that causes the disease.
(Color blindness, hemophilia, albinism, congenital mental retardation, syndactyly, polydactyly, congenital deafness)
Generally cannot be cured, the cure rate is very low.
Inbreeding is an important pathway to increased prevalence of genetic diseases.
Reason: Between close relatives, many of the genes come from the *** same ancestors, so there is a greater likelihood of carrying the same disease-causing genes.
The state has clearly stated that marriage between close relatives is prohibited. (People with direct blood relatives and those with collateral blood relatives within three generations)
Measures for eugenics: prohibition of consanguineous marriage, promotion of genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis.
9, mutation: the phenomenon that there are more or less differences in morphological structure and physiological function between the parent and offspring of an organism, and between the offspring's individual children.
Category:
Hereditable variation: variation that can be passed on to future generations. This variation is caused by a change in the genetic material.
(Sickle-shaped mutant cell anemia, resistance to downing in wheat, albino seedlings in corn)
Non-heritable variation: variation that cannot be passed on to offspring. This kind of variation is caused by a change in the external environment, and its genetic material has not changed. It is usually manifested only in the present generation.
(The older brother has fair skin and the younger brother has tanned skin)
Favorable mutations: resistance to fall in wheat, resistance to rust
Unfavorable mutations: albino seedlings in corn, sickle cell anemia
10.The purpose of mutation in organisms: adapting to the ever-changing environment in which they live.
11, without heritable variation, organisms cannot produce new types of organisms.
12. The significance of heredity and variation in organisms: to enable the continuous evolutionary development of the living world from lower to higher and from simple to complex.
Chapter 16 Movement of Animals
1. Difference between Animals and Plants: Animals are able to change their spatial position quickly, actively, and purposefully through movement.
2. How animals move: (air): flying, gliding
(water): swimming, crawling
(land): walking, running, walking, jumping
3. The main purpose of the movement of animals: in order to adapt to the living environment.
4. The purpose of bird migration: to obtain enough food; to complete reproductive activities such as nesting, egg incubation, and brood rearing in the place of migration; and to find more suitable habitats and living environments.
5, organs of locomotion: fish ---- fins; birds ---- wings; insects ---- wings; reptiles ----- limbs;
Herbaceous ---- cilia; amoeba ---- pseudopods.
6. Ants move in alternating groups of a forefoot and hindfoot on one side and a midfoot on the other side.
7, vertebrate locomotor system: bone, bone connection and skeletal muscle three parts. (Bone and bone connection *** with the composition of the skeleton; bone connection is the structure of the connection between the bone and bone; muscle is the main component of the motor system, under the innervation of the nervous system, muscle contraction and diastole, pulling the attached bone to move the bone connection as a pivot, to produce movement.)
8. When a person flexes his elbow, the biceps muscle has to contract and the triceps muscle has to diastole.
When a person extends the elbow, the biceps have to stretch and the triceps have to contract.
9. The contraction and diastole of muscles in humans and vertebrates is done under the innervation of the nervous system.
10. The source of energy for animals is food, and the direct source of energy is ATP.
Chapter 17 Behavior of Animals
1. The main types of animal behavior: ① Foraging behavior
② Defensive behaviors: Protective coloring (chameleon); mimicry (chaffer butterflies, geometrids);
Alert coloring (wasps, poisonous frogs)
③. Reproductive behaviors: courtship, mating, nest building, egg laying, egg incubation, brood occupancy, breastfeeding
④Others: migratory behavior, migratory behavior, hibernation behavior, aggression
⑤Community behaviors: refers to a variety of behaviors between individuals of the same species that are related to each other, except for reproduction. (Termites, bees,)
2. Classification of animal behavior: innate behavior and acquired behavior.
3. Innate behavior: (instinctive behavior) is the behavior controlled by genetic material that animals are born with.
Examples: bees gather honey, ants build nests, spiders make webs, birds migrate, babies drink milk,
ducklings swim, animals breastfeeding
4. Acquired Behavior: (Learned Behavior) is not born, it is the animal in the process of growing up, through the accumulation of life experience and learning and gradually establish a new behavior.
Examples: the dolphin's top ball, spinning and jumping, the earthworm walks a maze, the puppy does arithmetic, the great tit steals milk, the gorilla fishes for termites
5. The higher the animal is, the more the cerebral cortex is developed, the more the ability to learn is stronger, and the more complex the acquired behavior is formed.
6. The behavior of animals is controlled by the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Chapter 18 Diseases and Immunity
1. Infectious diseases: are diseases caused by pathogens (pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites) that are capable of spreading from person to person or from person to animal.
Characteristics: infectious and epidemic.
Common infectious diseases are: influenza, hepatitis B, AIDS, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), ascariasis, tuberculosis, gray nails.
2, classification: ① respiratory infectious diseases: influenza, tuberculosis, mumps, measles, whooping cough
② gastrointestinal infectious diseases: ascariasis, pinworms, bacillary dysentery, Hepatitis A
③ blood-borne infectious diseases: Hepatitis B, epidemic encephalitis B, filariasis
④ surface infectious diseases: schistosomiasis, trachoma, rabies, tetanus, gonorrhea
3, the three basic links of infectious diseases: sources of infection, transmission and susceptible people.
Source of infection: people or animals capable of transmitting pathogens.
Transmission: the way to reach healthy people after leaving the source of infection (air, drinking water, food, contact).
Susceptible people: people who are susceptible to infections because they lack resistance to infectious diseases.
4, the three transmission channels of AIDS: blood transmission, mother-to-child transmission, sexual transmission.
5, the important measures to prevent the epidemic of infectious diseases: control the source of infection, cut off the transmission channels, and protect the susceptible population.
Control of sources of infection: isolation of patients.
Protection of susceptible people: vaccination and physical exercise.
6. Cardiovascular diseases are diseases caused by lesions in the heart and blood vessels.
7, the formation of coronary heart disease causes: high-fat diet, lack of exercise, smoking.
8, anyone with angina should always carry nitroglycerin or musk heart pills and other drugs.
9, cancer: also known as malignant tumors, the human body, in addition to hair and nails, almost all organs are likely to develop
Cancer.
11, in the city, ranked first is lung cancer; in the countryside, ranked first is stomach cancer; in teenagers and children, ranked first is leukemia. (The treatment for leukemia is bone marrow transplantation.)
12. The treatments for cancer are: surgical therapy (surgical removal of the tumor); chemotherapy (use of anticancer substances); and radiation therapy (application of rays to the site of the cancer).
13. Factors leading to cell cancer: physical carcinogens (ultraviolet rays, X-rays, ionizing radiation)
chemical carcinogens (nitrites, aflatoxins, preservatives)
viral carcinogens (Hepatitis B virus, herpes viruses)
14. The three immune defenses in the body: the first one: the skin, mucous membranes, nasal hairs and cilia
The second one: the skin, mucous membranes, nasal hairs, cilia
14. p>
Second: bactericidal substances in body fluids and phagocytes
Third: immune organs and immune cells
15, the first and second line of defense is also called non-specific immunity. Characteristics: born with, and does not target a particular pathogen, does not have selectivity and specificity, on a variety of pathogens have a defensive role,
but the force is weak.
16. The third line of defense is also called specific immunity. Characteristics: Acquired later in life, directed against a specific pathogen, strong action.
17 In the third line of defense: immune organs: spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes.
Immune cells: mainly lymphocytes.
When pathogens invade the human body, lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibodies (special proteins to resist pathogens), causing the human body to produce antibodies to the material is the antigen, a specific antigen corresponds to a specific antibody, when a specific antibody to destroy a specific antigen, part of the antibody still remains in the body, when the same antigens come back to invade the body, the presence of the body's antibodies will quickly act and destroy them, therefore, the body has been suffering from a disease, but the body is still in a state of shock. destroy them, so that a person who has had measles will not get it a second time. (This is not the case with colds, because cold viruses mutate all the time.)
18. China requires that children under one year of age be vaccinated with four vaccines: BCG, polio vaccine, DPT3 and measles vaccine.
19. April 25 is the National Childhood Vaccination Day.
Chapter 19: Cherishing Life
1, a small amount of alcohol can relieve fatigue and promote digestion;
Alcoholism can overstimulate the central nervous system and cause alcohol poisoning. (Causes neurasthenia, mental retardation; causes diseases of the cardiovascular system; causes acute fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver; causes excessive gastric acid, gastric hemorrhage, gastrointestinal tract tumors; causes dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation).
2, long-term heavy smoking is prone to cause respiratory diseases, but also on the human body's digestive system, nervous system and circulatory system to a certain degree of damage.
3, common drugs are opium, morphine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, ecstasy and so on.
Among them, opium is made from poppy.
Drug use will make people's immunity decline, serious damage to the brain, affecting the regulation of the central nervous system, affecting the physiological function of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, but also affect the normal reproductive capacity, giving birth to deformed children and so on.
4, the cause of drug addiction: foreign drugs in the morphine peptide instead of the human brain in the morphine peptide, reduce or inhibit the secretion of morphine peptide, can only rely on the intake of the outside world of the morphine peptide to maintain the body's physiological activities.
5, family medicine box: medical appliances, external medicine, internal medicine.
Medical instruments: thermometer, sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, graduated serving cup, gauze, bandages, alcohol cotton balls, tweezers, small scissors.
Topical medicines: alcohol, red potion, iodine, bandages, rheumatism pain cream, anemone, eye drops.
Internal medicine: aspirin, Banlangen, Yunnan Baiyao, multiply dizziness Ning, Huanglianxin (for diarrhea).
The external and internal medicines must follow the principles of relevance, practicality and first aid.
6, prescription drugs: need a doctor's prescription to buy from the pharmacy and in the doctor's monitoring and guidance can be used.
Over-the-counter medicines: medicines that do not require a doctor's prescription and can be purchased directly from a pharmacy.
7. Artificial respiration: the use of artificial methods, is the patient's chest rhythmic expansion and contraction, and gradually restore the role of breathing.
Commonly used artificial respiration methods: mouth-to-mouth blowing method.
The process: artificial respiration, should be in the patient's neck pads, unbuttoned, tie, etc., to remove the mouth and nose of the dirt, ambulance personnel deep inhalation, hand pinch the patient's nostrils, and then mouth-to-mouth blowing. When blowing mouth to mouth, the intensity of blowing to blow after the patient's chest slightly undulating appropriate, blowing frequency and breathing frequency is similar.
8. Health includes: physical health, mental health, good social adjustment and moral health.
9, the core of the new concept of health: from passive treatment of disease to proactive health care.
9.