One of the most significant inventions of the twentieth century was the birth of the airplane. At the beginning of this century there was a pair of brothers in the United States who made a significant contribution to the history of the development of airplanes in the world, and they were the Wright brothers.
1, the birth of the first airplane
From 1900 to 1902, the brothers conducted more than 1,000 gliding test flights, and finally in 1903 made the first rely on their own power to carry the manned flight of the aircraft "Aviator" No. 1, and to obtain the success of the test flight. They were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1909. In the same year, they founded the Wright Aircraft Company. This was a great success for mankind in the history of airplane development.
2. The invention of the twin-engine system
In 1911, the Short brothers in Britain applied for a patent for a multi-engine design. Their dual-engine system enabled every pilot to drop an airplane without worrying about stopping the engine. This was a major advance in aviation safety. The first airplane built under Short's patent was called the "3?2".
3, the application of gyroscopic technology
1927 to 1932, the cockpit instrumentation and pilotage equipment development progress, gyroscopic technology applied to flight instruments. This rotating flywheel on a gimbaled mount was able to remain oriented in space, and thus became the basis for a variety of navigational instruments that guided pilots to be able to fly in the dark, in rain and snow.
4, artificial horizon, gyro-magnetic compass indicator and geomagnetic induction compass
This time in the aircraft appeared in the artificial horizon, which can indicate to the pilot the flight altitude of the aircraft; gyro-magnetic compass indicator, engraved with degrees on the compass, which can be readily displayed to show the change in heading; geomagnetic induction compass, which is not subject to a large number of aircraft often with the impact of iron things, but also unaffected by vibrations and the earth's magnetic field. There are also radio beams which indicate the course of the air.
5, the first flight simulator
In 1930, the American Edwin? Link invented the first flight simulator, and named after himself as "Link Exerciser", despite its technical shortcomings, but it has embodied the advantages of not using the real aircraft can be safe, economical and repeated emergency maneuvers training.
6, the earliest jet engine
December 10, 1910, at the Paris Exhibition in France, an aircraft crashed during the show. The designer was a Romanian named Henri? Coanda. He designed an engine with a 50-horsepower engine that caused a fan to push the air backward, and an additional, reinforced combustion chamber that fully expanded the gas in the tail nozzle as a way to increase counterthrust. This was the earliest jet engine.
7, jet aircraft
In the late 1930s, the maximum speed of piston-driven propeller planes has reached 700 kilometers per hour in level flight, and close to the speed of sound in a dive. The first success in the development of the new engine was achieved by the German designer, Oan, who was awarded a patent for a centrifugal turbojet engine in 1934, and on August 27, 1939, Oan used his engine to build the He-178 jet aircraft.
8, rocket plane
October 14, 1947 in the United States, California, Sangerfield area, the Bell Company test flight can break the sound barrier aircraft. At 10:00 a.m. a huge B-29 bomber, hanging under the cabin of a small airplane with a strange shape took off. The small plane was named the X-1 rocket plane. Despite the successful test flight, the record was not recognized because the X-1 plane did not take off and lift off under its own power.
9, utility helicopters
September 14, 1939, the world's first utility helicopter was born, it is the United States engineers Sikorsky developed successful VS-300 helicopter. Sikorsky was originally from Russia, moved to the United States in 1930, he manufactured the VS-300 helicopter, there are 1 pair of main rotor blades and 3 pairs of tail rotor, and later, after many test flights, 3 pairs of tail rotor into a pair of the utility helicopter and thus become the originator of the modern helicopter.
10, jet turboshaft period
Before the mid-1950s, the helicopter's power plant was in the period of the piston engine, and then entered the jet turboshaft period. Rotor material structure technology has gone through several stages: the 40s to the 50s for the metal and wood wing hybrid structure, the mid-50s to the mid-60s for the metal structure, the mid-60s to the mid-70s for the fiberglass structure, the mid-70s after the development of new composite structures.
11, airliners and turbofan engines
The aircraft began to carry passengers in the 1920s, and the United States began to convert a large number of transport planes into passenger planes in the early days of the end of the Second World War.
Since the 1960s, the world has seen a number of large-scale transport planes and supersonic transport planes, and the use of turbofan engines has gradually been promoted.
Since the invention of the airplane, it has become an indispensable means of transportation for modern civilization. It has profoundly changed and influenced people's lives.
Because of the invention of the airplane, the time for human beings to travel around the world has been greatly shortened. The world's first round-the-world trip was accomplished in the 16th century. At that time, the Portuguese Magellan led a fleet of ships from Spain, and it took 3 years to cross the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, circumnavigate the globe, and return to Spain.
At the end of the 19th century, a Frenchman traveled around the world by train, which also took 43 days. After the invention of the airplane, people made another trip around the world in 1949. A B-50 bomber, after four nice aerial refuelings, circled the globe in just 94 hours, flying 37,700 kilometers. The strongest of the strong.
With the introduction of supersonic airplanes, people flew even higher and faster, and in 1979, the British Poulspector flew 36,900 kilometers in just 14 hours and six minutes, circling the globe on intricate air routes that connected countries around the world, providing both convenient and rapid passenger transportation.
As early as the 1920s, air transportation opened regular flights to carry passengers and mail. The invention of the airplane also led to the unprecedented development of air transportation, and many of the various raw materials needed for industrial development had new sources and channels, greatly reducing the people's dependence on local natural resources. Especially after the birth of supersonic aircraft, air transportation more prosperous.
The role of airplanes in modern warfare is even more amazing. Not only can they be used for reconnaissance and bombing, but they are also extremely good at early warning, anti-submarine and mine clearance. In the Gulf War, which broke out in the early 1990s, the tremendous power of airplanes was witnessed for all to see****.
Of course, the application of aircraft in the military to the human race has brought about a tragic disaster, the human civilization has produced devastating damage. But the peaceful use of aircraft, is the original intention of the invention of human aircraft
Extended information
1, the aircraft limit
Aircraft flying in the sky, must be in accordance with a certain flight path for flight, the flight path is equivalent to the ground on the highway. Because the pilot in the flight to master the necessary weather, terrain, navigation and other information to protect the safety of the aircraft. Especially over the airports, the density of airplanes is the greatest, with takeoffs, landings, and passage through the air.
In such a space where air traffic is so busy, if the planes fly at will, congestion and collisions are bound to occur, so a specific area is set aside over the airport, and planes flying in this area must strictly abide by the regulations and follow the routes designated by air traffic controllers.
In addition, in order to ensure that military aviation on the need for airspace, but also to set aside a certain amount of airspace as a restricted area or military control zone. So the routes that our airplanes can fly are also very limited and not arbitrary.
2, flight altitude restrictions
A variety of airplanes have different performance, suitable for these airplanes flight altitude is not the same.
For example, a large jetliner after takeoff, it must quickly rise to more than 7,000 meters in the air, flying at this altitude is both fuel-efficient and also fly fast, but the highest can not exceed 13,000 meters. Flying further up, its engine capacity will be insufficient. Small and medium-sized airplanes operate below 7,000 meters. Supersonic airliners fly within 13,000 to 18,000 meters.
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