Author: Chen Jianxin
In the electronics industry, integrated circuits are widely used, every year there are many general or specialized integrated circuits are developed and produced, this article will be the knowledge of integrated circuits to make a comprehensive description.
I, the types of integrated circuits
There are many types of integrated circuits, according to their functions can be divided into analog integrated circuits and digital integrated circuits of two categories. The former is used to generate, amplify and process a variety of analog signals; the latter is used to generate, amplify and process a variety of digital signals. The so-called analog signal is a signal whose amplitude changes continuously over time. For example, people speak into the microphone, the microphone output audio signal is an analog signal, radio, recorders, audio equipment and television sets to receive, amplified audio signals, television signals, is also an analog signal. The so-called digital signal, refers to the time and amplitude of the discrete value of the signal, for example, the telegraphic code signal, press the electric key, resulting in an electric signal, and the resulting electric signal is discontinuous. This discontinuous electrical signal is generally called an electrical pulse or impulse signal. The signals running in a computer are impulse signals, but these impulse signals all represent exact numbers, and are thus also called digital signals. In electronics, usually also the analog signal outside the non-continuous variation of the signal, collectively referred to as digital signals. Currently, in home appliance repair or general electronic production, encountered mainly analog signals; then, the most contact will be analog integrated circuits.
Integrated circuits can be categorized into semiconductor integrated circuits, membrane integrated circuits, and hybrid integrated circuits according to their production processes. Semiconductor integrated circuits is the use of semiconductor technology, the production of silicon substrate, including resistors, capacitors, transistors, diodes and other components and has a certain circuit function of integrated circuits; membrane integrated circuits in glass or ceramic pieces of insulating objects, in the form of "film" to produce resistors, capacitors and other passive devices. The value range of passive components can be made very wide, the precision can be made very high. However, the current state of the art is not yet able to use the "film" in the form of crystal diodes, transistors and other active devices, so that the scope of application of the membrane integrated circuit is greatly restricted. In practice, most of the passive membrane circuits in addition to semiconductor integrated circuits or discrete components such as diodes, transistors and other active devices, so that it constitutes a whole, which is a hybrid integrated circuit. According to the different thicknesses of the membrane, membrane integrated circuits are divided into thick-film integrated circuits (membrane thickness of 1 μm ~ 10 μm) and thin-film integrated circuits (membrane thickness of 1 μm or less) two. In home appliance repair and general electronic production process encountered mainly semiconductor integrated circuits, thick film circuits and a small number of hybrid integrated circuits.
According to the integration degree of different, can be divided into small-scale, medium-scale, large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits four categories. Analog integrated circuits, due to higher process requirements, the circuit is more complex, so it is generally believed that the integration of less than 50 components for small-scale integrated circuits, integration of 50-100 components for medium-scale integrated circuits, integration of more than 100 components for large-scale integrated circuits; for digital integrated circuits, it is generally believed that the integration of 1 to 10 equivalent gate / piece or 10 to 100 components / piece for small-scale integrated circuits, integrated 10 to 100 equivalent gate / piece or 100 to 1,000 components / piece for medium-scale integrated circuits, integrated 100 to 10,000 equivalent gate / piece or 1,000 to 100,000 components / piece for large-scale integrated circuits, integrated more than 10,000 equivalent gate / piece or more than 100,000 components / piece for the Ultra-large-scale integrated circuits.
By the different types of conductivity, divided into two categories of bipolar integrated circuits and unipolar integrated circuits. The former good frequency characteristics, but power consumption, and production process is complex, the vast majority of analog integrated circuits and digital integrated circuits in the TTL, ECL, HTL, LSTTL, STTL type belongs to this category. The latter's operating speed is low, but the input impedance is high, the power consumption is small, the production process is simple, easy to large-scale integration, and its main products are MOS-type integrated circuits.MOS circuits are divided into NMOS, PMOS, CMOS type.
NMOS integrated circuits are in the semiconductor wafer, N-type channel MOS devices composed of integrated circuits; participate in the conductive electrons. PMOS-type is in the semiconductor wafer, P-type channel MOS devices composed of integrated circuits; participate in the conductive holes. CMOS-type NMOS transistors and PMOS transistors are complementary to the composition of the integrated circuit is called complementary type of integrated circuits. MOS integrated circuit, abbreviated as CMOS integrated circuit.
In addition to the various types of integrated circuits described above, there are now many special-purpose integrated circuits called specialized integrated circuits
Circuit.
Below we start with the circuits for different functions in analog integrated circuits.
1. Integrated operational amplifier
Integrated operational amplifier is a high-gain direct-coupled amplifier, which contains hundreds of transistors, resistors, capacitors, but the volume of a small power transistor so large, power consumption is only a few milliwatts to a few hundred milliwatts, but a lot of functions. It is usually composed of three basic parts: the input stage, the intermediate amplification stage and the output stage. Operational amplifier in addition to ten, an input and output, there are ten, a power supply, external compensation circuit, zero end, phase compensation, public **** ground end and other additional ends. Its amplification depends on the external feedback resistance, which brings great convenience to the use. Its types include general-purpose operational amplifiers, such as uA709, 5G922, FC1, FC31, F005, 4E320, 8FC2, SG006, BG305, etc.; general-purpose Ⅲ types such as F748, F108, XFC81, F008, 4E322, etc.; and low-power amplifiers (UPC253, 7XC4, 5G26, F3078, etc.); Low noise operational amplifiers (such as F5037, XFC88); high-speed operational amplifiers (such as domestic models F715, F722, 4E321, F318, foreign uA702); high-voltage operational amplifiers (domestic F1536, BG315, F143); and current-type, single-supply, transconductance, electrostatic, programmable operational amplifiers.
2. Voltage regulator integrated circuits
Voltage regulator integrated circuits, also known as integrated voltage regulator, most of the circuit form of series voltage regulator. Integrated voltage regulator and discrete components regulator, compared to the small size, high performance, easy to use and reliable. Types of integrated voltage regulator, multi-terminal adjustable, three-terminal adjustable, three-terminal fixed and monolithic switching integrated voltage regulator
The device.
Multiterminal adjustable integrated regulator high precision, low price, but the output power is small, lead out more, bring inconvenience to the use.
Multiterminal adjustable integrated regulator can be added according to the need for the corresponding external components, the composition of the current limit and power protection. Similar products at home and abroad, the basic circuit form is different, the basic principle is similar. Domestic W2 series, WB7 series, WA7 series, BG11 and so on.
Three-terminal adjustable output integrated regulator high precision, small output voltage ripple, the general output voltage of 1.25V ~ 35V or l.25V ~ 35V continuously adjustable. Its models are W117, W138, LM317, LM138, LMl96 and other models.
Three-terminal fixed output integrated regulator is a series-adjusted voltage regulator, the circuit has only input, output and public **** 3 leads, easy to use. Its models are W78 positive voltage series, W79 negative voltage series.
Switching integrated regulator is a new type of voltage regulator, its working principle is different from the above three types, it is from DC to AC and then DC converter, the output voltage is adjustable, high efficiency. Its models are AN5900, HA17524 and other models, widely used in television sets, electronic instruments and other equipment.
3, audio integrated circuits
Single-voice integrated circuits with the development of radio, recorders, combined audio equipment and continuous development. The audio circuit requirements for multi-function, high power and high fidelity. For example, a monolithic radio, recorder circuit, it must have frequency conversion, detection. In the playback, low playback, AGC, amplifier and voltage regulator circuits. Audio integrated circuit process technology continues to develop, the use of digital transmission and processing, so that the sound system of the electro-acoustic indicators continue to improve. For example, pulse code modulation tape recorders, CD players, can make the signal-to-noise ratio and stereo separation cut good, distortion is minimized.
Audio integrated circuits according to their own circuit function, high and medium frequency amplifier integrated circuits, amplifier integrated circuits, low noise pre-amplifier integrated circuits, stereo decoding integrated circuits, monolithic radios, recorders integrated circuits. Drive integrated circuits and special function integrated circuits.
High and medium frequency amplifier integrated circuits are small and compact, high auto gain, good control characteristics, small distortion, in the radio, recorders are widely used. Among the AM integrated circuits are FD304, SL1018, SL1018AM, TB1018 and other models. FM integrated circuits are TA7303, TDA1576, LA1165, LA1210, TDA1062 and other models. AM, FM **** with integrated circuits built-in AM frequency function, AM detector function, FM frequency limiting function. FM stereo receiver specializing in stereo decoding circuit. Later (after the 1970s) products are LA3350, LA3361, HA11227, AN7140, BA1350, TA7343P and other models. Monolithic integrated circuits have become a popular monolithic audio integrated circuits in the world. With monolithic radio IC assembly radio its low cost, debugging is convenient. ULN2204 type AM radio integrated circuit, fully functional, can work in the 3V ~ 12V voltage range. Similar models are HA12402, TA7613, ULN2204A type.
Special function integrated circuits include display driver circuit, motor speed regulator circuit, automatic song selection circuit and noise reduction circuit.
The double column 5-point LED level display driver IC can drive 10 light-emitting diodes at the same time, it is a high school recorders, radios, CD players and other audio equipment, used for volume indication, AC and DC level indication, AC and DC power supply voltage indication of the commonly used integrated circuits. For example, China's production of SL322, SL325 and other models, foreign LB1405, TA7666P type, etc. 6, 7, 9-point LED level display driver integrated circuit model SL326, SL327, LB1407, LB1409 type.
Special features of the integrated circuit in addition to the above, there are automatic song selection integrated circuits, noise reduction integrated circuits and so on. For example, there are NE464, LM1101, LA2730, uPC1180, HA12045, HA12028 and other models, some circuit models have certain compatibility.
4. TV integrated circuits
Television using a wide variety of integrated circuits, models are not uniform, but there is a tendency to monolithic and two-chip machine highly integrated development. Used in television integrated circuits are listed below:
(1) accompaniment system integrated circuits
Television accompaniment system is currently a new trend, that is, the use of television multiple accompaniment system, the use of a variety of monolithic or multi-block television dual accompaniment signal processing integrated circuits. For example, for color television accompaniment circuit BL5250 type, BJ5250, DG5250 type accompaniment amplifier, audio amplifier integrated circuit. The circuit uses a 16-pin dual-row plug-in, with a heat sink. D7176P, uPC1353C-type companion amplifier, limiting amplifier integrated circuit, with high gain, DC operating point stability, detection distortion is small, good frequency response performance, output power and so on. uPC1353C-type and AN1353-type function is identical. Its DC volume control range of 80dB, the output stage voltage range of 9V ~ 18V, distortion is less than 0.6%, the maximum audio output power of 1.2W ~ 2.4W.
Used to accompany the sound in the amplifier, amplifier ICs are: D7176, TA7678AD, IX0052CE, IX0065CE, AN241P, CA3065, KA2101, LA1365, TA7176, KC583 type and so on.
(2) line-field scanning integrated circuits
Line-field scanning integrated circuits are better than discrete component circuits, and there are integrated scanning circuit systems using digital automatic synchronization circuits, you can get a stable field frequency signals, to ensure the stability of the interlaced scanning can be eliminated, "field synchronization" potentiometer adjustments to improve the degree of automation. Improve the degree of automation. For example, D7609P, LA1460, TA7609P, TB7609 and other models, the circuit function has: synchronization separation, field output, field oscillation, AFT, line oscillation protection.
D002 (domestic), HA11669 (foreign) type circuits, circuit functions are line oscillation, line excitation; D004 (domestic), KC581C (foreign) type circuits, the main function is the field oscillation, field output; D7242, TA7242P, KA2131, uPC1031Hz, LA1358, uPC1378h and other models. The main functions are field oscillation, field output, field excitation; D103lHz, BG103lHz, LD1031Hz, uPC1031Hz type circuits main functions are: field oscillation, field output.
(3) image playback, video playback integrated circuits
Early IF channel integrated circuits, is to use three integrated circuits to complete the playback, video detector and AFT and other functions. At present, the image has appeared in the playback, video, accompanied by sound playback, line field scanning three systems compressed in a chip in the integrated circuit, so that the circuit is simplified, to the use of debugging to bring greater convenience.
These ICs include: D1366C, SF1366, uPC1366, CD003, HA1167, D7607AP, TA7607, AN5132, CD7680CD, HA1126D, HA11215A, TB7607, TA7611AP, LA1357N, AN5150. /p>
M51353 P, etc.
(4) Color Decoder IC
The function of color decoder circuit is to recover the color signal and make the color of the image normal. Early color decoding IC is completed by several circuits, such as domestic 5G3108, 5G314, 7CD1, 7CD2, 7CD3, etc.; later the use of monolithic PAL color decoding ICs, such as TA7193AP / P, TA7644AP / P, IX02lCE, uPC1400c, M51338SP, M51393AP M51338SP, M51393AP, IX0719CE, AN5625 and so on. One of the AN5625, uPC1400C and other integrated circuits applied digital filtering delay network, some of the entire small signal processing integrated into a circuit, so that the circuit size reduction, more functional.
(5) power supply integrated circuits
Currently, most of the power supply control of television sets using integrated circuits, circuit type switching and serial type.
Switching regulator power supply control of integrated circuits are: W2019, IR9494, NJM2048, AN5900 type, etc.; belong to the series type of DC regulator integrated circuits are: STR455, STR451, LA5110, LA5112, STR5404 and other models.
(6) remote control integrated circuits
Remote control integrated circuits are divided into remote control transmitter integrated circuits and remote control receiver integrated circuits. For example, the integrated circuits used in Hitachi CEP-323D color TVs and FUJI HFC-323 color TVs are uPD1943G and LA7234 remote control integrated circuits. uPD1934G is a remote control transmitting circuit, which transmits infrared light signals, and LA7224 is a remote control receiving IC.
uPD1943G is a 20-pin double-lead direct-insert package (also available in 22-row flat package), its main parameters and features are as follows:
① CMOS circuits, similar to the characteristics and the M50119;
② power supply voltage of 3V, the power supply current of 0.lmA ~ 1mA;
③ output current of 13mA, power consumption of 0.25W;
④Can be equipped with 4×8 keys,***32 control functions.
M50142P and uPC1373H are a pair of remote control ICs.
The main parameters and characteristics of uPC1373H:
①Power supply voltage is 6V to 14.4V.
②Current range is 1.3mA to 3.5mA;
③Allowable power dissipation is 0.27W;
④Main features, structure, pin arrangement is the same as LA7224;
⑤Often pin 4 of the device can be connected to a 4 × 8 key ***32 control functions. >⑤Often connect a 150k resistor to ground at pin 4.
5. Electronic piano integrated circuit
Electronic piano integrated circuit 5G2208, 5G001, 5G002, CW93520, LM6402, M112, Z8611 and other models, the shape of only a small button size, the internal oscillator, note generator, preamplifier and other circuits, able to play the 22 to 61 basic notes. 5G005 type for the scale generator, LM8071 integrated circuit can be used as a reverberation master scale generator, which is one of the core devices of the electronic piano.M208 is a monolithic electronic piano NMOS integrated circuit, built-in short array processing 61 keys, and can be set up to anti-jitter circuit.YM3812 is a new type of electronic piano special tone generator integrated circuit.
6. CMO integrated circuits
In the digital integrated circuits, we only introduce MOS digital integrated circuits in the CMOS circuit. Because in some small appliances, CMOS integrated circuits are more widely used.
(1) Characteristics of CMOS integrated circuits
The structure and fabrication process of CMOS circuits are different from that of TTL circuits, and CMOS integrated circuits consume very low power. General small-scale CMOS integrated circuits have a static average power consumption of less than 10uW, is the lowest power consumption in all types of practical circuits. For example
TTL integrated circuits average power consumption of 10mw is 10 times the CMOS circuit. However, the dynamic power consumption of CMOS integrated circuits increases as the operating frequency increases.
The input characteristics of CMOS circuits are expressed in terms of input current and capacitance, which is generally less than 0.1uA due to the high input resistance of the circuit; the input capacitance is the sum of the various stray capacitances, which is generally around 5pF.
The output characteristics of CMOS circuits depend on the form of the output line and the characteristics of the output tube. Most CMOS circuits can be characterized in terms of output drive current, logic level and state transition time.
(2) Types of CMOS integrated circuits
There are many types of CMOS circuits, but the most commonly used are gate circuits.
Logic gates in CMOS circuits are non-gates, and gates, and non-gates, or non-gates, or gates, iso-ortho gates, iso-or-non-gates, Schmitt trigger gates, buffers, drivers, and so on.
The non-gate, also known as an inverter, is a logic gate with only 1 input and 1 output. When the input is high, the output is low; conversely, the output is high. The output is always inverted or complementary to the input. An AND gate has 2 or more inputs and 1 output. When all inputs are high, the output is also high; whenever 1 or more of the inputs are low, the output is low.
The and non-gate, on the other hand, is high when 1 or more of the inputs are low; the output is low only when all inputs are high.
An or gate has 1 or terminal and 2 or more inputs. The output is low only when all inputs are low. If 1 or more inputs are high, its output changes phase level. The output of a contingency gate circuit is high when all the inputs are low; as long as 1 or more inputs are high, the output is low.
The contingency gate circuit has two inputs and one output. When only one of the 2 inputs is high, the output is high; when both inputs are low or both are high, the output is low.
The inverted hetero-ortho gate becomes a hetero-or-non gate. An Iso-or-African Gate is also known as an "Iso-or-Gate". There are only 2 inputs and 1 output, when both inputs are low or high, the output is high; when only 1 of the 2 inputs
is high, the output is low.
The gate circuits composed of the most basic lines have disadvantages such as poor anti-interference performance and asymmetry. In order to overcome these shortcomings, can be attached to the output or input inverter as a buffer stage; can also be output or input are added at the same time inverter as a buffer stage. Gate circuits so formed are called gate circuits with buffers.
Gate circuits with buffered outputs are outputs of an inverter, the output drive capability is determined only by the output stage of the tube characteristics, and the inputs of the logic state has nothing to do. Whereas the output drive capability of a gate circuit without buffers is related to the state of the inputs. On the other hand. On the other hand, the transfer characteristic of a gate circuit with a buffer is the result of multiplying the transfer characteristics of at least three stages, so the conversion region is narrow, the shape is close to an ideal rectangle, and it does not vary with the number of input terminals used. In addition, gate circuits with buffers have the advantages of symmetrical output waveforms, large AC voltage gain, narrow bandwidth, and relatively small input capacitance. However, the additional buffer stage brings some disadvantages. For example, the transmission delay time increases, therefore, gate circuits with buffers are suitable for use in high-speed circuit systems.
In digital circuits, due to TTL circuits, CMOS circuits, ECL circuits, etc., their logic levels are different, when these circuits are connected to each other, it must be level shifted, so that the circuits are working in their respective allowable voltage operating range.
Three-state logic gates in digital circuits, generally refers to the state of the output of the circuit can be presented in three output resistance, or simply "tri-state output", this state is usually expressed in the letter "Z".
Three-state circuits in the use of the two state characteristics of the same as ordinary circuits, and in the prohibition of the "Z" state characteristics depend on the size of the leakage current of the three-state gate circuit.