What is counseling? Zhongpeng Education

Psychological CounselingPsychological counseling (counseling) refers to the use of psychological methods to provide psychological assistance to the psychological compliance problems and attempts to deal with the problems of the inquirer. The person who needs to deal with the problem and seeks assistance is called a visitor or a consultant, and the counseling expert who provides assistance is called a counselor. Visitors are asked to describe, question and discuss their psychological problems or obstacles through the medium of communication, such as words, and with their support and assistance, they are able to identify the causes of their psychological problems and analyze the crux of their problems through ****together discussions, and then seek to find ways out of their dilemmas and deal with their problems, so as to restore their psychological equilibrium, improve their ability to adapt to their environment, and improve their physical and mental well-being. The basic citation of psychological counseling can be interpreted in a broad and narrow sense. Broad psychological counseling includes psychological counseling and psychological treatment, and sometimes psychological reflection and psychological examination are also included in the scope of psychological counseling. The narrow sense of psychological counseling does not include psychological treatment and psychological reflection, psychological examination, is limited to consulting the single party through face-to-face interviews, letters, the network and telephone and other means to provide psychological assistance to visitors and counseling assistance. Psychological counseling and psychological treatment of the relationship between psychological counseling and psychological treatment, Chen Zhonggeng thought that there is no substantial difference between the two, whether in the nature of the relationship, in the process of change and learning, in the theory of guidance are similar. If there is a difference, it is artificial and non-substantial[1] . First, the duties of the profession are different. The duty of psychological counseling is mainly to promote growth, emphasizing the form of development, assisting visitors to maximize their potential, eliminating roadblocks to normal development, and focusing on prevention. Psychological treatment is mostly to compensate for the damage that the patient has caused, and to deal with and change the obstacles to the development of the structure. Second, the object and the situation is different. Psychological counseling in accordance with the form of education, the visitors are mostly normal objects, mainly related to daily life problems, usually in schools, units, psychological counseling institutions and other situations to carry out their careers. The object of psychological treatment is patients with psychological abnormality, and the profession is carried out in clinical and medical situations. Thirdly, the way of career is different. Counseling uses more ways to intervene in the visitor's life environment, such as participating in his immediate environment, getting in touch with the visitor's family, relatives and friends, using more daily life equipment (such as telephone counseling, etc.), and designing and organizing study classes and various group activities. Psychological healing, on the other hand, is more often negotiated in pairs. Fourth, the nature and content of the difficulties dealt with differ. Psychological counseling is of an ideal-oriented nature, touching on problems of consciousness, such as those related to career choice, cultivation and education, life and career guidance, and study counselling, etc., and thus mostly adopts cognitive and theoretical approaches. Psychological healing touches on the inner personality problems, and deals more with the unconscious. Major Schools of Counseling Visitor-Centered Counseling This is an examination community advocated by Rogers. Its basic assumption is that we have the ability to understand our difficulties and the resources to deal with them. Thus, as a counselor, it is important to focus on the constructive as well as well-being aspects of the visitor. The counseling focuses on the ideal situation that the visitor is directly facing, and focuses on how the visitor feels about him/herself. The goal of counseling is to enable the visitor to look at themselves to seek growth and improvement, without too much interference and guidance from the counselor can change, the counselor needs to give is understanding, sincerity, support, acceptance, relationship and positive evaluation. Behaviorist counseling Behaviorist counseling is based on learning theory and behavioral therapy theory of psychological counseling, that people's difficult behavior, symptoms are caused by faulty cognition and learning, and advocate that the focus of psychological counseling on the visitor's future behavioral problems, focusing on a particular behavioral problems in the future of the learning and processing, in order to promote difficult behavioral changes, disappearance, or new behaviors. The focus is on the learning and treatment of a particular behavioral problem in the future, in order to promote the change, disappearance or acquisition of new behavior. The founder of behaviorism is Watson, but it is Pavlov's classical demand reflex, Skinner's operant demand reflex, and Bandura's social learning theory that have a greater impact on counseling. Pavlov experimented with a dog, and when the dog ate food it would elicit salivation, which is an undemanding reflex. If the dog is given a bell, it will not elicit salivation, but if the dog is given food at the time of the bell, the dog will secrete saliva when it hears the bell alone in combination with the bell repeatedly. The ringtone, which is not related to salivation, becomes the food signal, which is an undemanding comfort that provokes salivation, and is transformed into a signaling comfort that provokes salivation. If the required reflex is not reinforced and maintained, the decline of the required reflex will occur. With regard to the bad habits, psychological problems, and physical and mental disorders caused by the unconscious demand reflex, counter-demand consolation can be used in counseling to purge and repel them. Skinner's manipulation of the demand reflex refers to the demand reflex constituted by strengthening the spontaneous activity of the animal. Skinner put a hungry mouse in the experimental box, the mouse scurrying in the box, accidentally pressed the bar that can lift the food to get food, after several times of reinforcement, the role of the requirement is rapidly constituted. In the consultation, as long as the consultant to hope for a certain behavior to be rewarded, this behavior will be strengthened, and vice versa will decline, if the punishment will be accelerated the speed of decline. Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the demonstrative role of exemplars, assuming that much of human behavior is acquired through the learning of exemplars. Like setting up a request reflex, exemplary learning is a basic approach to social learning in humans. There are other commonly used approaches in behavioral therapy, such as systematic desensitization, imagery aversion, reinforcement, and consideration suspension. Cognitive behavioral psychological counseling cognitive behavioral therapy is a group of short-term psychological treatment methods to change bad cognition through changing thoughts or confidence and behavioral methods to reach the elimination of bad moods and behaviors. Representative of Ellis's rational mood behavior therapy (REBT), Beck and Remy's cognitive therapy (CT) and Meckenbaum's cognitive behavior modification techniques. Cognitive therapy is more effective for symptoms of moral decadence, depravity (demoralization), guilt (Guilt) and shame (Shame). Cognitive therapy is more commonly used for clients with PTSD and co-occurring affective or anxiety or personality disorders (antisocial, borderline, narcissistic personality disorders). Psychological counseling psychoanalysis psychoanalysis method, also known as psychological analysis method, usually published in 1895 Freud and Broyles "on the hysteria of the seminar" as a sign of the formal creation of psychological analysis. It is a method of healing and restraining the effects of motivational resistance in infancy through self-association, empathy, and interpretation of dreams and lapses. The use of psychoanalysis in the counseling process: (a) Self-association: the classic self-association is to say whatever thoughts are manifesting in the mind of the client. No matter how absurd they may be, how trivial they may seem to the person, and no matter how impermissible they may be to existing standards of morality, they may also include opinions about doctors. Do not have any scruples or constraints about saying everything that comes into your head. (ii) Impedance: the consultant shows a lack of ease of association, often showing interruptions in speech, stammering or running out of things to say. Or intentionally avoid some difficult questions, or argue with the counselor. Resistance is unwilling to show the content of the subconscious manifestation, because they are very afraid of shaking their "scars". Since this is an unconscious process, the counselor is not aware of it. The abolition of impedance is not easy, this is the most difficult process of analysis and treatment, but also the most time-consuming reason. The face of impedance counselor to have enough patience, the presentation of impedance is also an important clue to discover the mental defense mechanism of the consultant. (C) Empathy: In the negotiation, the client takes the counselor as the object of venting, which is called empathy. Freud thought that empathy is a reproduction of the consultant's early relationship with his parents, and not a real attitude toward the counselor, which is the consultant's early experience transplanted to the performance of the counselor. Empathy is also divided into positive and negative empathy. In empathy, the client tends to treat the counselor as a special person, and at this time, the client may rely on the counselor to strengthen the threshold of a lot, or to the therapist in front of a child or to the therapist to develop a love for the therapist. The presentation of empathy is a great challenge to the counselor, the treatment and interpretation of empathy is also an important healing technique for the counselor. It is important to make it clear to the client that these manifestations are a reproduction of her immature psyche. Empathy is essential to healing and is the most difficult technique to master in profiling. (iv) Interpretation of dreams: this paragraph refers to Freud's Interpretation of Dreams. (e) Interpretation, monasticism, and realization: In the process of healing, the counselor gives some interpretations of the client's situation, but these interpretations should be made in the context of a good therapeutic relationship. About some difficult tips usually only once the tips are not enough, the client's more difficult problems are shown in life, so the counselor according to the client's life changes, the appropriate time to give tips. Continuing to assist the client in dealing with the conflict is called channeling. In this kind of temporary treatment, the counselor's prompting and assistance to the consultant gradually understand my problem. Objects, classifications and methods of psychological counselingObjects of psychological counselingThe most common and main object of psychological counseling is the healthy people or people with psychological problems, which is different from the extremely healthy people, and also different from the main object of psychological treatment[2]. Classification and mode of psychological counseling According to the content of counseling, psychological counseling can be divided into developmental counseling and well-being counseling; according to the scale of counseling, it can be divided into individual counseling and group counseling; according to the mode of counseling, it can be divided into outpatient counseling, telephone counseling and Internet counseling. Carrying out counseling and wellness counseling 1, carrying out counseling in order to comply with the ancient occupation and life rhythm, people pay more and more attention to their own views and concerns, and carry out psychological counseling, can help people to explore the psychological potential, enhance the ability of self-view. When the self-view shows bias or obstacles, it can be dealt with through psychological counseling. As the level of material and spiritual civilization of human beings increases, people gradually pay attention to how to improve the quality of life in a comprehensive way, such as improving learning and professional ability, maintaining the best professional form, maintaining a stable living environment, and coordinating the interpersonal relationship of family members and social members. As a professional technique, psychological counseling can help people adjust their inner world and improve their quality of life. Psychological counseling often touches on the following contents: the influence of pregnant women's psychological pattern, behavioral activities and living environment on the fetus; late intellectual development of children; psychological problems in children's development; imbalance of physical and mental development during adolescence; social compliance problems; counseling on sexual psychological knowledge; male and female socialization and early love, etc.; contradiction between independence and dependence of young people; friendship and love; motivation for achievement and self-completion problems; choice of spouse and new marriage; interpersonal relationship; choice of spouse and new marriage; and the relationship with the family members. New marriage; interpersonal relationships; career choice, unemployment and re-work; interpersonal conflicts, mood disorders, occupational and family load adjustment in middle age and menopause; family structure adjustment; menopausal syndromes, etc.; re-adaptation of social roles in old age; family relationships of husband and wife, two generations, grandchildren, etc.; physical aging and psychological aging; old age sexuality, etc. 2, health counseling Who are the targets of the psychological counseling for health? It should be said that those who feel that the psychological well-being of the crowd, are the object of psychological well-being counseling. That is to say, but due to certain psychosocial comfort caused by the psychological form of tension, and understand the experience of physical or emotional distress, can be the object of psychological health counseling. Because psychosocial comfort is very diverse and complex, in the current society prevails. Therefore, all the psychological problems presented in life, occupation, study, family, disease, rehabilitation, marriage, parenting, etc., once the helpers experience discomfort or suffering experience, can belong to the occupational scope of wellness psychological counseling. The contents are as follows: (1) various mood disorders, such as anxiety and fear, depression and disappointment, etc.; (2) a variety of uncontrollable thoughts, intentions, behaviors, and explanations of actions; (3) various types of physical and mental illnesses, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, bronchial asthma, ulcer disease, etc., as well as sexual dysfunction; (4) temporary chronic physical illnesses, which have not been treated for a long time, and are not happy with the medical treatment and have lost their determination. Psychological guidance; (5) Psychological guidance for those who seek help during the recovery period of mental illness; (6) How to handle and care for those who seek help in the family. The process of psychological counseling 1, entry and orientation stage [3] (1) establish a counseling relationship; (2) collect relevant materials to facilitate the initial definition of the problem, understand the need for counseling; (3) preliminary understanding of the person's personal and environmental resources; make a decision to accept the case; make counseling arrangements. 2, the problem-personal exploration phase (1) establish a good relationship (2) collect relevant materials In order to further define and understand the problem (3) to assist the parties to carry out self-exploration, to achieve a deeper understanding of the parties 3, goals and programs to discuss the stage (1) to stimulate the parties to change the motivation (2) to deal with the relationship between the parties to the hopes and goals (3) the counselor should be aware of the existing means of intervention and the limitations of their own ability (4) to consult the target should be determined to the parties to the main role of the consultant to play a supplementary role 4, action/transformation stage (1) to prevent the person to become a kind of active, bear, rely on the role (2) adhere to the sensitivity (3) to pay attention to the healing gains in the practical life of the transfer of the use of the situation (4) action/transformation stage should be evaluated often, that is, based on the identified goals, to see how much progress in counseling and healing practices. 5, evaluation/completion of the stage (1) evaluation of the target gains (2) to deal with Relationship completion of the difficult problem: separation anxiety (3) for the migration of learning and self-dependence to prepare (4) the last negotiation counseling techniques to establish a good counseling relationship 1, respect in the value, dignity, personality and so on with the help of the helpers equivalent, the help of the help of the help of the people as a thought and feeling, inner experience, the pursuit of life and **** the same sex and autonomy of a living person to look at. It should be manifested in the current situation of the helpers, values, personality and rights and interests of the acceptance, attention and protection. 2, sincerity refers to the counselor in the consulting process of the visitor sincere and honest, not deliberately to please each other, not because of self-defense and whitewash, not to avoid my mistakes and shortcomings, and straightforward expression of my ideas. Sincerity can be exchanged for trust and like, but also give the helpers a sense of peace, but pay attention, can not understand the sincerity of the complexity of the falsehood, the words and deeds of the counselor to help the growth of the visitor. 3, *** love **** love refers to the ability to experience the inner world of others. It includes three meanings: (1) the counselor with the help of the words and deeds of the helpers, deepen each other's heart to experience his feelings, thoughts; (2) the counselor with the help of knowledge and experience, master the helpers experience and his experience and personality of the contact between the better understanding of the nature of the problem; (3) the counselor using the counseling method, the **** feelings conveyed to the other party in order to influence the other party and get feedback. *** feelings need to be rational, and can not replace the parties to make rational judgments, "*** feelings" does not mean that indiscriminate use of sympathy, it is only to assist others to import positive, optimistic, upward mood participatory technology 1, listening Listening is the first step in counseling, is to set up a good counseling relationship with the basic threshold. Listening can not only express respect for the seeker, but also make the other party in a relaxed and trusting situation to talk about their chagrin. Listening, the counselor should be able to carefully, interested, put himself in the position to listen, and appropriate expression of understanding, do not have preconceived notions, do not do value evaluation. 2, open questioning and blocked questioning (1). Open-ended interrogation usually use "what", "how", "why", "can ... ", "willing or unwilling ..." and other words to ask questions, so that the helpers on the relevant problems, thoughts, feelings to give detailed clarification. (2) The blockade interrogation usually uses the words "is not", "right or wrong", "to be or not to be", "there is no (2) Blocked interrogation usually uses words such as "is it", "right or wrong", "to be or not to be", "there is no", etc., and the answer is also "yes", "no" type of complex answer. 3, motivation and repetition techniques to motivate, i.e., directly repeat the words of the help-seeker or only with certain words such as "hmmm ", "go on", "and", "and", etc., to strengthen the content of the help-seeker's narrative and motivate him to speak further. 4, the content of the reaction to the content of the reaction, also known as interpretation or elucidation, refers to the counselor to the help-seeker's main speech, thoughts to be synthesized and organized, and then feedback. The content response, also known as interpretation or clarification, refers to the counselor to the main speech of the help-seeker, the idea to synthesize and organize, and then feedback to the help-seeker. 5, emotional response and interpretation is very close, but there is a difference, interpretation focuses on the content of the help-seeker's speech feedback, while the emotional response focuses on the help-seeker's mood response. 6, detailed detail refers to the consultant to help the help-seeker to clearly and accurately express their ideas, concepts used, the experience of the emotions and the things experienced. 7, summarize summarize It refers to the counselor to the help-seeker's verbal and non-verbal behavior, including emotional synthesis and organization, in the form of an outline and then expressed to the help-seeker. Influential technology 1, the face of the question, also known as questioning, confrontation, confrontation, confrontation, confrontation of ideals, etc., refers to the counselor to point out the existence of the contradiction in the helper. 2, interpretation, that is, the use of a certain theory to depict the helper's thoughts, feelings and behaviors of the cause, the nature of the 3, pointing pointing, i.e., the counselor directly directs the helper to do something, say certain words or act in a certain way. Pointing is one of the most obvious methods of influence. 4, emotional expression of the consultant to inform my mood, emotional activity, so that the helpers understand, that is, emotional expression. 5, content expression of content expression refers to the consultant to pass on the information, put forward the proposal, provide advice, give reassurance, praise and blame and feedback, etc. 6, self-open self open self open, also known as self-exposure, self-exposure, refers to the consultant to put forward my emotions, thoughts, experiences with the helpers, and the consultant to make the counseling of the people. The counselor's emotions, thoughts, and experiences are shared with the seeker***. Elimination of impedance impedance is a person about the counseling process of self-exposure and self-change resistance. Impedance performance: from the level of speech: reticence, reticence, redundant speech from the content of speech: theoretical conversation, mood venting, discussing trivialities and false questions from the way of speech: psychological external attribution, forgetfulness, adherence, control of the topic, and ultimately expose the behavioral manifestations of the present to delay the time of speaking, late, late counselor to deal with the main points of impedance is: 1, lifting the vigilance of the mind, the counselor does not have to look too serious, the first thing to do is to *** feelings, thoughts, experiences, to share with the client. First of all, to do *** love, concern and understanding, as far as possible to invent a good atmosphere of counseling, lifting the other party's scruples, so that it can openly and honestly talk about my problems. 2, correctly diagnosed and analyzed, based on certain personality traits of the seeker, the consultant in the negotiation should be some views, with a sincere attitude and professional knowledge and skills to gain the other party's trust. 3, to honestly assist the other party to look at the attitude of resistance Once the counselor confirms that there is resistance, he or she can feedback this information to the person seeking help. To pay attention to assist each other's point of view to start to honestly discuss the attitude of the problem to the other side. Expert concept 1, with the ancient occupation and life beat faster and faster, people are facing more and more pressure and dilemma, and psychological counseling, can help people to explore the psychological potential, enhance the self-view, out of the psychological haze. 2, such as emotional problems, physical and mental diseases, children in the development of psychological problems; adolescent physical and mental development of the imbalance; the social adjustment problems; sexual psychological knowledge counseling; men and women social and early love, etc.; the independence of youth Socialization and early love, etc.; the contradiction between youth independence and dependence; friendship and love; achievement motivation and self-completion problems; choice of spouse and new marriage; interpersonal relationships; choice of career, unemployment and re-work; interpersonal conflicts in middle age and menopause, mood disorders, career and family load adjustment; family structure adjustment; menopausal syndromes, etc.; old age and social role re-adjustment; family relations between husband and wife, two generations, grandchildren and other family relations; physical senility and psychological senility; sexual life in old age. and psychological aging; old age sexual life and other difficulties can be alleviated and assisted through psychological counseling. This is about what is psychological counseling? The answer of Zhongpeng education.15