Shame
List of Unequal Treaties
Treaty of Nanjing August 1842 Britain
Main Contents
1. Cession of Hong Kong Island to Britain
2. Compensation of 21 million silver dollars
3. Opening of Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai as ports of entry for trade
4. The tariff rate of imported and exported goods collected by the Chinese Customs from British merchants had to be agreed with the British side
Impact
1. The beginning of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society
2. The main contradiction between the landlord class and the peasantry class was transformed into the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, and the contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people
3. The contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation became the most important contradiction
4. From then on, the Chinese people shouldered the double revolutionary task of opposing the aggression of foreign capitalism and the feudal rule in their own country
5. China entered the period of the old democratic revolution
The Charter of the Five Ports for the Conduct of Commerce and the Treaty of Humen 1844 Britain
The Main Contents
The main contents of the treaty were that the Chinese people seized the consular judgment from the Chinese government. Seizing from them privileges such as consular jurisdiction, unilateral most-favored-nation treatment, and leasing of land and houses for detention at the ports of commerce
Treaty of Wangxia and Treaty of Huangpu 1844 U.S.A. and France
Main contents
Gaining more aggressive rights and interests
Treaty of Tientsin Summer of 1858 RUSSIA-USA-UNITED STATES-BRITISH-FRANCE
Main contents
1. Foreign Foreign ministers were stationed in Beijing
2. 10 commercial ports were opened along the coast and the river
3. Foreign warships and merchant ships were allowed to navigate in the Yangtze River ports
4. Foreigners were allowed to travel, do business, and preach in the interior of China
5. The Qing government compensated the British and French for the expenses of 2 million taels of silver each, and compensated the British for the loss of 2 million taels of silver
6. Treaty of Beijing 1860 Russia
Main contents
1.The Qing government recognized the validity of the Treaty of Tianjin
2.The opening of Tianjin as a commercial port
3.The cession of a district of Jiulongsi to the United Kingdom
4.The indemnification to the United Kingdom and France was increased to 8,000,000 taels of silver each
Impacts of the Tianjin Treaty on the *** same as that of the Treaty of Beijing
The Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing
The Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing
The Treaty of Tianjin were the first to be signed by the Qing government.
The Qing government began to be controlled by the great powers, and the reactionary forces of China and foreign countries openly colluded with each other to suppress the resistance of the Chinese people
China's semi-colonialization and semi-feudalization deepened
Treaty of Beijing 1860 Russia
By the 1880s, Russia had appropriated more than 1.5 million square kilometers of China's northeastern and northwestern territories
Treaty of Shimonoseki April 1895 Japan
Main contents
1. Cession of Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and its dependencies, and Pescadores to Japan
2. Compensation for Japan's military expenditures amounting to 200 million taels of silver
3. Opening up of Shashi, Chungking, Suzhou, and Hangzhou as ports of commerce, and allowing Japanese ships to sail along the inland waterways into the ports of commerce
4. Japan can invest and set up factories in the ports of commerce in China, and the products shipped to the Chinese mainland are exempted from the mainland tax
Impact
1. China's territory and sovereignty suffered a further serious loss
2. After that, the imperialists vied with each other to divide the sphere of influence in China, and set off a frenzy of partition of China
3. Forced the Qing government to carry out a large political borrowing from the great powers
4. The opening of new trading ports allowed foreign invasion forces to penetrate further into the interior of China
5. Allowed Japan to invest in China and set up factories, expanding its way of exporting capital to China and seriously hampering the development of China's national capitalism
6. The semi-colonialization of Chinese society deepened considerably
The Treaty of Simchung, September 1901, between the United Kingdom and the United States of America, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria
Main contents
1. The Qing government paid compensation of 450 million taels of silver to various countries, to be repaid in 39 years, with principal and interest*** amounting to 980 million taels
2. The compensation was secured by China's tariffs and salt duties, and China's tax revenues were subject to foreign control to a greater extent
3. "The Chinese were not allowed to live there, and troops were stationed everywhere to protect them
4. The forts from Beijing to Dagu were demolished, and all countries were allowed to send troops to guard strategic places along the railroad from Beijing to Shanhaiguan
5. Officials who "fought against" the Great Powers in the Boxer Rebellion were punished, and the Chinese people were forbidden to set up and participate in anti-imperialist activities forever. The Chinese people were forbidden to set up and participate in organizations of an anti-imperialist nature
6. The Premier's Yamen was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was on top of the six ministries
Impact
The embassy boundary thus became a place of occupation for the Great Powers in China's capital city
The Qing government became a complete tool for the imperialists to dominate China and repress its people
The Great Powers were able to tighten their control over the Qing government through diplomacy
The Qing government was also able to strengthen its control over the Chinese government through diplomacy. control
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Listed below are some of the treaties that the Chinese government, or most Chinese people, considered to be unequal.
China-Russia-Mongolia Entente (June 7, 1915, China and Russia, signed at Chaktu, Outer Mongolia)
Minshi Treaty (Article 21) (May 25, 1915, China and Japan, signed at Beijing)
Manchuria Boundary Treaty (Dec. 20, 1911 (Xuantong 3), China and Russia, signed at Manzhouli)
Renewal of the Sino-British Treaty of Tibet and India (April 27, 1906 (Guangxu 32), signed at Beijing)
Positive Treaty of the Sino-Japanese Conference of the Eastern Provinces (December 22, 1905 (Guangxu 31), signed at Beijing)
Treaty of Sinchu (September 7, 1901 (Guangxu 27), signed at Beijing)
Treaty of Sinchu (September 7, 1901 (Guangxu 27), signed at Beijing)
Treaty of Sinchu (September 7, 1901 (Guangxu 27), signed at Beijing) Signed: Beijing)
Treaty of Lease of Guangzhou Bay (Dated: November 16, 1899 (Guangxu 25); Signed: Guangzhou Bay; China and France)
Special Article for the Lease of Weihaiwei (Dated: July 1, 1898 (Guangxu 24); Signed: Beijing; China and Great Britain)
Special Article for the Expansion of Hong Kong's Boundary Sites (Dated: June 9, 1898 (Guangxu 24); signed: Beijing; China and Great Britain)
China-Russia Treaty on the Lease of Brigantine (March 27, 1898 (Guangxu 24); signed: Beijing; Renewal of the Treaty on the Lease of Brigantine signed in Petersburg, Russia, May 7, 1898)
China-Germany Treaty on the Lease of Jiaoao (1898 (Guangxu 24)) March 6, Beijing; China and Germany)
Chinese-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (July 21, 1896 (Guangxu 22), signed in Beijing)
Chinese-Russian Secret Treaty (June 3, 1896 (Guangxu 22), Moscow)
Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 17, 1895 (Guangxu 21), Shimonoseki, with Japan)
Chinese-British Conference Tibet-India Clause (Calcutta, India, March 17, 1890 (Guangxu 16); Supplementary Revision: Darjeeling, December 5, 1893)
Chinese-British Treaty of Yantai (Yantai, 1876 (Guangxu 2); China and Great Britain)
Chinese-Japanese Treaty of Peking (Beijing, October 31, 1874 (Tongzhi 13))
Chinese Sino-Russian Treaty on the Survey of the Northwest Boundary (Talbahadai, October 7, 1864 (Tongzhi 3))
Chinese-German Treaty of Commerce (Tientsin, September 2, 1861 (Reigns 11))
Treaty of Beijing
Chinese-Russian Treaty of Beijing (Beijing, November 14, 1860 (Reigns 10))
Chinese-French Treaty of Beijing ( Beijing, October 25, 1860 (Reigns 10)
Treaty of Beijing between China and Britain (Beijing, October 24, 1860 (Reigns 10)
Treaty of Tianjin
Treaty of Tianjin between China and France (Tianjin, June 27, 1858 (Reigns 8)
Treaty of Tianjin between China and Britain (Tianjin, June 26, 1858, Tianjin)
Treaty of Tianjin between China and the United States (June 18, 1858, Tianjin)
Treaty of Tianjin between China and the Russian Federation (June 13, 1858, Tianjin)
Treaty of Aigun between China and the Russian Federation (May 28, 1858, Aigun)
Statute on the British, French, and American Leaseholds in Shanghai ( Shanghai, July 5, 1854 (Xianfeng 4)
China-Russia Statute of Commerce of Talbakatai, Ili (Ili, August 6, 1851 (Xianfeng 1)
Treaty of Whampoa (Whampoa, France, October 24, 1844 (Daoguang 24)
Treaty of Wangxia (Wangxia, U.S.A., July 3, 1844 (Daoguang 24)
The Treaty of Wangxia (Wangxia, U.S.A.)
The Treaty of Aigun (Wangxia, U.S.A.) Wangxia)
Treaty of Humen (October 8, 1843 (Daoguang 23), with Great Britain, Humen)
Treaty of Nanjing (August 29, 1842 (Daoguang 22), with Great Britain, Nanjing)
In 1917, the unequal treaties were abrogated between Germany and Austria-Hungary for having become hostile to China in the First World War.1917 The Soviet Union voluntarily renounced its privileges in China (not fully honored afterwards, and no territories gained by the treaty were returned). 1943 The United States and Great Britain voluntarily renounced their privileges in China. In 1943, the United States and Great Britain voluntarily renounced their privileges in China. Italy and Japan lost their special status when they became hostile to China in World War II.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) did not recognize all the unequal treaties signed before.
In what ways did China's growing strength manifest itself?
Buckling up for life
Safety in production is one of the Party and government's key areas of supervision, and the introduction of the Work Safety Law, reform of the national safety supervision system, and severe penalties for violations of the law have received widespread attention. However, the situation of production safety in China is still grim, with many accidents in coal mines and other high-risk industries. In accordance with the medium- and long-term goal of production safety, by 2007, China will have established a more complete safety supervision system, the national production safety situation will steadily improve, the key industries and areas of the accident-prone situation will be reversed, the number of deaths in accidents in industrial and mining enterprises, coal mines million-ton mortality rate, the death rate of 10,000 vehicles on the road traffic and other indicators will be reduced by a certain margin.
Children can afford to go to school
In 2004, China's average number of years of education for people over 15 years old was 8.3 years, exceeding the world average by one year. However, only 7.2% of education employees have received higher education, and the investment in education is still seriously insufficient. 2006, the universalization and consolidation of compulsory education in rural areas will become the top priority of education. Financial expenditure on education will increase more than financial expenditure, teachers' salaries and per-pupil public funds will increase gradually, and problems of immediate concern to the people, such as poor school conditions, operational difficulties and arbitrary fees, will be gradually resolved. By 2010, the population coverage rate of nine years of compulsory education will be close to 100 percent.
Seeing a doctor's heart comfortable
The past five years, China's medical and health care breakthrough rely on the government's single development model, is the fastest period of development since the founding of New China. But the medical system, there are still many obstacles to the mechanism, public medical institutions one-sided pursuit of economic interests of the tendency is serious, minor illnesses, "big prescription", "indiscriminate examination", difficult to see a doctor, expensive to see a doctor has become a strong reflection of the problem. 2006 new rural medical system will be expanded to the pilot surface of the cooperative medical system. In 2006, the pilot surface of the new rural cooperative medical system will be expanded to 40%, the masses of the phenomenon of poverty due to disease, poverty will be further curbed; the State will implement the necessary funding to support the construction of rural health centers and county hospitals, to provide farmers with safe, inexpensive basic health care services; the development of community health services will provide basic medical services for low-income people in the city to protect.
Assured to drink water and eat meat
In 2005, in order to strengthen pollution control and ecological protection, to promote the prevention and control of pollution in key watershed areas, and to focus on solving the environmental pollution that seriously jeopardizes the health and safety of the people, especially water pollution, air pollution and other issues, the state closed 15 waste of resources, pollution of the environment, small enterprises, the implementation of industrial pollution sources to meet the deadline for discharge. In 2006, letting people drink clean water and breathe fresh air has become one of the important goals of governments at all levels. The country has made it clear that by the end of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", China's energy consumption per unit of GDP to reduce by about 20% compared to the end of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan", the construction of an environmentally friendly society has become more and more the whole society **** knowledge.
Supporting the "umbrella"
In the first 10 months of 2005, China's cumulative total of 8.8 million new urban employment, "Tenth Five-Year" period to achieve the goal of 40 million new urban employment has been achieved ahead of schedule. However, China has entered the peak period of growth of the working-age population, and in the next few years, the gap between the supply and demand of labor force will still reach 13 million to 14 million people each year. In the future, enterprises will not be allowed to focus on pushing surplus personnel into society, and the State will also establish an employment-oriented indicator system for vocational education and training institutions. "During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, 45 million new jobs will be created. Some discriminatory employment agreements will be banned. Optimizing the employment environment has become one of the key elements of the government's work.
Home ownership
In 2005, under the unified deployment of the State Council, a number of departments joined forces to regulate the real estate market, and the market order has improved. But for ordinary people, commercial housing prices are still "high". With the central stabilization of housing prices policy implemented one after another, the real estate market will curb investment, control investment, guide reasonable consumption, stabilize housing prices in the direction of the expected goal, speculative home-buying behavior will be curbed, low- and middle-income groups of the housing problem will get more attention, housing prices will be in a wider range of the people docking.
Old age
Statistics show that the country's social insurance premiums for retirees have increased 119 times in 19 years. However, at present, China's public **** pension coverage accounts for only 15% of the total population, a part of the retirees living in dire straits, the rural elderly basically do not enjoy social security. With the continuous improvement of the basic pension insurance system for enterprise employees, and with a focus on the participation of non-publicly owned enterprises, urban self-employed businessmen and flexibly employed persons, the scope of basic pension insurance coverage will be gradually expanded. The state gradually realize the pension insurance personal account, more and more people will live a life of old age, medical care.
***Enjoying the fruits of development
China's people's life in general has made a historic leap from subsistence to well-being, but the poorest people, who account for 20 percent of the country's total population, now earn or consume only 4.7 percent of the income, while the richest people, who account for 20 percent of the total population, earn or consume as much as 50 percent of the income.
The government will start adjusting the national income distribution system and the structure of state financial expenditures in 2006, with a view to improving the quality of life of the people. distribution system and the structure of state financial expenditures to establish a system of support and protection for agriculture, so that public **** services will benefit farmers; in the future, new financial resources will be focused on the countryside, agriculture and farmers, and the rate of growth will be much higher than the rate of growth of fiscal recurrent revenues; the development of the western part of the country, the revitalization of the old industrial bases in the northeast, and the promotion of the rise of central China, and other strategic initiatives, will also accelerate **** the same affluent pace.
Migrant workers get their wages in time
With the Party and the government attaching great importance to the issue, actions to clear the wages owed to migrant workers have been launched one after another around the country. As of September 2005, a total of 141 billion yuan, or 75.82 percent of the total amount in arrears, had been paid for projects completed before 2003 nationwide. However, the phenomenon of disregarding and infringing on the interests of migrant workers still occurs from time to time, and the working environment has yet to be fundamentally improved; in 2006, it has become incumbent upon governments at all levels to make sure that migrant workers receive their wages in full and on time. With the state to effectively strengthen the supervision of enterprises, owners will be further standardized behavior, under construction and new projects will be curbed in the phenomenon of wage arrears; farmers into the city to work in a more relaxed environment.
More quality of life
Statistics show that the average rate of urban and rural residents traveling in China has reached 84.8 percent, and cultural products are also greatly enriched. However, compared with the rising spiritual and cultural needs of the people, the cultural service network is still very unsound, and the high ticket prices of some attractions still make the people "shy away from the scenery. 2006, so that ordinary people can afford to see the scenery, to enjoy a better quality of life, leaving the government with more space for reflection and efforts. With the promotion of cultural system reform, the people will enjoy increasingly perfect cultural services; in the countryside, the popularity of theaters, cultural centers, libraries and other facilities, will be the farmers of the traditional concept of daily life greatly expanded.
1.1 billion Chinese people have solved the problem of food and clothing, a survival problem left over from the last hundred years, which is a great achievement in the history of human development.
2. The Chinese have developed the ability to challenge the outside world in terms of the quantity and quality of low- and medium-end products, which has had a deafening effect on the outside world.
3. On the basis of abundant food and clothing, they are solving the problem of modernization of science and technology on the ground. Nowadays, many developed countries have blocked China's projects, have been quickly solved; more gratifying is that we are far lower than the price of these developed countries in other regions, to solve these problems.
4. To say that China has become very powerful is somewhat unrealistic; however, as a vast country with 1.3 billion people adhering to socialism at the mid-industry level, no one would dare to underestimate it because we can easily mobilize the whole country's strength to deal with foreign invasions and maintain the unity of the country.
5. We Chinese can live on 1,000 yuan a month, or 100 yuan a month, and we are not afraid to break pots and pans, which is not even a thought in developed countries.
6. The outside world has nothing to do with the Chinese.