(a) rescue, transfer or evacuation of stranded people
Mainly on-site search, rescue, evacuation and on-site medical treatment of the affected people. After the occurrence of the disaster, the local people's government, grassroots mass self-governance organizations should be based on the actual situation, and timely mobilization of residents threatened by geological disasters, as well as other people to move to a safe place; in case of emergency, you can force the organization of the evacuation to avoid the disaster. The focus is to safeguard the lives and properties of the disaster victims, the livelihood security of the disaster victims, and the psychological measurement of the disaster victims. Protect the safety of important targets and rescue and transportation of important materials.
(2) disaster site investigation, assessment and trend judgment
As soon as possible to identify the causes of geological disasters, the scope of the impact of the disaster investigation, assessment, the development trend of the disaster to judge, put forward emergency management measures.
1. Disaster prediction and quick report
Provide the specific location, type and level; determine the threat object and scope of the geologic hazardous point; determine the response level; serve for the initiation of emergency response and rescue decision-making.
2. Environmental judgment of the disaster area
To carry out the geological environment survey, mainly topography and geomorphology, stratigraphy and lithology, geological structure, hydrogeology, adverse geological phenomena and other investigations. On the dead and injured people rescue treatment and transfer of affected people resettlement; affected property transfer route to determine, at the same time, according to the characteristics of the geological environment, based on different geomorphological features for the provision of material security to get ready.
3. Geological disaster hidden danger investigation, prevention and monitoring
Mainly by the expert team is responsible for guiding the investigation of the site hidden danger. Prevent secondary disaster injuries to disaster relief personnel and the surrounding areas of geologic hazards hidden emergency investigation and prevention. To familiarize themselves with the main body of the disaster, come up with a plan and implement the responsible person. At the same time, find out the cause, determine where there is danger, need to evacuate, to where the search and rescue, and so on.
4. Analyze the cause of the disaster
Mainly to investigate the cause of the disaster, analyze the development trend of the disaster, and on this basis to guide and assist in disaster relief work.
5. Disaster risk assessment
To analyze the disaster-causing geologic bodies, and to assess different types of geologic disasters separately.
(1) Landslide
Slide elements and deformation characteristics should be investigated, the scale, type, main triggering factors and the scope of influence of landslides should be analyzed, and its current status and stability under unfavorable working conditions should be evaluated.
(2)Dangerous rock collapse
She should investigate the morphology of steep cliffs, lithological combinations, rock structure, structural surface traits, the degree to which the dangerous rock body has been cut by fissures, and the deformation of the base, and analyze the morphology, type, scale and the scope of influence of the collapse of the dangerous rock, and evaluate its stability.
(3)Mudslide
Surveys should be conducted on the material conditions of mudslide formation, topographic and geomorphological conditions, hydrological conditions, development of vegetation, and the impact of human activities, to analyze the conditions of mudslide formation, scale, type, activity characteristics, mode of erosion, mode of destruction, and the scope of impact of mudslide, and to predict the development trend of mudslide.
(4) Ground subsidence
The karst subsidence and loess wet subsidence should be investigated for the subsidence form, boundary, geological conditions of formation and underground hydrodynamic conditions, cave filling, building deformation and treatment. For mining collapse and underground excavation collapse should be investigated collapse in the underground mining (excavation) of the location, boundary, depth of burial, mining and excavation time, treatment methods, water accumulation and other conditions. Gravity and surface loading effects, vibration effects, groundwater and surface water effects and the scope of influence of the collapse should be analyzed, and the scope of influence of the ground collapse.
(5) Ground cracks
Investigate the geometric and activity characteristics of ground cracks, the scale, nature and distribution of single ground cracks and group ground cracks, the damage characteristics of ground cracks to ground and underground buildings, and the existing preventive and control measures and effects. The study also includes delineation of the causes of geologic cracks, determination of the triggering factors, prediction of the development trend, and analysis of the relationship with other geologic hazards in the same area.
(6) Ground subsidence
Investigate the location, cause, history, groundwater extraction and irrigation of the ground subsidence area, the cumulative amount of subsidence, the rate of subsidence; the composition of rock and soil and uniformity in the subsidence area, the characteristics and thickness of various types of soil layers, and the hazards of ground subsidence. Analyze the causes of subsidence, initially define the scope of ground settlement and determine the cumulative amount and rate of ground settlement, and predict the development trend of subsidence.
(C) Emergency disposal project implementation - the basic method of geological disaster rescue
Organize emergency disposal project construction according to the situation of disaster site investigation, assessment and trend judgment. Emergency disposal works for different disasters and people, equipment, environment and other damage, including emergency education, risk avoidance, evacuation, channeling, rescue, disposal, repair, aftermath and so on. In order to effectively organize the emergency disposal works, the rescuers should understand and master the basic procedures and methods of rescue work during or after the occurrence of different types of geological disasters. According to the Internet (see the main references and information listed) and related disaster treatment, disposal information and other summarized, different types of geologic disaster emergency rescue and treatment (disposal) of the basic methods are as follows:
1. Emergency response to the occurrence of the collapse
(1) Depending on the risk of evacuation of personnel and materials from the hazardous area in a timely manner
When the collapse, landslides by accelerated deformation stage into the critical slip stage, the collapse and slide disaster is in the danger zone. stage, the collapse and landslide disaster is inevitable, not manpower in a short period of time can be stopped, at this time, the situation should be promptly reported to the local government departments, the government departments to organize the risk area residents, property and timely evacuation of the danger zone, to ensure the safety of people's lives and property.
(2)Timely stop disaster-causing power destructive effect
In order to fight for the rescue and relief time, and delay the collapse, landslide large-scale destruction, the monitoring technicians should immediately analyze the information, and timely stop disaster-causing power destructive effect, such as the collapse induced by the mining, mining activities should be stopped immediately; such as the foot of the slope induced by the excavation of landslides, should be stopped immediately by the excavation; such as the landslide induced by the leakage of the channel, should be stopped immediately; such as the landslides induced by the excavation of the foot of the slope, the landslides induced by the leakage of the canal. landslides induced by channel leakage, water release to the channel should be stopped immediately.
(3)If there are omens in advance, the evacuation plan should be formulated as early as possible
Avalanche and landslide disasters often have omens in advance before large-scale collapses and slides, in such cases, the local government departments should formulate a good evacuation plan for the evacuation of the people in the danger zone as early as possible, so as to prevent unnecessary casualties and accidents due to the confusion.
2. Emergency response to landslides
1) When in a landslide, the first thing to do is to stay calm and not panic. To quickly look around, to the safer section of the evacuation. Generally except for high-speed landslides, as long as the action is rapid, it is possible to escape the dangerous section. When running away, running to the sides is the best direction. In a downward sliding slope, it is dangerous to run up or down. When the case can not run away from the high-speed landslide, but also can not panic, under certain conditions, such as landslides as a whole sliding, stay put, or hold trees and other things, is not an effective self-help measures. Such as March 7, 1983 occurred in Gansu Province, Dongxiang County, the famous high-speed loess landslide --- sprinkler mountain landslide survivors is in the landslide, hold on to the body of the landslide of a large tree and life.
2) When in a non-landslide area and suspicious landslide activity is detected, report it immediately to the relevant government or organization such as a neighboring village, township or county. For example, the group survey and prevention station or county, city, regional and provincial government land and resource authorities, the agency should be responsible for this responsibility, and immediately organize the relevant government, units, troops, experts and local people to participate in rescue and disaster relief activities.
3) Government departments should immediately implement emergency measures (plan), quickly organize the evacuation of people from the danger zone and possible impact areas, and notify the people in the neighboring valleys and ravines to get ready for evacuation, and pay close attention to the spread of the disaster and transformation. For example, landslides are often transformed into mudslide disasters (secondary disasters) during heavy rains and floods. Pay attention to the occurrence of secondary or third disasters caused by certain lifeline projects (e.g., reservoirs, mainline railroads, mainline highways, power plants, communication equipment, mainline canals, etc.) that may be jeopardized by landslides, e.g., fires, floods, etc. Take care to investigate whether landslides are characterized by intermittent activity and to determine, as far as possible, the likelihood and timing of their re-activation. If necessary (need to be demonstrated by relevant experts or scientists), should quickly set up observation points (stations) or observation network, and closely monitor the dynamics of its changes, "mending, not too late".
3. Emergency response to mudslides
1) When in the mudslide area, you should quickly run away from both sides of the mudslide ditch, remember not to run up or down the ditch. When in the non-mudslide area, should immediately report the mudslide ditch downstream of the village, township, township, county or industrial and mining enterprises may be affected (affected) to the village.
2) The relevant government departments should immediately organize rescue and relief activities involving the government, units (villages, townships, towns), experts and local people.
3)Prepare and implement emergency measures (or plans). For example, as appropriate, to restrict the passage of vehicles and pedestrians; organize the rapid evacuation of people in the danger zone.
4)Pay close attention to the mudslide disaster may trigger some kind of lifeline project (such as reservoirs, railroads, highways, etc.) secondary disaster or even a third disaster, such as fires, floods, explosions and so on.
5) the establishment of observation stations (network) for long-term dynamic monitoring, to grasp the changes in the development trend of the disaster, and make a decision.
4. Emergency response to the occurrence of ground cracks
1)After the occurrence of ground cracks on the collapse of the adjacent building pit should be filled in a timely manner, so as not to affect the stability of the building. The method is to put into the sheet rock, on the sand pebbles, and then on the sand, the surface with clay tamping.
2)The serious cracking of the building should be temporarily closed, not allowed to use, such as the identification of dangerous buildings to determine the measures to be taken.
5. Emergency treatment when ground collapse (subsidence) occurs
1)After the collapse occurs, the collapse pit of the adjacent building should be filled in time to avoid affecting the stability of the building. The method is to put into the schist, on the sand pebbles, and then on the sand, the surface with clay tamping, after a period of time of subsidence and compression of dense with clay tamping to make up for the flat.
2)The cracks in the ground near the building should be plugged in time, and the collapsed pit on the ground should be intercepted surface water to prevent its injection.
3)The serious cracking of the building should be temporarily closed to disallow the use of the building, to be identified after the identification of dangerous buildings to determine the measures to be taken.
6. Emergency response in the event of an earthquake
Earthquake emergency response is detailed in Chapter III, Section I, this chapter will not repeat.
7. Volcanic eruption emergency disposal
Volcanic eruption activities have a relatively long period of time, even if the sudden eruption of the volcano, the damage to people and property has a certain time interval, so people can make full use of this time to carry out emergency disposal. In the volcanic eruption, the common emergency disposal project mainly includes:① Response to lava hazards. Among the various hazards of the volcano, the lava flow may be the least threatening to life because people can run out the route of the lava flow. ② Responding to ejecta hazards. A hard helmet of the type used by construction workers, a motorcyclist's helmet, or a horseback rider's helmet will give you some protection if fleeing from close to the eruption. In a wider area, fleeing may not be necessary. (iii) Respond to volcanic ash hazards. Wearing goggles, a ventilator mask or ski goggles will protect your eyes (but not sunglasses). Protect your mouth and nose with a damp cloth and, if possible, an industrial gas mask. When you get to shelter, remove clothing, wash exposed skin thoroughly, and flush eyes with clean water. ④ Respond to gas globule hazards. If there are no solid underground structures nearby, the only chance of survival may be to jump into the water, hold your breath for half a minute or so, and the globules will roll over. ⑤ Volcanoes often have increased activity prior to eruption, accompanied by rumbling and spills of steam and gas, and the smell of sulfur can be smelled from local rivers. Irritating acid rain, loud rumbling noises, or wisps of steam rising from the volcano are warning signs. When escaping by car, remember that volcanic ash can make roads slippery. Don't take the canyon route, which can turn into a road through which volcanic mudflows pass.
(D) Logistics and life support
Maintenance and repair of communication, transportation, water supply, power supply, gas supply and other lifeline projects in the disaster area; security and safety in the disaster area, sanitary and epidemic prevention in the disaster area and basic life support in the disaster area.
(E) organization of post-disaster reconstruction work
Preparation of programs and plans for the prevention and control of geologic disasters, post-disaster reconstruction work, generally organized and implemented by specialized departments.