The main problems in the implementation of the cross-century sustainable development strategy in the Huanghuaihai region are: the agricultural base is still weak, and the threat of natural disasters still exists; the industrial structure is at a lower level, and it is more difficult to transform traditional industries; the pace of opening up to the outside world is not fast enough, and the development of the export-oriented economy is slower; and there are problems with the rational development and utilization of water resources and the protection and management of the ecological environment. Only correctly recognize and solve the above problems, in order to ensure the sustainable, rapid and healthy development of the region's economy.
I. Strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure, optimize the allocation of agricultural resources and regional layout
The Yellow Huaihai Plain, after eight consecutive years of three phases of comprehensive agricultural development, has made great achievements in improving the conditions of agricultural production, and realizing the large balanced increase in production. But at the same time, it must be seen that the governance of this region is difficult and the task is still arduous. For example, by the end of 1993, there were still 228 million mu of low and medium-yield fields in the region, and 46.58 million mu of wasteland (including 15 million mu of agricultural wasteland). Therefore, the transformation of this region's resource advantages into economic advantages and ensuring the sustained and stable development of agriculture will have to be realized only after a long period of unremitting efforts.
1. Strengthening water-centered farmland infrastructure, enhance disaster prevention and resilience
The region's farmland infrastructure is still weak, especially water conservancy facilities are damaged and aging seriously, part of the river and ditch drainage is poor, the design of the flooding standard is low, drought and flooding disasters occur from time to time. For this reason, in the future should be taken according to local conditions, highlight the key points, consolidate the transformation, appropriate development, irrigation and drainage, comprehensive management of the policy, continue to carry out water conservancy construction in depth, focusing on the eastern part of Hebei Province in the Heilonggang area, the northern part of the RuBei area, SuRu two provinces bordering the YishuSi River Basin, the east of the YuZhou and Anhui Province, North of HuaiHuAn area. To seize the favorable opportunity of the country's increased investment in agriculture, on the one hand, to speed up the existing water conservancy projects supporting the construction, and further improve the drought and flood capacity; on the other hand, to develop water-saving agriculture, improve the utilization rate of water resources. The hilly and mountainous areas to improve the ponds, dams, small reservoirs and other small and medium-sized water conservancy project construction and soil conservation work.
2. Optimize the allocation of agricultural resources, adjust the structure of agriculture
In the market economy, must be based on the region's agricultural development conditions, resource advantages and changes in market demand, timely adjustment of the internal structure of agriculture. To this end, to be based on optimizing the allocation of agricultural resources, and give full consideration to the economic efficiency of the existing agricultural structure gradually adjusted and optimized. The direction is as follows: Firstly, vigorously develop a variety of business operations with animal husbandry, forestry and fruit industry, aquaculture as the main body, especially the animal husbandry should be developed relatively quickly. According to the resource conditions of the region and the domestic and foreign market demand, the ratio of output value of plantation industry and various business operations was adjusted from 6:4 in 1995 to 5:5 in 2000 and 4:6 in 2010; secondly, the structure of plantation was adjusted, in order to meet the demand of rapid development of animal husbandry, the binary structure of plantation of food crops and cash crops should be adjusted to the ternary structure of food crops, cash crops and fodder crops gradually. Under the premise of ensuring food self-sufficiency in the region, food crops and cash crops (including vegetables and other crops) planting ratio from 7.4:2.6 adjusted to 6.5:3.5 in 2000 and 6:4 in 2010.
3. Adjustment of the agricultural layout, and improve the construction of commodity agricultural base
Development of the market agriculture, it is necessary to adjust the layout of agricultural production, and gradually form a specialized production, intensification and large-scale production. Production, intensification and large-scale operation, regionalized layout of the new pattern. In the future, the region should be based on the natural conditions of agricultural production and the original foundation, in the existing commodity grain, cotton, oil, vegetables and animal husbandry, forestry and fruit, aquatic base to introduce the mechanism of specialized production, the development of moderate scale economy, and constantly improve its commodity rate and the quality of goods. At the same time, it is necessary to further develop and popularize various modern agricultural production and management models around large-scale operation, production and circulation of large agricultural and sideline products, development and promotion of agricultural science and technology, and to establish multi-level, diversified, cross-regional and open comprehensive markets for agricultural and sideline products, professional wholesale markets and production factor markets, so as to bring bases to the market, bases to the farmers, and to continuously accelerate the pace of the professionalization of the region's agricultural production and regionalization of the layout.
Second, adjust and optimize the industrial structure, accelerate the transformation of traditional industries
In 1995, in the GDP of Huanghuaihai region, the primary industry accounted for 19.1%, the secondary industry accounted for 47.2%, and the tertiary industry accounted for 33.7%. Compared with the national average, the primary industry was 1.5 percentage points lower, the secondary industry was 1.2 percentage points lower, and the tertiary industry was 2.7 percentage points higher. According to the characteristics of industrial structure, the region has entered the stage of accelerated industrialization. However, judging from the overall development level of each sub-industry, the primary industry has an unstable basic status, which is not compatible with its resource advantages and market demand; the secondary industry is mainly traditional, with poor economic efficiency and function of driving the overall economy; the development of the tertiary industry is still relatively lagging behind, and it is dominated by the first level of commerce and trade, transportation and postal and telecommunication industries, which is very uncoordinated with its locational advantages. As a result, it is difficult to make effective use of natural resources, agricultural and sideline products and labor resources, and the economic efficiency is low, which restricts the development of the overall economy.
In order to realize the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the region's economy across the century, it is necessary to take the international and domestic market as the guide under the guidance of the national industrial policy, and the direction of the region's industrial structural adjustment is as follows: to improve the primary industry stably, to vigorously develop and adjust the transformation of the secondary industry, and to speed up the development of the tertiary industry. The focus of the primary industry is to develop high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, low-consumption agriculture and commercial agricultural bases. Under the premise of ensuring food self-sufficiency, we will vigorously develop forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industries; the secondary industry focuses on adjusting the structure of sectors and products, accelerating the development of capital- and technology-intensive petrochemicals, automobiles, electromechanical instrumentation, electronics and communication equipment and other leading industries, and adjusting and reforming the traditional industries of textiles, garments, metallurgy, machinery, chemical industry, light industry, food and beverage, building materials, etc., and focusing on raising the grades and technological content of their products. The tertiary industry should be closely centered on the foreign industry. The tertiary industry should closely focus on opening up to the outside world and strengthening the agglomeration and radiation function of the central city, and while transforming, enriching and strengthening the traditional industries (commerce and trade, transportation, postal and telecommunication), it should actively open up new fields, such as finance, insurance, real estate, tourism, information consulting, and legal services, to set up a highly efficient, convenient and sound social service system.
Traditional industries such as textile, metallurgy, chemical, food and building materials, as important pillars of the district's economy, have played and will continue to play an important role in the process of achieving industrialization. However, in the face of the current limited market space and increasingly fierce market competition, we must adhere to the high starting point, accelerate the pace of technological transformation and product upgrading, improve the level of technology and product grade, in order to enhance market competitiveness. For example, the textile industry in accordance with the "compression of yarn bloom, improve weaving and dyeing, and vigorously develop the final product" idea, accelerate structural adjustment and technological transformation, will optimize the stock, industrial transfer, technological transformation organically combined to improve the depth of processing, and promote industrial upgrading. At the same time to expand the production capacity of chemical fiber, silk and a variety of blended textiles, so that the garment industry to high-grade, fashion direction. Chemical industry to petrochemicals, agrochemicals, coal chemicals, fine chemicals, marine chemicals and rubber processing for future development. Agricultural chemical industry to develop economies of scale, focus on product quality, increase the variety of new products, integrated management and improve economic efficiency, and vigorously develop the higher technological content and added value of the pharmaceutical industry and a series of fine chemical products. The iron and steel industry, while improving the technological transformation of old factories, vigorously adjusts the product structure, highlights the characteristics of each factory, and forms fist series of products. Such as Shougang to the production of plate, wire rod, rebar, profile-based, Jigang to the production of plate-based, Lai Steel to the profile-based and so on. Food industry to adapt to the people's quality of life and accelerate the pace of life needs, and constantly develop new products, improve the grade, create a brand, expand market share, focus on the development of the four series of products, namely: beer, high-quality low liquor and fruit wines based on alcohol products; fruit and vegetable juices, mineral water based on beverage products; integration of nutrition and medical care as a whole of health-care products; with a time-saving, high-quality, small packaged convenience series of food. The series of health care products have time-saving, high-quality and small-package convenience food products. Building materials industry to expand the scale of production of high-grade products, improve the efficiency of scale, energy saving in the direction of focusing on the development of high-grade cement, special cement, high-grade building sanitary ceramics, new wall materials, special glass and so on.
Three, vigorously improve the investment environment, accelerate the pace of opening up to the outside world
Expanding opening up to the outside world, the implementation of outward-driven strategy to improve the openness of the economy is not only to promote the development of the export-oriented economy is a powerful driving force, but also to promote the sustained and rapid development of the region's economy and society. Since the reform and opening up, the economic development of China's coastal areas has shown a trend of "fast in the south and slow in the north", of which the most direct reason is the pace of opening up to the outside world and the difference in the degree of openness. From 1979 to 1995, the total utilized foreign capital of the country was US$221.94 billion, of which Guangdong and Fujian provinces accounted for 29.6%, while the Huanghuaihai region only accounted for 12.9%. Within the Huanghuaihai region, Shandong Province, which is located in the south, accounted for 40% of the region's cumulative 17 years of actual utilization of foreign capital.
In the factors affecting the opening up of the region, the investment environment plays a very important role. Investment environment often includes investment "hard environment" and "soft environment" two categories. The investment "hard environment" mainly refers to the level of infrastructure development and supporting degree.
As mentioned earlier, the Yellow Huaihai region infrastructure construction is still a constraint on the current and future economic and social development of the "bottleneck" where, which is prominently reflected in the transportation, electric power and water conservancy construction lagging behind and so on. For this reason, in the next 10 to 20 years, infrastructure construction should be prioritized. One of the focus of the construction of transportation is the railroad reconstruction, port expansion, high-grade highway construction, and focus on the development of high-speed transportation system; power construction focus is the use of Jin, Shaanxi and Mongolia, three coal corridors through the region's favorable conditions and the region's resource advantages, continue to expand and build a number of new large-scale pits, intersections and ports of the power plant, improve transmission facilities and optimize the structure of the network to achieve the North China, Shandong, East China and Central China The focus of water conservancy construction is to improve the flood control standards of the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River and its major tributaries to 50 years and 100 years respectively. At the same time, but also vigorously repair farmland water conservancy, and improve the existing water conservancy projects supporting the construction.
Investment "soft environment" mainly includes investment policies and regulations, business environment, management and service level, social security and stability, market conditions, labor conditions, labor quality, history and culture and tradition of non-material factors, it is investment "hard environment" and mutual constraints and mutual promotion. It is mutual constraints and mutual reinforcement with the investment "hard environment". For most domestic and foreign investors, often the investment "soft environment" as the first factor to consider. To this end, the provinces and cities in the national policy allows the scope of the development of appropriate investment management authority, tax and land incentives, investment protection and service system to standardize, flexible, convenient and efficient services to attract domestic and foreign investors.
Four, do a good job in the rational development and economical use of water resources
Huanghuaihai region is one of China's few serious shortage of water resources, especially in Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan area and the Jiaodong Peninsula, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is most prominent. According to the calculation in the early 1990s, the former water supply and demand of water resources in the year of flat water is basically balanced, dry water year (P = 75%) water shortage of more than 2 billion cubic meters; the latter water shortage of 2.2 billion cubic meters and 2.6 billion cubic meters in flat water year and dry water year, respectively. Due to the shortage of surface water, the long-term over-exploitation of groundwater has led to the expansion of the groundwater leakage area and triggered seawater intrusion in coastal areas. In Shandong Province, for example, the province's groundwater funnel area expanded rapidly from more than 3,000 square kilometers in 1980 to 16,868 square kilometers in 1989. In the future, with the rapid economic and social development and the improvement of people's living standards, water shortage will become more serious. It is predicted that by the year 2000, the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area will have a water shortage of 1.9 billion cubic meters in a flat year and 3.8 billion cubic meters in a dry year, while the Jiaodong Peninsula will have a water shortage of 3.6 billion cubic meters in a flat year and 4.0 billion cubic meters in a dry year, respectively. It can be seen that the shortage of water resources will become one of the important constraints on the implementation of sustainable development strategies across the century in the Huanghuaihai region.
The way to solve the serious water shortage in the Huanghuaihai region, on the one hand, we have to rely on long-distance cross-basin water transfer and actively "open source", and strive for the completion of the "South-to-North Water Diversion" project at the beginning of the next century, and at the same time continue to build the "South-to-North Water Diversion" project, and the "South-to-North Water Diversion" project. "South-to-North Water Diversion" East to Shandong Project. Another important aspect is the need to vigorously "flow-saving", the development of water-saving industries, the promotion of water-saving technologies and the establishment of water-saving economic and social systems as an important strategic measures to grasp.
To this end, the first is to stabilize the structure of agricultural cultivation, it is not appropriate to expand the area of rice cultivation, and vigorously promote water-saving agriculture. The second is to continue to pay attention to heavy industry and urban water conservation, improve the reuse rate of industrial water, and gradually implement the industrial and urban living water quality supply. Thirdly, efforts are being made to build small and medium-sized water conservancy projects to store surface water, such as ponds, dams and small reservoirs in hilly and mountainous areas, and plain reservoirs in plain areas. Four is to expand the use of seawater resources, a large number of cooling water consumption of electricity, metallurgy, petrochemical and other enterprises as far as possible built to the sea, the use of seawater instead of fresh water. Such as Japan's large thermal power plant cooling water almost all the use of seawater, iron and steel and chemical industry water consumption of seawater accounted for more than 1/3.
V. Improve the protection and management of the ecological environment
1.Ecological and environmental problems are prominent
In the past 10 years, the Yellow River and Huaihai Sea region in the sustained and rapid economic growth at the same time, due to the environmental pollution caused by industrialization and urbanization, as well as the double impact of natural disasters, resulting in the development of the Yellow River and Huaihai Sea region.
In the past 10 years, while the economy of the Yellow Huaihai region continues to grow rapidly, due to environmental pollution caused by industrialization and urbanization, and the double impact of natural disasters, resulting in the deterioration of the ecological environment, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
(1) Environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious. With the rapid development of iron and steel, thermal power, petrochemical and marine chemical industry, building materials, paper and other large polluting industries and township industries, the environmental load has gradually increased, environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious, in 1995, the area of the average emissions density of 5,526,300 cubic meters / km2, of which the density of SO2 emissions of 8.89 tons / km2, the density of wastewater discharge of 11,334.9 tons / km2. tons/km2 . The density of industrial solid waste generation was 289.20 tons/km2, exceeding the national average by 3.2 times, 3.56 times, 1.92 times and 3.3 times respectively. Among them, air and water environment pollution has the greatest impact. Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, Shijiazhuang, Handan, Jinan, Qingdao, Weifang, Xuzhou and Jiaozuo have become heavily and moderately polluted cities. Surface water as a result of long-term accumulation of pollutants, in addition to a few reservoirs, almost all rivers and lakes and other water pollutants are seriously exceeded, divided into surface water Ⅳ (moderately contaminated) and V (more heavily contaminated), which part of the river black odors, has been a complete loss of function. Currently, there are three types of serious environmental pollution in the region: First, the industry and population is too concentrated in mega and mega-city areas, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Jinan, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, etc.; Second, the concentration of polluting enterprises and diffusion of self-purification capacity of the weaker areas, such as Tangshan, Zibo, Xuzhou, Handan, Jiaozuo, etc.; Third, the townships and townships are more developed and the distribution of the region is very decentralized, such as the Shandong Peninsula, Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan areas, Jinan and northern Henan region, etc.. Because the next 10 to 20 years, the region is still in the middle stage of industrialization, resource consumption, "three wastes" pollution of the more serious basic industries will still have a large development, so will continue to face the serious threat of environmental pollution.
(2) The ecological environment is very fragile. The region's frequent natural disasters, the ecological environment is fragile. Such as droughts and floods, storm surges in coastal areas, saline and alkaline, wind and sand and coal mining subsidence in plain areas, soil erosion in mountainous and hilly areas, and seawater intrusion in coastal areas due to long-term over-exploitation of groundwater. In Shandong Province, for example, the province has an area of 64,800 square kilometers of soil erosion, accounting for 41.3% of the total land area. The area of wind and sand in the yellow plain is 469,000 hectares, the area of saline-alkali land is 658,000 hectares (9.8% of the province's cultivated land area), the area of seawater and brackish-water intrusion is 593.7 square kilometers, and the cumulative area of coal-mining subsidence is 537 square kilometers.
(3) Deterioration of marine ecological environment. Yellow Huaihai Plain bordering the Yellow Bohai Sea waters, due to the coastal areas of industry, cities and towns, agriculture and tourism pollution, especially a large number of untreated industrial wastewater and sewage discharged directly into the sea, resulting in coastal areas of seawater pollution and the ecological environment is deteriorating, and caused by a substantial reduction in fishery resources. According to statistics, the Bohai Sea coastal areas annually discharged into the Bohai Sea industrial and urban sewage amounted to 2.99 billion tons, accounting for 34% of the national discharge into the sea, of which 699,000 tons of the main toxic substances, accounting for 47.7% of the country; discharged into the sea by the river about 2.15 billion tons, accounting for the entire amount of sewage discharged 72%. Due to the pollution of coastal waters to make seawater eutrophication, which in turn induced the occurrence of red tide. since the mid-80's, the Yellow Bohai Sea offshore many times red tide, sometimes the area of 30 ~ 40 square kilometers. Red tide not only to the marine ecosystem damage is serious, but also to the marine fishing, mariculture and tourism caused huge losses.
2. Countermeasures for the protection and management of the ecological environment
For the various ecological and environmental problems caused by the Huanghuaihai region with the rapid economic growth, it is necessary to take the countermeasures combining comprehensive remediation and protection.
(1) Increase environmental protection investment substantially and intensify governance. Environmental protection investment is to control environmental pollution and ecological deterioration, improve the quality of the ecological environment of the material guarantee. Environmental protection investment in the region only accounts for 0.5% to 0.6% of GDP, lower than the national average (0.72%), in order to alleviate the increasing environmental load in the region, the government and enterprises should invest more money in the treatment of pollution and improvement of the ecological environment through the establishment of an environmental protection fund and other means. According to the requirements of ecological environment protection and governance in the district and in combination with the level of economic development, environmental protection investment should account for 0.8% of GDP in 2000, increase to 1.2% in 2010 and reach 1.5% in 2020.
(2) Strict implementation of the total amount of pollutant emissions control. According to the environmental capacity of the region, the limited standards of pollutant discharge for different industries, coastal cities and inland areas should be formulated separately and implemented to each sewage disposal unit to implement the declaration of sewage discharge and the total amount of control. In order to promote enterprises to control pollution to meet national and local requirements, the sewage charges should be gradually raised. At the same time, areas with different functions, environmental capacity and self-purification ability should be treated differently, and necessary adjustments should be made on the basis of the common standards of the province and the country. For example, Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai and other famous international cities and tourist cities, its environmental quality should have higher requirements, and accordingly set more stringent emission standards.
(3) Gradually adjust the industrial structure and spatial layout. As the heavy chemical industry, which is mainly based on energy and raw materials industry, is the industry with the largest emission of "three wastes" and the heaviest pollution to the environment, it is necessary to harmonize the structure of light and heavy industries in the future, especially to control the over-expansion of heavy chemical industry; on the other hand, with the upgrading of industrial structure and product structure, we should vigorously develop the industries with higher technological content and value-added, but less polluting. On the other hand, in line with the upgrading of industrial structure and product structure, we should vigorously develop automobile, machinery, electronics, garment and high-tech industries with higher technological content and added value and less pollution. In terms of industrial layout, firstly, it is strictly prohibited to build new industrial enterprises with large emissions of "three wastes" in the upwind direction of the city and near water sources. Secondly, there should be a plan to existing heavily polluting enterprises gradually to the surrounding suburban counties. For some heavily polluting industries, such as paper industry, can implement centralized pulping, decentralized papermaking, to facilitate the centralized treatment of seriously polluting black liquid. Third, the majority of township enterprises, according to market competition and accelerate the scale, the need for grouping, in the layout should be appropriately concentrated to facilitate the improvement of the "three wastes" centralized treatment level. Fourth, we must strictly control the development of serious pollution of small paper, small fertilizer, small electroplating, small cement, small leather factory and coastal shipbreaking plant, and gradually implement the closure, stop, and turn.