With the development of the times, mankind's environmental awareness of the enhancement of the world's political and economic pattern of significant division and reorganization of the international arena has also presented a striking new features. GATT (now WTO) in the reduction of tariffs in the victory, the formal establishment of the World Trade Organization, as well as in full swing, the international economic integration movement in the ascendant, making the whole of international trade shows a trend of trade liberalization. Under this trend, the protection measures in international trade have undergone great changes, especially in recent years, the western developed countries, such as the United States, Japan, the European **** body and other major capitalist countries have adopted the more covert, less transparent, not easy to supervise and predict the protection measures - technical barriers to China and other countries, especially developing countries, foreign trade has caused a great deal of trouble. Especially the developing countries of foreign trade has caused great obstacles, but also become a barrier to prevent foreign products to enter the national market, is today's international trade in the most hidden, the most difficult to deal with a kind of trade barriers.
Technical barriers mainly refers to those mandatory and non-mandatory commodity standards, regulations and inspection of goods developed by the importing country of the qualification assessment of the formation of trade barriers, that is, through the promulgation of laws, decrees, regulations, rules, the establishment of technical standards, certification systems, inspection systems, etc., foreign imports of goods to develop harsh technical, health and quarantine, packaging and labeling standards, thereby increasing product technical requirements, and thus improving product technology requirements. Standards, thereby raising the technical requirements of products, increasing the difficulty of imports, and ultimately achieve the purpose of restricting imports. At present, the specific situation of technical barriers in international trade, mainly developed countries such as the United States, Japan, the European Union and other countries by virtue of its own technical and economic advantages, the formulation of harsh technical standards, technical regulations and technical certification system, etc., the export trade of developing countries has produced a huge restriction, therefore, the study of developed countries in the international trade in the implementation of technical barriers in the status of both China's export trade or enterprise production are Export trade or enterprise production are of great significance.
I. Major developed countries on technical standards and technical regulations of technical barriers
(a) technical standards, regulations for developed countries widely used to set up technical barriers to the specific embodiment
After analyzing the research found that in international trade used to set up technical barriers to the most widely used are technical standards and technical regulations, mainly because by virtue of the technical standards, technical regulations can easily be achieved by the technical barriers implemented have the nominal value of the technical barriers to the implementation of the technical barriers. The implementation of technical barriers with a nominal rationality, mentioning the cleverness of the form of legitimacy, the means of concealment, thus making the exporting countries look forward to sigh, which is specifically embodied in:
1. Technical standards, regulations, so that the exporting countries can not be defended.
In order to impede the import of foreign products, to protect their own markets, many countries have developed a wide range of strict standards, regulations, and even with the law clearly stipulates that imports must meet the standards of the importing country. At present, the European **** body has more than 100,000 technical standards, Germany's industrial standards of about 15,000, according to Japan in March 1994 the results of the survey on its 8,184 industrial standards and 397 agricultural standards. The United States is currently recognized as the rule of law, regulations are more sound country, its technical standards and regulations of the many needless to say.
2. The technical standards are strict, making it difficult for developing countries to meet them.
Developed countries with their economic and technological advantages, to develop a very strict and demanding standards, some standards even beyond the reach of developing countries, such as some countries in Western Europe, the egg content within the noodles should be more than 13.5%, salt content can not exceed 1%, are not allowed to add color and so on. European **** body of the OKO an eco-textile standard 100 on clothing and textiles in the content of certain substances up to the PPb level, such as the requirements for styrene is no more than 5PPb, vinylcyclohexane no more than 2PPb, which undoubtedly to the developing countries of the textile export trade has caused great difficulty, on the one hand, due to the technical limitations, it is difficult to control the PPb level, on the other hand, due to the economy, On the one hand, due to limited technology, it is difficult to control to PPb level, and on the other hand, due to limited economic and experimental conditions, it is impossible to detect PPb level substances. If the testing organizations in developed countries are allowed to test, the cost is quite expensive and the cost increases, thus playing the role of technical barriers.
3. Some standards have been carefully designed and studied, can be used specifically to form technical barriers to the products of certain countries.
such as France in order to prevent the import of British candy and the provisions of the ban on imports of candy containing erythromycin, and the British candy commonly used erythromycin coloring agent manufacturing; France banned imports of fruit juice containing glucose, the intention of this provision is to boycott the U.S. goods, because the U.S. exports of fruit juices commonly contain glucose as an additive. Another example is the former West Germany has enacted a law that prohibits the importation of automobiles with doors that open from front to back, at that time the Italian production of the Fiat 500 type of automobiles in this form, as a result of which it completely lost the German market.
4. Take advantage of the inconsistency of the standards of various countries, and flexibly choose the standards in their favor.
For example, France stipulates that the wool content of pure woolen clothing only needs to reach 85% or more, can be considered pure woolen clothing, while Belgium stipulates that the wool content of pure wool must reach 97%, the Federal Republic of Germany is more demanding, only when the wool content of pure woolen clothing to reach 99%, it can become pure woolen clothing, so that for Germany, it exports to choose the other party's standards, while preventing the importation of pure woolen clothing It will choose its own standards, and make it difficult to sell French wool products in Germany and Belgium.
5. Technical standards and regulations can not only restrict the sale of foreign products in the text, but also set up obstacles to the sale of foreign products in the process of implementation.
For example, the implementation of British and Japanese technical standards for automobiles, the British side stipulates that cars sold from Japan to Britain can be sent by Britain to Japan to carry out inspections, and if they are found to be not in line with the British technical safety, they can be overhauled or replaced in Japan, which is a more convenient way of doing things, but the Japanese side stipulates that cars sold from Britain to Japan must be inspected by the Japanese people after they arrive in Japan, and if they do not comply with the regulations, Britain is required to hire Japanese employees to carry out inspections. However, the Japanese side stipulated that when the cars sold by Britain to Japan were delivered to Japan, they had to be inspected by Japanese people and if they did not meet the requirements, Britain had to hire Japanese employees to carry out overhaul. This practice is time-consuming and labor-intensive, coupled with the delay in the announcement of the relevant technical standards in Japan, objectively hindered the British car into the Japanese market.
In addition, some countries also use the commodity packaging and labeling standards, regulations to imported goods to increase the burden of technology and costs, set up technical barriers. Such as Germany and France prohibit the import of food cans with different external dimensions from their own countries; the United States and New Zealand prohibit the use of hay, straw, chaff, etc. as packaging or filling materials, in some cases, this type of packaging materials are only allowed to be used after providing proof of disinfection; Another year, Australia is ready to import from China's Nanjing, a chemical plant, the Australian side of the product quality to express satisfaction, but because of the country's packaging Specification height of 900cm, and their packaging specifications for the high 914cm does not match, not to facilitate the circulation of turnover, so that the packaging specifications will become a barrier to trade, so that the export of 100 tons of white oil failed to close.
In short, the use of technical standards, regulations and set up technical barriers to a lot of methods, and the formation of different, not listed here.
(B) Japan's technical standards, regulations of technical barriers to the situation
Post-war Japan to trade as a nation, through the development of trade, successfully promote economic development, but also successfully protect the national industry, which is with Japan with the strong protection of the color of technical standards and regulations are inseparable.
Japan has a wide range of technical regulations and standards, of which, only a very small number are consistent with international standards, when foreign production mouth into the Japanese market, not only required to comply with international standards, but also required to coincide with the Japanese standards. Such as cosmetics, to be consistent with Japan's cosmetic composition standards (JSCL), additives standards (JSFA), pharmacological standards (JP) requirements. As long as one of the indicators failed, the Japanese side can be rejected on the grounds that the quality does not meet the standards.
The Japan Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) is the competent body for international standardization work in Japan. Japan's technical standards, regulations and conformity assessment procedures, on the one hand, to promote the enterprise to improve product quality and protect the interests of consumers, on the other hand, to prevent the import of foreign goods, Japan based on a variety of laws and regulations, such as "Food Sanitation Law", "Drugs Law", "Silkworm Law", "Consumer and Household Goods Safety Law", "Electrical Appliances Use and Material Control Law", etc., as well as the inspection and quarantine requirements, automatic standards, etc. on the Imported goods are strictly controlled. The Food Sanitation Law requires vinyl chloride resin containers and packages to undergo a specific testing process to measure cadmium and lead. Contamination control is required for polymerized chlorinated diphenols, organic mercury compounds, etc. The Safety Act requires rigorous safety testing of four-wheeled skates. The Pharmaceutical Law and the Cosmetics Law require that pharmaceuticals and cosmetics be tested in laboratories designated by the Japanese Government; hay and straw are prohibited for packaging; and there are licensing and labeling requirements for pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Japan's technical standard requirements for many commodities are mandatory and are usually required to be reflected in the contract and also required to be attached to the letter of credit, and imported goods are to be inspected by Japanese officials
for compliance with various technical standards upon entry.
The selection of specifications for goods entering the Japanese market is also strict, and it is said to be a shackle that inhibits the entry of foreign goods into the Japanese market. These products are categorized into two types of specifications: one is the mandatory type of specifications. This mainly refers to commodities in quality, shape, size and testing methods must meet its specific standards, otherwise it can not be manufactured and sold in Japan (such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food additives, electrical appliances and computing instruments, etc.); the second is an arbitrary type of specifications. These are products that are naturally formed in the minds of consumers in the Japanese market every year, and these specifications are divided into three types: national specifications, organization specifications, and arbitrary quality marks. Among them, JIS specifications (industrial products), JAC specifications (agricultural products), G mark, SG mark and ST mark, etc. are well known to Japanese consumers, is arbitrary, but if you can not meet the requirements of these standards, basically impossible to enter the Japanese market.
Japanese food pesticide residue requirements are very strict, such as in 1989, China's exports to Japan's green tea pesticide residues exceeded the standard and was returned, as in 1993, Shandong, a foreign trade company exported to Japan's more than 10 tons of frozen chicken was detected by the Japanese side of the dioxygenated dicaprylylphenol (i.e., grams of ball powder) residues exceeding the limit of 0.01PPm by the return of the frozen chicken, and European countries, basically There is no limit of this indicator.
(C) the United States of America's technical standards, regulations and technical barriers
The United States on the one hand, on the surface of the strong advocate of trade liberalization, on the other hand, to safeguard their own interests, technical standards, regulations and other aspects of a strong protectionist color. Such as the U.S. use of security, health quarantine and a variety of packaging, labeling requirements for imported goods to carry out strict checks. The United States in the requirements of imported goods to meet the ISO9000 series of standards in addition to the additional many imported goods to develop regulations, for example, on drugs, the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) formulated the corresponding regulations, the regulations on the certification of various drugs, packaging, labeling and testing methods, etc. have been stipulated one by one, and even over-the-counter sales of medicines and devices on the warning words and phrases have been made The regulations are specific.
The United States of America on the requirements of imported goods, specializing in a variety of laws and regulations, it is understood that, for a variety of reasons, every month by the FDA detained imports from various countries as high as an average of about 3,500 batches of goods, such as in 1989, the FDA because of the discovery of the existence of staphylococcal enterotoxin contamination of the Chinese canned mushrooms automatically detained the canned mushrooms from China. Laws related to the FDA include the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the Public **** Health Service Act, the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, the Infant Medicine Act, the Tea Importation Act, and the Baby Food Act. The management of imported food is mainly inspected at ports of entry, in addition to market sampling, and those that do not meet the requirements will be detained and then dealt with by improvement, return or destruction. China since 1987, each year by the U.S. Customs detained batches of food, about 25% is due to labeling does not comply with the "U.S. Food Labeling Act," the other about 8% of the batch is due to the use of additives not approved by the FDA.
In addition, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Commerce, the Energy Efficiency Standards Administration and others have each promulgated their own regulations, including the "Federal Hazardous Materials Act," the "Household Refrigeration Act," and so on. The main import restrictions on electronics are the Health and Safety in the Control of Radioactivity Act, and the most important federal laws on phytosanitation are the Phytosanitary Act, the Federal Plant Pest Act, and the Animal Welfare Act.
Some regulations are tailored to the importing country or commodity, for example, setting standards for grade, size, quality, and maturity that differ from those for agricultural products from the importing country. For example, the United States in order to prevent the importation of Mexican potatoes into the United States, the United States of America on the standard of potatoes with the maturity of the size of the head and other indicators, which will give the Mexican planted potatoes sold to the United States caused difficulties, because to be sold to the United States can not be too ripe to be harvested, otherwise easy to rot, so that it is difficult to comply with the maturity of the requirements. In a period of time, the United States on the safety performance of imported cars and exhaust emission standards are very harsh, for foreign small and medium-sized automobile manufacturers is a difficult to break through the technical barriers.
The United States also use the implementation of domestic production and processing methods and other standards to set technical barriers. For example, the United States in order to protect the domestic automobile industry, in the "Air Purification Act" and "Pollution Prevention Act" clearly stipulates that all imported cars must be installed anti-fouling devices, and the development of very harsh technical standards, thus making the exhaust volume of the car is too large to be blocked outside the U.S. market.
Recently, the United States has made it a rule to require suppliers to be ISO9000 registered or not to buy their products.
(C) European **** body of technical standards, regulations and technical barriers to the situation
European **** body is the first to realize that the international trade in technical barriers to the country, at the same time these member states are also the setting of technical barriers to the most serious countries, especially in the automotive, electrical machinery, machinery and pharmaceutical industry is more obvious.
European **** body countries as a result of the general economic and technological strength is higher, and thus the level of technical standards of the countries higher, more stringent laws and regulations, especially on the product of the environmental standards requirements, so that the general developing countries can not afford the products. To the EU imports of meat food, for example, not only requires the test pesticide residues, but also requires the test out of the country car manufacturers of health conditions; In addition, the EU Council 92-5EEC directive also on the temperature of the workplace, meat product formulations and containers, packaging and other strict provisions. European *** body not only has a unified technical standards, regulations, and countries also have their own strict standards, they can always choose to import goods to their own advantage of the standard, from a general point of view, to enter the European *** body market products must meet at least one of the three conditions, that is: ① in line with the European standards EN, to obtain the European Committee for Standardization CEN certification mark; ② products related to personal safety, to Obtain the European **** body safety certification mark CE; ③ into the European **** body market product manufacturers, to obtain ISO 9000 certificate of conformity. At the same time, the European **** body also explicitly required to enter the European **** body market where the product involves the European **** body directive, must comply with the requirements of the directive and through certain certifications, before being allowed to circulate in the European unified market.
In terms of technical standards, regulations, Germany currently applies about 15,000 kinds of industrial standards, although these standards are not all mandatory provisions, that is, not all imported goods in line with these standards, but many German customers like to comply with these standards, and thus the imported products are in line with the German industrial standards, in fact, has become an important factor in the promotion of products. In addition to industrial standards, German law provides that certain imported products must comply with special safety regulations or other mandatory technical requirements, for example, electrical appliances must comply with the VDE safety standards; equipment powered by gaseous fuels must comply with the DVGW standard, machines, tools, household appliances, sports equipment, toys, etc., must comply with the safety of the current German recognition of the relevant machine engineering regulations. British law stipulates that all three-wire electrical cables sold in the UK for use in electrical appliances must have a green or yellow ground wire, a brown fire wire, and a blue non-electrified wire; all electric blankets sold in the UK must comply with the safety requirements of British Technical Standard No. 3456, and the labeling should indicate whether such blankets are available to a person while lying on a bed, and must specify whether it is a cover blanket or a mattress. For cosmetics the UK bans the use of steroid-structured anti-androgens; and restricts the amount of lead acetate within hair dyes. The French government requires that all automobiles or certain models of automotive equipment imported or sold in France comply with the French Highway Code as amended in 1969, that all imported color televisions comply with the mandatory NFC 92-250 standard for televisions issued by the French government, and that all imported toys comply with the mandatory safety standards in the government's NFS 51-202 and NFS 51-203 decrees. Austrian law specifies that products subject to mandatory technical regulations include electronic technical equipment, factory machinery, mining and oil production equipment, transport equipment, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, civilian weapons, weighing and measuring instruments, and so on. These products must be tested and approved by the authorities before they are imported for sale or use, and samples for testing must be provided free of charge to the relevant laboratories.
European **** body countries on health, safety and technical requirements are not the same, the quality of the general requirements are higher, especially for different forms of textiles with different requirements for flame resistance. Textile materials used in buildings must meet the European **** body building products directives and line species fire test; at present, the European **** body of household textiles is not yet a unified safety rules. Italy has developed a hotel furniture coverings, mattresses (cushions) and floor coverings and other textile safety regulations. Britain and Ireland to develop safety regulations based on the cigarette test and match test, and prohibit the use of polyurethane materials.
In terms of quality standards, Europe **** the same body of regulations on the quality of imported goods must comply with the ISO 9000 international quality standards system.
II. Major developed countries on the status of technical barriers to conformity assessment
(a) Japan's technical barriers to conformity assessment
Japan not only through the standard, but also through the certification system and product qualification testing and so on on imports of goods to set up heavy obstacles. The use of complex import procedures, harsh tests, barriers to imported goods, all countries entering the Japanese market goods, Japan's import sector must be with its domestic production, consumption, demand for the field of movement survey, and by the commodity circulation industry to make qualitative analysis, to determine its comparability, representativeness, applicability, circulation, and tends to be diversified, personalized, sentimental and high market rate of bestselling goods to gain access to the Japanese market, so that the Japanese market can be used for the purpose of the certification system and product qualification test. Only those products that are comparable, representative, applicable, and popular in the Japanese market, and that are diversified, personalized, emotional, and have a high rate of market sales, are allowed to enter the Japanese market to ensure the actual benefits of the Japanese market.
Japan's quality certification management system is managed by the government departments to manage quality certification, each department separately for its jurisdiction of certain products to implement the quality certification system, and the use of their own design and release of the certification mark. Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry management of certified products accounted for about 90% of the total number of certified products, the implementation of its mandatory and voluntary two types of product certification system. Mandatory certification system is promulgated in the form of laws, the certification of products are mainly consumer goods, electrical products, liquefied petroleum appliances and gas appliances. The voluntary main certification system uses the JIS mark, and there are two types of mark patterns. One is the JIS mark for products, which indicates that the product complies with the relevant Japanese product standards. The other is the JIS mark for processing technology, which indicates that the processing method used for the product meets the requirements of Japanese industrial standards.
As for product inspection, Japan requires an inspection process for the same kind of goods imported at different times, each time. While for the same kind of goods in the country, only a one-time inspection of the manufacturer can be done, which is obviously discriminatory treatment.
Japan from 1991, began to imported aquatic products on the implementation of foreign manufacturers registration system, the Japanese government regulations, importers in the import of aquatic products, aquatic products must be imported in advance to the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the number of items reported to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and then by the government's inspection agency or the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1989, authorized the designation of one of the 57 laboratories to pass the test before customs clearance. There are nearly 30 test items including microorganisms, pesticide and veterinary drug residues and coliform bacteria***, and customs clearance procedures are cumbersome.
(ii) the United States on the status of technical barriers to conformity assessment
The United States currently has 55 certification systems, such as product safety certification system UL, military MIL, EMC, FCC and other certification systems with greater impact. Although the management system of quality certification is a free and decentralized system, there is no unified national quality certification authority, government departments, local government agencies, civil organizations can carry out quality certification, but for the United States imports of goods, the United States to use the safety, health and quarantine and a variety of packaging, labeling regulations will be strictly inspected. The United States in order to certify the safety performance of goods, the establishment of the code name UL "Underwriters Laboratories", foreign goods must be certified by UL in order to successfully enter the U.S. market, in fact, many developing countries are difficult to achieve the level of goods UL standards.
ISO9000 series of standards in the United States is equivalent to the adoption of the American Standards Institute (ANSI) to carry out the third-party certification system accreditation, quality certification bodies registered accreditation, laboratory accreditation. Foreign importers to the U.S. market for the sale of certain products to certain certification bodies to apply for certification. Underwriters Laboratories Associates (UL), the American Petroleum Institute (API) is a well-known certification body.
The U.S. Customs inspection to check whether the goods are marked with the origin; whether to affix the required special signs or labels, and whether the method of affixing signs or labels in line with Customs requirements; whether to comply with the government's other relevant departments of the law and regulations of the special requirements. Requirements for imported goods, the United States specializes in a variety of laws and regulations.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) based on the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the Public **** Health Service Act, the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, the Infant Medicine Act, the Tea Importation Act, the Infant Food Act, and so on, the management of imported food in addition to the market sampling, the main inspection at the port. It is necessary to check whether the imported goods are affixed with the required special marks or labels and whether the method of affixing the marks or labels complies with the customs requirements, and whether it complies with the special requirements stipulated in the laws and regulations of other relevant government departments. Those that do not meet the requirements will be detained and then dealt with in three ways: improvement, return or destruction.
(C) The status of technical barriers to conformity assessment in Europe*** body
To enter the European market, products from countries outside of Europe must comply with the European*** body directives and standards (CE) in order to circulate in Europe. European directives specify which products to be certified by a third party, which can be self-certification, different products have different requirements, the implementation of self-certification to save a complete set of information and to send samples to the country first test. European **** body of 12 new directives to the market circulation of products have made the provisions of the 12 directives covered by the product must have CE mark, in the mutual recognition between the countries test (certification) results before the foreign products to enter the European market, you must obtain a European country's certification. These 12 directives cover the production of products to sell products to Europe, the production plant to have a better quality assurance system, in the CE mark should be obtained before the system should be certified, which depends on the specific circumstances. Each directive on the quality assurance system requirements have been stipulated, some according to ISO 9002, some according to ISO 9003, some do not have to do the provisions of some products are also required to provide samples for testing. 12 directives covered by the system of products to be certified, depending on the country's laws and regulations in this regard (such as exporting wines to France to be certified by the system of the product is not covered by the 12 directives). The product is not covered by the 12 directives).
The Council of Ministers of the European **** body adopted a resolution requiring the import of products into the European **** body to strengthen the security checks, regardless of the port from which member states to come in, are required to accept the safety and health checks in accordance with the unified standards, any customs, as long as the inspection of imported products found to be inconsistent with the standards of the European **** body, which may jeopardize the health and safety of consumers, not only have the right to suspend the customs declaration procedures, but should also immediately notify other customs ports. Euro*** body mainly to strengthen the import of toys, food and drugs, health and safety inspection.
III. Major developed countries on the labeling, packaging, technical barriers to the situation
The United States is the world's most complete food labeling regulations, rigorous countries, the research and development of new regulations in a leading position. The U.S. food labeling in December 12, 1992 implementation. New food labeling began to appear in 1993, and from May 1994, all packaged foods in the United States, including all imported foods must be mandatory to use the new label, but fresh meat, poultry, fish and fruit and vegetables may not be subject to its limitations. Food additives used in food (preservatives, quality improvers, synthetic colors, etc.) must be truthfully labeled in the ingredient labeling by the government approved the use of the special name. 1995 September FDA issued a formal decree on the "Federal Code of Fortified Foods" in the nutrition labeling chapter to make changes to the requirements of the sale of fortified foods should be accompanied by a nutrition label as required. The information on the nutrition label should include:
(1) the unit of food, using words corresponding to the form of that food (e.g., block, capsule, packet, or scoop) (2) the number of servings per box
(3) information on dietary composition, such as the daily reference intake (RDI) or the daily reference value consumed (DRV). The revised regulations provide clear and specific requirements for the format, font size, and fine lines of fortified food labels.
The FDA requires most foods to list the contents of at least 14 nutrients, which costs U.S. manufacturers, who are leaders in this area, an additional $1.05 billion a year, so you can imagine the cost pressures on exporters in other lagging countries, especially those that don't have the means to analyze the content of their foods, and undoubtedly prohibits imports.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture suggested in mid-September that untreated wood used in the packaging of Chinese exports brought long-stinged wasps from Asia into the United States. The department issued a 90-day ultimatum to China, requiring Chinese goods to change their packaging within this period, or else by December 17 this year after the export of goods using the above packaging materials to the United States will be banned.
European **** body has been through the product packaging, identification of the legislation to set up foreign products import barriers. Such as flammable, explosive, corrosive products, there are drugs, the law provides that its packaging and labeling are subject to a series of special marking requirements. France, according to the enactment of December 31, 1975, No. 75-1349 regulations, all commodities labeling instructions, advertising leaflets, manuals, warranties and other information materials are mandatory to use the French language. For processed foods French law requires that accurate product specifications must be printed in French on the outer packaging of food packages, including the name of the manufacturer, the packer and seller, the country of origin, the number of ingredients, etc., with additives must also be indicated, canned or semi-finished cans of canned goods outside the box must be marked with the date. About food labeling Britain in 1990 published the "General Rules for Food Labeling", Germany in 1984 published the "Food Labeling Ordinance", which was amended in 1993.
European **** body in 1979 issued a "food labeling and advertising regulations of the Directive" (79/112/EEC) for the development of food labeling of the General Rules, and in 1986 and 1989 made two revisions, and in 1990 issued a "nutrition labeling of food directives" (90/496/EEC), and a number of food labeling special directives. European **** body issued these technical regulations is to coordinate and promote the development of its member states unified food labeling regulations.
CE marking is the European **** body in 1985 began to develop a series of safe and qualified directives, any country in the world to enter the European Union market must be affixed with CE labeling. CE labeling is used to prove that the product has passed the appropriate safety conformity assessment procedures, become the product to enter the EU market pass. It and the United States of America's UL-Mark, Canada's CSA-Mark, Germany's VDE-Mark are the same product inspection and certification mark, the current export of products to the European **** body need to be affixed with the CE labeling of the following products: simple pressure vessels, safety toys, construction products, electromagnetic compatibility of the product, mechanical products, personal protection devices, non-automatic weighing products, active implantable medical devices, medical equipment, telecommunications terminals Apparatus, medical equipment, telecommunications terminal equipment, boilers, civil explosives, gas fuel equipment, low-voltage electrical products, terrestrial satellite receiving stations for telecommunications, lifts, equipment used in explosive environments, recreational equipment, non-simple pressure vessels and other 16 categories of products.
European **** body on textiles and other imported products are also required to add ecological labeling. At present, the most popular eco-labeling in Europe **** body for the OKO-Tex Standard 100, is the textiles into the European **** body market pass.
Four. Major developed countries "green technical barriers" situation
With the improvement of human environmental awareness, the developed countries to use their economic and technological advantages, under the guise of environmental protection in the name of the real trade protection in fact, other countries, especially developing countries to set up "green technical barriers ". This barrier has become more and more developed countries in international trade in the use of the main technical barriers, specifically embodied in the following aspects:
(a) developed countries under the guise of protection of the environment, human health of animals and plants, safety and health of the name of the goods in the content of hazardous substances in the development of higher indicators, thereby limiting the import of goods. For example, in 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the United States nine major cities in the sale of gasoline containing sulfur, benzene and other hazardous substances must be below a certain level, domestic producers can gradually reach the relevant standards, but imported gasoline must be January 1, 1995, when the effective time to achieve, or else prohibited imports. In order to protect the automobile industry, the United States has introduced the Anti-Pollution Act, requiring all imported automobiles to be fitted with anti-pollution devices and formulating almost harsh technical standards. The above internal and external differences and obviously discriminatory provisions have aroused strong opposition from other countries, especially developing countries. Venezuela, Mexico and other countries have appealed to the GATT and the World Trade Organization, Canada, the European **** body has been with the U.S. "in court".
(ii) "green technology standards". Developed countries have a high level of science and technology, and are in a position of technological monopoly. They are in the name of protecting the environment, through legislative means, the development of strict mandatory technical standards to restrict the import of foreign goods. These standards are formulated on the basis of the production and technological levels of the developed countries, which are attainable for the developed countries but difficult to attain for the developing countries. This seemingly fair, but in fact unequal, environmental protection technical standards will inevitably lead to the exclusion of products from developing countries from the markets of developed countries. in April 1995, the International Organization for Standardization, which is controlled by developed countries, began to implement the International System of Standards for Environmental Monitoring (ISSEM), which requires products to meet the ISO9000 series of quality standard systems. The European Union has also recently launched an environmental management system called ISO14000, which requires products entering EU countries to meet specified technical standards from pre-production to manufacturing, sales, use, and final and disposal stages, generally focusing on consumer products, excluding the service industry and pharmaceuticals and food products that already have stringent environmental protection standards, with priority given to textiles, paper products, batteries, household cleaners, washing machines, Footwear, building materials, hair care products, packaging materials and other 26 categories of products. 1993 June Britain first completed the washing machine, dishwasher, light bulbs, hair care products, deodorants, fertilizers, the development of environmental standards, the European *** body has voted to adopt. At present, the United States, Germany, Japan, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, France, Australia and other developed countries in the West have formulated environmental protection technology standards, and tend to harmonize and mutual recognition.
(iii) "green environmental labeling". It is a graphic on the product or its packaging. It indicates that the product not only meets the quality standards, but also in the production, use, consumption, disposal process in line with environmental requirements, the ecological environment and human health are not harmful. In order to enter the market of developed countries, products from developing countries must be applied for and approved in order to get the "green pass", i.e. "green