The Role of Forestry in Improving Ecological Environment and Developing Social Economy
Development of forestry can not only regulate the climate, conserve water, beautify the environment, purify the air, and safeguard health, but also provide a large amount of timber, forest products, native specialties and medicinal herbs. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the reform and opening up, the state has adopted a series of policies and measures for the development of forestry, has achieved remarkable results, and in improving the ecological environment and accelerating the construction of the economy is playing an increasingly important role.
1, control soil erosion, restore ecological balance and protect agricultural production. Northwest Loess Plateau, northern China and the western region of Northeast China is China's sparse vegetation, wind and sand, soil erosion in the most serious areas, long in the lack of food, fertilizer, firewood situation. Since 1978, by the end of 2000, the first three phases of the project had been completed, and 22 million hectares of various kinds of protective forests had been created in the region, with the farmland forest network in the "Three Norths" region taking shape, and 21.3 million hectares of farmland being protected. According to a survey, in the desertified areas in the north, nearly 140,000 square kilometers of soil and water erosion have been treated due to planting grasses and trees, and about 40% of the soil and water erosion area has been treated.
There are also 32.56 million hectares of farmland in the plains that have been forested, and the forest coverage rate has increased from 1.1 per cent in the early years of the founding of the People's Republic of China to 15.7 per cent, with the initial formation of a combination of belts, sheets and nets as a farmland protection system that has contributed to an increase in the production of food crops. In addition, 5,672 kilometers of forest belts have been created along 18,000 kilometers of coastline, effectively reducing the harm caused by typhoons.
2. Providing a large amount of timber for economic construction and abundant food for the people's life. Timber is an important material for industrial production and national economy, construction, mainly provided by the forestry production sector, farmers to build houses and production and living with timber, to have farmers to operate the mountain forests to provide, these years, only the rural building timber is about 25 million cubic meters.
China's woody food and oil tree species, nutrient-rich, is a mountainous area of the masses of precious food, but also an important material for export. Woody food planting area of about 800,000 hectares, with a total output of about 1 million tons; woody oil total area of 4.6 million hectares, of which 3.5 million hectares of oil tea, walnut 1 million hectares, with a total output of 200,000 tons. Woody oil has the advantages of one-year planting and multi-year harvesting, low investment, quick results, high returns, and no competition for land with crops. The development of forestry also provides a wealth of medicinal resources, ginseng, asparagus, antlers and other valuable medicinal materials are produced in forest areas. The forest area also produces local specialties such as wood ear, bamboo shoots, mushrooms and golden needles.
3, beautify the urban and rural environment, protect species resources. For many years of continuous activities to carry out afforestation and greening of the motherland, China's forestry area has increased significantly, the forest cover increased significantly, significantly improving and beautifying the urban and rural environment. Some areas have been opened up as tourist resorts by taking advantage of the favorable conditions of many forests and beautiful environments, such as Changbai Mountain, Mount Tai, Mount Huangshan, Zhangjiajie, Mount Emei, Mount Wuyi, and Jiuzhaigou. In order to protect the representative natural ecological environment and rare animal and plant resources, the country has established 1,699 nature reserves, with a total area of 1.8 billion mu, and the protected area accounts for 12.49% of the national territory, of which 197 are state-level nature reserves, so that many endangered species of precious trees and rare animals have been protected. 1. Per capita possession of forest resources is small. China is a country with few forests and a lack of timber, and there is a serious shortage of forest resources. in 2005, the national forest area was 175 million hectares, and the total volume of forest trees was 12.456 billion cubic meters. China is the country with the largest area of planted forests, with a cumulative total of 53.3 million hectares preserved in planted forests, accounting for 1/3 of the forest area, and with a stockpile of 1.503 billion cubic meters of timber. The national forest coverage rate is 18.21%. Over the past 25 years, more than 9.9 billion people have participated in compulsory tree-planting, and 47.11 billion trees have been planted. The country's annual commercial forest harvest is about 150 million cubic meters, producing 99 million cubic meters of timber. The annual timber supply gap is more than 100 million cubic meters. 2004 timber import value reached 18.648 billion U.S. dollars. 2005 timber import value of 5.49 billion U.S. dollars, exports of wood products 10.26 billion U.S. dollars. Measured in absolute numbers, China's total forest area and total volume of storage are among the world's top, but calculated by population and land area, it is far behind the world level. According to the per capita occupation of forest area, our country is only 2.02 mu, for the world per capita 15.6 mu 1/7, ranking 121st in the world; our country according to the per capita occupation of forest reserves 9.58 cubic meters, for the world per capita 83 cubic meters of 11.5%, ranking 57th in the world. Forest cover is only 18.21%, 82.7% of the world average of 22%, ranking 120th in the world.
2. The geographical distribution of forests is extremely uneven. China's mature forests are mostly concentrated in the remote mountainous areas in the northeast and southwest. Heilongjiang, jilin, northeastern Inner Mongolia, sichuan three states, yunnan and eastern Tibet, the total land area of only 1/5 of the total area of the country, the forest area but accounted for nearly half of the country, the forest reserves accounted for the country's 3/4. Coastal inland forests are less, liaoning, hebei, tianjin, shandong, jiangsu, shanghai, beijing, henan, anhui, shanxi, and other 10 provinces and municipalities, the forest cover is only about 10 percent. Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, and west-central Tibet have even fewer forests, with less than 10 percent of the area covered by forests. Even within a province, the forest cover is uneven, mainly distributed in some remote areas that are sparsely populated and difficult to access. Because of the uneven distribution of forests, the contradiction between supply and demand is prominent, with a large amount of timber in the coastal provinces and cities, low self-sufficiency, the vast majority of the * long-distance transportation, resulting in transportation tensions and increased costs.
3, forest age structure is unreasonable. Remote forest areas, mature forests, low production. In the country can be divided into age groups of 7.5 billion cubic meters of forest reserves, 5.2 billion cubic meters of mature forests, which are distributed in the northeast, southwest remote forest areas amounted to 4.4 billion cubic meters, accounting for 84.6% of mature forests. Because of the remoteness of the area, the isolation of transportation and the untimely harvesting and renewal, the annual natural loss of more than 25 million cubic meters. In the southern and coastal forest areas, there are few mature forests, with only more than 500 million cubic meters, accounting for about 10 per cent of the forest stock; there are more young and medium-sized forests, accounting for about 90 per cent. These areas, low altitude, high temperature, rainfall, good land conditions, forest growth faster, but * close to large and medium-sized cities, large demand for wood, better transportation conditions, early harvesting serious. The forest age structure is unreasonable, bringing the contradiction between growth and consumption, which is not conducive to the perpetual utilization of forests.
4, low comprehensive utilization rate of forests. For a long time, our country due to heavy log production, light comprehensive utilization, comprehensive utilization of wood is very low, a large number of processing and utilization of logging residues and processing residues wasted, did not make the best use of things. According to estimates, such as 65% of the logging area according to the timber, 70% of the processing of timber, the annual logging residues and processing residues amounted to more than 3,000,000 cubic meters, and the real use of less than 10%, the remaining 90% of the waste. Many mountainous areas of rural energy mainly rely on * firewood, according to Hunan and other places of typical survey, the rural average per person per year 0.4 cubic meters of firewood, such as at least 100 million people according to the country to burn firewood, the loss of forests 40 million cubic meters per year.
5, forest tenure complex, low level of management. China's forests by the state-owned forests, collective forests, self-reserved mountains and other forms. Northeast, southwest into a large area of forests are mostly state-owned forests, southern forest areas are mainly collective forests. Since the reform and opening up, in order to mobilize the enthusiasm of thousands of families to plant trees and green the barren mountains, it is common for farmers to divide the self-reserved mountains. In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties and speed up the development of forestry, the coal mines, paper mills, railroads and other departments that use a large amount of timber have been allocated a certain area of barren mountains for their own production and use. These departments have sufficient funds, careful management, planted mostly fast-growing productive forest species, short production cycle, high utilization rate, good benefits. Some forest areas have several ownership systems coexisting, often occurring forest rights disputes, especially in the northeast forest area, in addition to cultivated land around the village, all state-owned, with the increase in population and the development of a variety of business, disputes between the peasant masses and state-owned forest areas occur from time to time. A similar situation exists in the southern forest areas between ethnic minorities and state-run forest farms. In order to solve this contradiction, many forest areas have adopted the field group joint venture, the forest to enrich the people's approach, the effect is very good, not only to protect the forest, but also to make the surrounding farmers quickly become rich.
On the whole, China's forest management and management level is relatively low, the country's remote areas of the forest area there are 30% of unmanaged, self-perpetuating; has been developed in the forest area, due to poor management, the annual loss of fires, pests and diseases is serious.
The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have taken many major policy measures to develop forestry and protect forests, and there has been great development in forestry production, with broad prospects. The state plans to reach a forest coverage rate of more than 20% by 2010, requiring the overall deterioration of the national ecological situation has been initially curbed, and the structure of forestry production tends to be rationalized. By 2020, the forest coverage rate will reach 23% or more, requiring a marked improvement in the ecological situation of the country as a whole and a marked increase in the strength of the forestry industry. By 2050, the forest coverage rate will be stabilized at 26% or more, the country will basically realize the beauty of mountains and rivers, the ecological situation will step into a virtuous cycle, the contradiction between the supply and demand of forest products will be alleviated, and a relatively complete forest ecological system and a relatively developed forestry industry system will be built. In order to realize this ambitious goal, it is necessary to reform the forestry management system and implement classified management. The implementation of classified management is a shortcut to forestry development
1, the connotation of forestry classified management
Forests have economic, social and ecological benefits of the three major, different forests to pursue the dominant benefit is different. Connotation of forestry classification management is in accordance with the national economic development of forestry different leading demand for a variety of different forest resources to determine the direction of management and management measures. In accordance with the law that forests have multiple functions, but the dominant utilization can be different, the Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China divides forests into five major forest types: timber forests, protection forests, economic forests, charcoal forests, and special-purpose forests. The development of timber forests is mainly to safeguard the timber needs of national construction and the private sector. The development of protection forests is mainly to protect the water sources of large rivers, prevent wind and sand, and prevent soil erosion. The development of economic forests is mainly to utilize the rich resources of our country such as fruits, woody grains and oils, mulberry and sericulture, bamboo and tea to meet the needs of the people's life and increase the income of farmers. The development of charcoal forests is mainly to solve the fuel problems of farmers and some residents of small towns. The development of special timber forests is mainly to meet the special needs of the national society for forestry.
With the gradual establishment of the socialist market economic system, in order to solve the mechanism and policy problems of China's forestry development, and more reasonably give full play to the three major benefits of forests, the former National Reform Commission and the Ministry of Forestry in 1995 in the "General Outline of the Reform of the Forestry Economy" proposed to establish a forestry economic system to adapt to the socialist market economy, and to reflect the characteristics of the requirements of the forestry industry. It requires that forests be divided into public welfare forests and commercial forests in accordance with their uses and different production and management purposes, and that they be categorized and managed. Public welfare forests include protection forests and special-purpose forests among the five major forest species (including a small number of economic forests and charcoal forests with ecological benefits), and are operated to meet the needs of national security and public welfare to improve the ecological environment; the state encourages the creation of public welfare forests, restricts the harvesting of public welfare forests, and establishes a forest ecological benefit compensation fund for the creation, nurturing, protection and management of public welfare forests. Commercial forests include timber forests, economic forests and charcoal forests among the five major forest species. As a basic industry, it is operated independently by operators in accordance with the law in a market-oriented manner, and the state gives necessary support.
2, the significance of the classification of forestry management
The implementation of the classification of forest management is the entry point and breakthrough in the reform of the economic system of forestry, to improve the status of forestry in the national economy, the rational adjustment of the layout of the industrial structure of the forestry industry, and to better play the three major benefits of forestry, are of great significance.
First, the implementation of classified management, is conducive to the protection of the national ecological environment. The state will play an important role in the security of the land, improve the environment, protect biodiversity protection forests and special purpose forests into the public welfare forests, and its implementation of strict protection and management, strictly prohibit indiscriminate logging. As for the economic losses brought about by the ban on harvesting and logging, the State provides reasonable compensation through the establishment of the Forest Ecological Benefit Compensation Fund. This not only ensures the economic income of the operator, mobilizes the enthusiasm of caring for the forest, but also protects the forest resources and improves the ecological environment.
Second, the implementation of classified management, conducive to the development of forestry economy. The production of timber, fresh and dried fruits, fuel wood as the main purpose of timber forests, economic forests, carbon forests into commercial forests, allowing forests and forestry operators in accordance with market demand and the goal of maximizing the economic benefits of independent management in accordance with the law, the State gradually relaxed restrictions on the operation of commercial forests, to encourage the development of the operation of commercial forests. This not only mobilizes the enthusiasm of forest and forestry operators to develop and operate commercial forests, and meets the needs of society for timber, forest products and dried and fresh fruits, but also enlivens the forestry economy and promotes forestry development.
Thirdly, the implementation of forestry classification management, conducive to the "four barren" land afforestation and greening. China's barren mountains, barren slopes, barren beaches, barren sand area is very large. After the implementation of forestry classification management, the state can take preferential policies and financial support to the state investment, the operator to create and manage, focus on the "four barren" land afforestation and greening. Encourage operators to vigorously create wind and sand control forests, water conservation forests and soil and water conservation forests in wind and sand areas, water conservation areas and soil and water conservation areas. This not only greening of the "four barren" land, increased forest products, but also played a wind and sand, soil and water conservation, improve the ecological environment.
Fourth, the implementation of forestry management, is conducive to rationalize forestry policies and mechanisms. The implementation of forestry management, forestry is clearly divided into two major public welfare and industry, the state of the two categories to take different policy measures, is conducive to in accordance with the laws of the market economy to rationalize the forestry policy and mechanism. It can be said that the implementation of forestry classification and management is the inevitable requirements of the sustainable development of China's national economy, is a shortcut to forestry development, but also the objective needs of land reorganization and environmental protection.
3, the implementation of forestry classified management practices and measures
First, do a good job of forest zoning and definition work. The work of forest classification and management can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage is to delineate public welfare forests and commercial forests through forest resource surveys and to determine public welfare forests and commercial forests to each plot by signing agreements with forest operators; the second stage is to report the results of the forest classification and management results to the State Council for approval by the people's governments at or above the county level step by step; and the third stage is to implement the strategy of forest classification and management, in accordance with the forest classification program to adopt different types of management methods and management measures for different types of forests.
Second, widely publicize and mobilize. Forest classification and zoning definition work involves the immediate interests of forest farmers, strong policy, wide-ranging, need the active participation of the majority of forest farmers. In order to improve the majority of grass-roots cadres and workers and forest farmers on the forest classification and definition of the understanding of the work, all levels of government and forestry departments should vigorously carry out extensive publicity campaign. To vigorously publicize the CPC Central Committee, the State Council on strengthening the ecological environment construction of important instructions, vigorously publicize the forest classification zoning definition, deepen forestry classification reform is the implementation of the Forestry Law, protection of forest resources, to maintain the ecological balance of the important initiatives, is to improve the economic efficiency of forestry, increase the income of forest farmers, benefit the country and benefit the people, benefit future generations of the big things. In response to some foresters are afraid of defining public welfare forests after the forest can not be harvested, for fear of policy changes, for fear of the emergence of new disputes over forest rights and other realities, the people's governments at all levels and the competent departments in charge of forestry, in addition to the use of a variety of forms of media, meetings and training and other forms of publicity, should also be organized to go deep into the rural forests to carry out on-site publicity and explanations, so that the operators of forests and trees to eliminate concerns, and actively cooperate with the work of the classification of forestry management.
Third, the organization of professional teams. Forest classification and zoning definition of the work of strict technical requirements, in order to ensure the completion of the task on time and in high quality, each place must organize a professional team, specifically responsible for the completion of the forest resources survey and forest classification and zoning definition of the work. Before carrying out out surveys, first of all, the outgoing survey personnel to carry out policy and technical training, requiring each survey team member to be familiar with the forest classification and management policy, and skillfully master the technical requirements and working methods stipulated in the implementation rules, and can only participate in the outgoing surveys after passing the examination and on-site practice.
Fourth, carry out the review and verification of forest right certificates. Combined with the forest classification type zoning definition work to be carried out at the same time to register forest rights and review and verification work. The definition of forest classification type zoning work requires forest operators to sign and recognize, but also involves the determination of forest, forest trees and forest land ownership. In the process of defining the zoning of forest classification types, the registration of forest rights and the review and validation of forest rights shall be carried out at the same time.
Fifth, the establishment and implementation of fund compensation system. The core of the forestry classification and management reform is to establish and implement the forest ecological benefit compensation fund system. Classification of forestry management, to improve the environment, protect biodiversity protection forests and special-purpose forests into the public welfare forests, strict control of logging, to the forest operator to bring economic losses. In order to ensure that forest operators and forest farmers income, mobilize their love of forest protection enthusiasm, the state must establish a forest ecological benefit compensation fund system, the implementation of earmarked funds, and put into practice.
Sixth, according to local conditions, the right tree for the right place. China's vast territory, geography, soil, climate types are diverse, we must start from the local reality, planting tree species suitable for local growth. Past lessons in this regard is a lot. For example, regardless of geographical and climatic conditions, the northern region planted poplar trees everywhere; southern region planted fir trees everywhere, the masses of this afforestation phenomenon called "Yang Jiajun", "Shajiabang". Again, such as paulownia trees in the east-central part of Henan, northern Anhui, southwestern Shandong grows better, wood quality is also good, Shanxi Jiangxian County leaders to visit here, regardless of the county's high terrain, windy, low-temperature conditions, the blind introduction of paulownia trees, the original growth of good poplar trees are cut, all in the planting of paulownia, and as a result of the growth of short and curved, branching more. Local people said ironically: "Jiangxian bubblegum polite, see people low and bend". This shows that it is very important to start from the local reality and plant the tree species suitable for local growth. Pastoral areas in the natural, economic, social conditions, etc., has the following basic characteristics:
1, located in the land border, minority groups. China's pastoral areas are mostly distributed in the land border minority areas. From the Northeast Daxinganling west to the south, along the Yinshan Mountains, Helan Mountains, Altai Mountains, Tianshan, Qilian Mountains, to the Tibetan plateau, the border is long. In this vast grassland inhabited by more than 10 ethnic minorities such as Mongolian, Tibetan, Kazakh, Kirgiz, Tajik, Yugu, Ewenki and so on. Animal husbandry is the main industry of the people of all ethnic groups in the pastoral areas, and it is the main source of the means of living and production of the majority of herders, as well as the pillar of the social economy.
2. The pastoral area is rich in resources and complex natural conditions. The pastoral area has a usable grassland area of 3.47 billion mu, accounting for 57.8% of the country's total grassland surface. Grassland types are diverse, *** there are 7 categories, 22 subcategories, there are all kinds of pasture grasses more than 3,000 kinds, dozens of artificial cultivation of pasture grasses. There are also dozens of rare wild animals and plants belonging to national first and second class protection, and hundreds of valuable medicinal herbs and precious economic plants in the pastoral area. The pastoral area is also rich in forest, mineral and water resources.
Most of the pastoral areas are located in high-altitude and high-latitude areas, which are characterized by high cold, drought, wind and snow, and many disasters. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau pastoral area is China's largest alpine pastoral area, covering a total area of about 2 million square kilometers, more than 3,000 meters above sea level. The climate is cold and changeable, the frost-free period is less than 150 days, and some places have almost no absolute frost-free period throughout the year. Pastoral areas in Xinjiang are pastoral areas dominated by mountainous pastures, where the temperature is influenced by both high latitude and terrain elevation differences, and the cold winter and spring seasons have a greater impact on livestock. Northern pastoral areas, with Inner Mongolia as the main body, altitude between 1000-1500 meters, annual precipitation is mostly below 400 millimeters, forming China's main arid and semi-arid areas.
3, natural disasters, production instability. Pastoral areas in the available grassland, in addition to the river valley plains area of about 20% of the meadow grassland, most of them are located in the alpine zone, subject to the constraints of the continental climate, the winter is long, rainfall is low, sandy winds, the frost-free period is short, frequent natural disasters. The traditional livestock husbandry by day, reciprocal livestock "summer strong, autumn fat, winter fatigue, spring lack of" the bad results, production is very unstable. Inner Mongolia from 1947 to 1987, 40 years of livestock appeared 5 times big ups and downs, 5 times small ups and downs. 1952 to 1986, the region's deaths of large and small livestock 83,574,000 (only), sold 96,315,000 (only), 93,413,000 head (only), self-feeding, roughly one-third of each, enough to illustrate the instability of the pastoral pastoral production.
4, animal husbandry has a long history, the commodity economy is not developed. The majority of herders, for a long time in the use of natural grasslands to develop cattle, sheep, horses, camels and other herbivores in the historical process, has accumulated a wealth of experience in managing livestock and the use and construction of grasslands. However, due to historical, social and natural conditions, the pastoral area is basically nomadic semi-nomadic mode of production, purely operating livestock raw materials, a single economic structure, self-sufficiency-based product production, belongs to the closed, semi-closed economic form, the commodity economy is very undeveloped. This situation has changed since the founding of the People's Republic of China, but its basic characteristics still exist today.
5, transportation and communication is inconvenient, culture, education, science and health backward. Most pastoral counties (banners) do not have access to railroads, and some townships (soums) do not even have highways, telephones, and television. Inconvenient transportation, transportation difficulties, high freight, information is not good, circulation is not smooth, seriously restricting the development of the pastoral commodity economy.
There are few cultural facilities in pastoral areas, and the cultural life of the masses is poor. School conditions are poor, insufficient school buildings, lack of teachers, quality is not high, school-age children enrollment rate bottom, graduation rate is low. The existing scientific research, technology promotion and business management system is not sound. There is an acute shortage of various kinds of talents in pastoral areas, especially insufficient scientific and technological personnel. Service institutions are not sound, directly for the pastoral production services of grassland management stations, animal husbandry and veterinary stations, animal breed improvement stations and management stations, many of which are in a paralyzed, semi-paralyzed state, can not play a good role. Due to the few scientific and technological personnel and the paralysis of the "four stations", the promotion and application of new technologies, livestock breed improvement, disease prevention and control, and grassland construction have all been seriously affected. Pastoral areas have few medical outlets, poor sanitary conditions, a serious lack of medicine, infectious diseases, endemic disease incidence rate is high. Pastoral areas are important bases for cattle and sheep production. Pastoral animal husbandry is an important part of the national animal husbandry. About 1/5 of the country's beef and 2/3 of the country's lamb are produced in pastoral areas. For a long time, to solve part of the large and medium-sized cities of beef and mutton supply plays a pivotal role.
Pastoral areas are woolen, leather and other industrial raw materials and export livestock products base. Five pastoral areas of sheep wool, goat wool production accounted for 54?75% and 23?56% of the country respectively. Camel hair and yak hair all production in pastoral areas. The pastoral area for leather industry to provide cattle, sheep skin accounted for the country for leather industry to provide cattle, sheep skin of the total amount of 50% and more than 40%. The pastoral area every year for the country to provide exports of livestock products amounted to more than 140 kinds of, among them frozen beef and mutton, live cattle, live sheep, cashmere, camel's wool, fur coat, goat plate skin and cattle, mutton canned meat and woolen textiles, etc., in the export of foreign exchange occupies an important position. Pastoral areas also sell a large number of live animals to agricultural areas every year.
Pastoral areas are a broad market for industrial products. With the development of production and herdsmen's lives, the pastoral areas of industrial demand increased, in addition to the daily necessity of food, salt, cloth, sugar, tea, department stores, hardware, etc., pastoral machinery, veterinary drugs, feed additive Ji, chemical fertilizers, wind power generation equipment, livestock processing machinery, household electrical appliances, plastic film, as well as cultural and living supplies, pastoral areas have a broad market. This is to start the market, expanding domestic demand, and promote the development of the national economy will play an important role.
The pastoral area contains a huge potential for development. China's pastoral area is vast, the national per capita grassland area of about 4 acres, far more than the per capita possession of arable land. Fully develop and utilize the potential of grassland, the development of grassland animal husbandry, grass for meat, milk, wool, leather, for increasing the supply of livestock products, increase the production of industrial raw materials, the development of pastoral economy, expanding exports for foreign exchange, has a very important role.
Development of pastoral economy is to strengthen national unity, consolidate the foundation of border defense. China's pastoral areas are mostly inland border areas or poor mountainous areas. The development of pastoral economy, conducive to the development of the frontier, the construction of the frontier, is conducive to the prosperity of the ethnic areas of the economy, culture, is conducive to strengthening the unity of the various ethnic groups, is conducive to the consolidation of national defense, and to promote the prosperity of the national economy as a whole. Seize the opportunity to accelerate the development of pastoral areas
The development of pastoral areas is faced with many favorable conditions: First, since the reform and opening up, the central government has formulated a series of policies conducive to the development of pastoral economy, the country's comprehensive strength has greatly enhanced, and has accumulated a relatively strong material base, the central government and the local authorities have the ability to increase the development of the pastoral economy of the investment. Secondly, after many years of development and construction, pastoral areas have gained a certain degree of self-development capacity, and many successful experiences have been created and accumulated. Third, the focus of the national development strategy has shifted to the central and western regions, making the development of the western region the focus of development in the next century. Fourthly, the State has implemented a proactive fiscal policy and increased infrastructure construction, creating conditions for the development of pastoral areas. Fifthly, China's agricultural harvests in successive years and the abundance of grain and other agricultural products have provided a good opportunity for pastoral areas to stop clearing land, return farmland to grassland, and protect the ecological environment. Sixth, the central government attaches great importance to ethnic work. To seize the above favorable opportunity, take effective measures to accelerate the economic development of pastoral areas.
To correct the understanding of the status and role of pastoral areas in the development of the national economy. China's pastoral areas are an important treasure trove for modernization. Pastoral areas for the country to provide a large number of various livestock products. Although the pastoral area in the country's total meat production accounted for a small share, but it is to solve the large and medium-sized cities of high-quality beef and mutton supply, but occupies an important position. Pastoral areas provide a large number of raw materials for the wool spinning and leather processing industries, and also provide the country with a large number of foreign exchange earning products. The existing pastureland is still natural pasture, if improved, construction, development potential is very large. According to estimates, such as 1/3 of our country can use the pasture into artificial pasture, the pasture meat production can be increased by 10 times. Therefore, the state should pay enough attention to the development of pastoral areas and the necessary support.
The correct approach to economic development of pastoral areas. Years of practice has proved that the economic development of pastoral areas must adhere to the main pastoralism, grass industry first, a variety of management, comprehensive development policy. Such a policy in line with the pastoral minority habits and expertise, is conducive to the natural advantages of pastoral areas, is conducive to the protection of grasslands and ecological environment. Semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas are generally adjacent to pastoral areas, and their natural conditions and transportation and energy conditions are better than those of pastoral areas. Therefore, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas should put animal husbandry in a prominent position, give full play to the advantages of the combination of pastoralism and agriculture, and diversify their operations for comprehensive development. Highlighting animal husbandry, you can use the local favorable conditions, strengthen the complementary exchange of resources with the pastoral areas, and play an intermediate role between the agricultural and pastoral areas and ecological protection.
Further improve the pastoral production responsibility system. First, efforts to run a good two-tier business, and actively do a good job of pre-production, production and post-production socialized services. The second is to actively develop livestock raising professional households, the organization of experienced and skilled herdsmen specializing in raising improved livestock and breeding stock; encouraging herdsmen to voluntarily help each other, division of labor, through cooperation and association of the way to take the road of specialization, socialization, and gradually will be mixed herds of grazing to the transition to separate herds of grazing. Third, according to local conditions, the implementation of pasture contract responsibility system, fixed pasture right of use, and advocate grass for livestock. Fourth, strengthen financial management. Establishment of a sound financial management system, in line with the pasture, used in the pasture, from the people, used in the principle of the people, to achieve the earmarking.
Increase pastoral inputs, strengthen grassland construction, and enhance development momentum. Pastoral inputs focus on accelerating the construction of artificial pasture and natural pasture improvement, and actively improve grassland water conservancy facilities, the establishment of pasture seed breeding bases; strengthen the road, energy construction, improve traffic, transportation, electricity, communication conditions; actively carry out grassland rats, insects, disease prevention and control. It is also necessary to strengthen the construction of herdsmen's settlements, livestock sheds, breeding stations and veterinary epidemic prevention stations.
Strengthen the construction of the market system, dredge the circulation channels. The market system is the carrier of the market economy. Pastoral development of socialist market economy, must establish and improve the unified open, competitive and orderly market system. Agricultural and livestock products market system, including markets, wholesale markets, specialty markets, futures markets and retail outlets. The marketplace is a place for producers and consumers to conduct direct transactions, flexible and convenient, adaptable, and plays an important role in promoting the development of the commodity economy and facilitating people's lives in pastoral areas, and should be vigorously developed. A number of specialized wholesale markets for agricultural and livestock products should be built in places where they are available. To market construction and town construction closely together, first of all should be the history of the traditional commercial road, distribution center and county (flag) city market town restoration and construction. To counties (banners), townships (soums) as the basis for the seat, and gradually build more small towns, township enterprises, services, culture, education and health facilities, so that it becomes the pastoral areas scattered political, economic, cultural, educational, scientific and technological, health and other activity centers, and prosperity of pastoral economy, the development of commodity production. To further improve the system of purchase and sale, dredge the circulation channels, and actively implement the industry and animal husbandry direct, industry and trade direct, industry and animal husbandry joint venture, the development of industrialization of the pastoral industry, to reduce the intermediate links, saving transaction costs, so that the herdsmen get more benefits.
To carry out a variety of business, accelerate the pace of wealth. In order to make the pastoral area as soon as possible rich, should vigorously develop a variety of business. First, in adhering to the pastoralist basis, and actively take the pastoralism, agriculture, forestry, vice, industry, commerce, transportation, services, integrated development of the road. Second, strengthen horizontal economic ties and implement the policy of opening up to the outside world and revitalizing the economy at home. To seize the favorable opportunity of the western development, and actively introduce domestic and foreign capital, technology, talent, and take people's strengths for the pastoral areas. Actively carry out joint ventures, sole proprietorships, cooperation and compensatory trade with foreign businessmen. To take more favorable policies and measures than the mainland, to encourage brother provinces, cities and districts to pastoral areas to set up ranches, livestock processing plants, mining, transportation, water conservancy and other developmental enterprises.
Actively develop culture, education, science and health. Vigorously cultivate local national scientific and technological talents, improve the cultural, scientific and technological quality of herdsmen, is the development of the pastoral economy of the strategic move. We should give full play to the role of existing talents and adopt the policy of encouraging intellectuals to work in the border areas, and actively introduce all kinds of talents to contribute to the construction of pastoral areas. National education in pastoral areas should start with basic education, focus on improving the quality of education, and cultivate and consolidate a number of students. Along the border and in impoverished pastoral areas, a public-oriented, grant-based and boarding system should be adopted. A number of ethnic primary and secondary schools should be run in a focused manner. Secondary specialized schools and vocational high schools should be actively operated, and a number of intermediate-level technicians of ethnic minorities needed for the development of the pastoralist economy should be trained. Cultural undertakings in pastoral areas should be actively developed, and cultural life in pastoral areas should be enlivened. The medical and health conditions in the pastoral areas should be actively improved, and attention should be paid to strengthening the prevention and treatment of endemic and infectious diseases that seriously jeopardize people's health. It is necessary to improve family planning and control population growth.