As a teaching staff, it is difficult to avoid preparing lesson plans, with the help of which teaching can be made more scientific. How should we write a lesson plan? Here are the lesson plans for small class safety activities "earthquake prevention and mitigation" (selected 6) that I have compiled for you, I hope they can help you.
小班安全活动《防震减灾》教案1Activity Objectives:
1, through the exercise, training teachers and children in the earthquake situation according to the kindergarten environment in an orderly manner through the safe evacuation channel.
2. To educate children to listen to teachers and adults in the event of an earthquake and make basic self-help behaviors.
3. Cultivate children's safety awareness and self-protection ability for earthquake prevention and disaster reduction.
4, test the children's ability to react, exercise their personal ability.
5, experience the joy of imitation games.
Activity Preparation:
1, video and pictures
2, understand the basic knowledge of self-help in the earthquake.
Activity process:
I. Feel the disaster brought by earthquakes to human beings.
1. Tell what happens when an earthquake comes.
Watch the video
Question: What did the children watch? (Children answer such as: children say their own insights and feelings)
Watch the video again
know that when the earthquake do not panic, to listen to the teacher's command, orderly evacuation can avoid the occurrence of harm.
What do we do when an earthquake comes? （
2, watch the video (ppt)
The pictures of people evacuating safely (video)
Second, teach children to evacuate safely and effectively
1, learn the correct evacuation action.
Question: How can we protect ourselves during the movement when we evacuate? Children discuss to find the most effective protection method. (Hands on the head, upper body bent forward, quick evacuation)
2. Show the class evacuation map (the back door to the open area of the playground)
Observe and find out the path and location of the class evacuation in an emergency. Lead the children to discuss: Why should we take the path labeled in the chart when evacuating? Make children understand that the evacuation path labeled in the diagram is the closest one to the outdoor safety zone.
3. Inspire children to tell the evacuation method and precautions. Such as in order, not crowded; listen to the teacher's command.
4, the organization of young children "combat drills". Practice indoor earthquake and emergency evacuation. If the children in the evacuation of the situation of crowding, take too long, etc., the teacher to bring children to find out the reasons, and again drill, so that the children master the correct, fast evacuation method.
3. Let the children understand some basic knowledge of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction. (Photos)
(1) The dangerous vibration period of a large earthquake is about one minute. When a strong cracking earthquake occurs, people at home can temporarily hide more solid furniture such as beds, next to the table (note that not underneath), or hide in the span of a small, strong rigidity of the small room to take refuge, such as the kitchen, the bathroom and other places. After the main quake should be quickly evacuated to the outdoors, the evacuation should pay attention to the protection of the head, can be used to pillow and other soft objects to protect the head. Be careful to turn off the gas and cut off the power supply. People living in high-rise buildings can not use the elevator, and do not run to the balcony, especially can not jump.
(2) Students in class and kindergarten children should hide next to desks and cribs (note not below). Listen to your teacher and don't run around. People in theaters or other public **** entertainment venues should take shelter under the stage, music pools, tables, counters on both sides of the protection of the head, do not flock to the exit.
(3) Passengers in the car should hold onto the seats or solid parts of the car, and do not rush to get out of the car. Vehicles that are running should slow down and stop, trying to stop in the open.
(4) If you are crossing a bridge, hold on to the bridge railing and move to a nearby shore immediately after the main earthquake.
(5) People walking on the streets should not stay in narrow alleys and should not hide near power lines, transformers, chimneys and tall buildings.
(6) People should also stay away from petrochemical, chemical, gas and other flammable and toxic factories or facilities, such as encountered cause a fire or toxic gas pollution, should be quickly evacuated to the upwind direction.
Small class safety activities "earthquake mitigation" lesson plan 2 Activity Objective: To carry out a series of earthquake mitigation and disaster prevention activities to make the pioneers a preliminary understanding of the causes of earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and mudslides disaster distribution, hazards and defense measures. Preliminary understanding of the correlation between earthquakes, various disasters. Activity Preparation:
Activity process:
I. Announcement of the activities
1, the pioneers, this time the Sichuan Wenchuan earthquake, to the people of Sichuan, brought great pain and loss, who can say what you know about the earthquake? (players answer)
2, the players know really quite a lot, this activity we come together to understand how earthquakes are generated, encountered in the earthquake should be how to prevent injuries.
The process of the activity
1, the teams communicate with each other to understand the causes of earthquakes.
2. Play the movie on the causes of earthquakes.
3. Show the knowledge collected about earthquakes.
An earthquake is a sudden rupture of the lithosphere under the action of internal forces, and the internal energy of the Earth is released in the form of seismic waves, which causes the ground to vibrate within a certain range of phenomena. Most earthquakes occur in relation to the geological structure. There are faults in the earth's crust, and faults have a certain degree of activity in the zone, earthquakes are most likely to occur.
The size of an earthquake is usually expressed on the Richter scale. The more energy an earthquake releases, the higher the magnitude. For each increase in magnitude, the energy increases by a factor of about 30. Usually, earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 3 are not felt by people and are considered microseismic; earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 5 cause varying degrees of damage and are considered destructive.
Earthquake is a geological disaster with the greatest harm and impact. China is one of the world's most serious earthquake disaster, most of the country's provinces and districts have occurred more than 6 magnitude earthquakes. 7.8 magnitude earthquake occurred on July 28, 1976 in Tangshan, so that this million people in the industrial town, instantly become a ruin. This is the most destructive earthquake disaster in the world in the 20th century.
China's Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou bordering the zone, the zone's modern crustal activity is strong, the earthquake endangered, high magnitude. Because of the strong crustal activity, the mountains in the fracture, rock fragmentation, weathering is serious, coupled with the dry and wet seasons are clear, heavy rainfall concentration. This has led to landslides and mudslides. This time in Sichuan occurred 8. 0 magnitude earthquake, after the earthquake so far, but also occurred four times more than 6 aftershocks, more destructive than the Tangshan earthquake.
4, the defense of geological disasters
(1) If you are in the theater, stadiums and other places encountered when the earthquake, be calm and cool, especially when the field of power outages, do not shout and scream, and shall not be crowded and embraced, should be crouched or hiding in the rows of chairs, pay attention to avoid chandeliers, fans and other hanging objects, with a leather bag and other things to protect the head, and so on the aftermath of the earthquake, listen to the command of the staff, organized evacuation. The first thing you need to do is to get out of the room and get out of the house.
(2) earthquake, you are in the mall, bookstore, exhibition halls, etc., you should choose a sturdy counter, goods (such as low furniture, etc.) or columns, as well as inside the corner of the wall crouch down on the ground, with a hand or something else to protect your head, avoiding the glass windows and doors and glass windows, but also crouch down in the channel, wait for the quake to subside, and then evacuate out of the orderly manner.
(3) students are in class, the teacher's command to quickly hold their heads, eyes closed, hiding under their desks, never run or jump, after the earthquake, organized evacuation of the classroom, to the nearest open area to avoid the earthquake.
(4) is in the stadium class, should immediately stop the class, stabilize the mood of the players, to prevent confusion and crowding, organized and systematic evacuation to the stadium safety zone.
5, quake self-help four common sense
(1) do not rush when the big earthquake
destructive earthquake from the vibration of people feel to the destruction of the building an average of only 12 seconds, in this short period of time you do not panic, should be based on the environment in which to make a choice quickly to protect the safety. If you live in a bungalow, you can quickly run to the door. If you live in a building, do not jump, you should immediately cut off the electric switch, turn off the gas, temporary shelter to the restroom and other small span of the place, or table, bed, etc., below the quake, and then quickly evacuate, in order to prevent a strong aftershock.
(2) people first find a hiding place
Schools, stores, theaters and other crowded places such as the earthquake, the most avoid panic, should immediately hide in the desks, chairs, or under the solid objects, to be after the earthquake and then orderly evacuation. Teachers and other field staff must calmly direct people to avoid the quake, never lead the run.
(3) away from the danger zone
Such as in the street encountered an earthquake, should be hand-protected head, quickly away from the building, to the center of the street. If you encounter an earthquake in the countryside, pay attention to stay away from cliffs, steep slopes, riverbanks and high-voltage lines. The car and the train are traveling to stop immediately.
(4) buried to save energy
If the earthquake is buried in the debris, try to stay calm and try to save yourself. If you can't get out of danger, save your strength, try to find water and food, create conditions for survival, and wait patiently for rescuers
Three, the team meeting summary.
Small class safety activities "earthquake prevention and mitigation" lesson plan 3
Activity Objectives
1, to help young children grasp the knowledge of safety, and to establish a sense of security to protect themselves from childhood.
2. Design the safety education program to enrich the knowledge of earthquakes and improve the awareness of earthquake prevention and the ability of young children to cope with dangers.
3, through the drill, let the children know the correct way to avoid and evacuate when the earthquake comes, and cultivate the children to master the correct escape essentials, and cope with the earthquake disaster calmly.
4. Teach children to be bold children.
5, can boldly and clearly express their own opinions.
Teaching Focus and Difficulties
Teaching Focus: Let the children know the correct way to avoid earthquake and evacuate.
Teaching Difficulties: Cultivate children's calm mind to deal with the earthquake disaster and the essentials of escape.
Activity Preparation
Teaching Aids:
1, children's teachers *** with the collection of earthquake safety propaganda wall charts, classroom materials, earthquake video small brief paragraph, love small basket.
2, escape small bag (flashlight, mineral water, bread, lighter, knife, rope, etc.)
Activity Process
A warm-up before class
The teacher led the children to listen to the music with their eyes closed to allow children to feel the earthquake when the sky fell to pieces. The teacher observes the children's expressions.
After listening to the music, ask:
1. What is the sound of the music? (The sound of an earthquake)
2. What do the children feel after listening to the music? (Fear)
Guide the children to say their own insights and feelings, so that children know that do not panic when encountering an earthquake, we must listen to the teacher's command, the orderly evacuation can be avoided to avoid the occurrence of hazards.
Then what do we do when an earthquake comes?
These are the first steps in the process of the earthquake.
3. Teachers evaluate the children's evacuation drill, express their own opinions, tell the observation record, and summarize the effect of the children's drill (from the children's evacuation routes and movements during the evacuation to evaluate).
4. Teaching children to evacuate safely and effectively
1. Learning the correct evacuation movements
Question: How can we protect ourselves in the process of movement when evacuating?
(Hands on your head, bend your upper body forward, and evacuate quickly)
2. Show the class evacuation map and bring the children to observe and find out the path and location of the class evacuation in case of emergency. (Let the children know that the marked paths in the diagram are safe and the nearest paths.)
3. Take children to observe the conditions of the evacuation path, guide children to discuss: how to take the fastest path to safety, inspire children to tell the evacuation method and precautions, (such as can be divided into two teams, according to the order, listen to the teacher's instructions, do not crowded, etc.).
4, the organization of the children to carry out drills, exercises indoor emergency earthquake and evacuation. If in the process of drilling children crowded, disorderly teacher to timely correct and organize another drill, so that children master the correct and fast evacuation methods.
V. Let the children understand some of the basic knowledge of earthquake prevention and mitigation.
1, free discussion, the teacher to expand.
a, if in the cottage, a sudden earthquake, to quickly drill under the bed, under the table, at the same time with bedding, pillows, basins and other things to protect the head, such as the earthquake gap and then as soon as possible to leave the housing, transfer to a safe place. If the house collapsed during the earthquake, you should stay under the bed or under the table and do not move, wait until the earthquake stops and then flee outside or wait for rescue.
b, if you live in the building, the earthquake, the safest and most effective way is: timely hiding to the two load-bearing walls between the smallest room, such as toilets, kitchens and so on. You can also hide in the table, cabinets and other furniture under the room as well as the corner of the inner wall, and pay attention to protect the head, do not go to the balcony and the window to hide.
c. If an earthquake occurs during class, don't panic, and don't run or scramble out of the classroom. Near the door of the students can quickly run to the door, the middle and back row of students can hide as soon as possible under the desk, with a book bag to protect the head; leaning against the wall of the students should be close to the wall root, hands to protect the head.
d. If you have left the room, don't go back to the house to get something as soon as the earthquake stops. Because after the first earthquake, then there will be aftershocks, aftershocks will be a greater threat to people.
e, if the earthquake occurred in the public **** place, can not panic and run. You can improvise and hide in a safer place nearby.
f. If you are on the street, never run into the building to avoid danger. Do not stay under the high floor, billboards, narrow alleys, bridge and other dangerous places.
g. If you are buried in a building after an earthquake, you should first try to remove the objects pressed above your abdomen; cover your mouth and nose with a towel or clothes to prevent asphyxiation from smoke; pay attention to preserving your strength, try to find food and water, create conditions for survival, and wait for rescue.
2. Watch pictures, demonstration courseware, video.
3. Teachers add to explain the correct way to avoid danger, escape, and save themselves.
4. By watching the pictures and videos of Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes, we can educate children to love society and care for others.
5. Teachers and children stacked wishing stars together, blessing the children in the disaster area, and put the wishing stars in the small basket of love.
Six, the end of the activities
Summarize the main content of this section: what to do when the earthquake comes?
Let the children pick up their own escape small schoolbag in the correct drill once, what to do when the earthquake comes.
Teaching Reflection
Through this section of the content of the study and practical exercises, so that the class of children know, although the earthquake is currently unavoidable and uncontrollable, but as long as the mastery of some of the skills, but also from the disaster will be the harm will be minimized, do not retreat in the face of difficulties, do not panic in the face of danger, and learn to calmly deal with natural disasters, the children should learn to help each other from a young age, to help each other. Children should be cultivated from childhood to help each other emotionally friendly, establish a party in trouble, eight parties support the love of the nest house.
Encyclopedia: Earthquakes begin to occur in the location known as the epicenter, the ground directly above the source is called the epicenter. Destructive earthquakes, the ground vibration of the most intense place called the extreme seismic zone, the extreme seismic zone is often also the epicenter of the region, the earthquake often caused serious casualties, can cause fires, floods, toxic gas leaks, bacteria and radioactive material proliferation, but also may cause tsunamis, landslides, landslides, ground cracks and other secondary disasters.
Small class safety activities "earthquake prevention and mitigation" lesson plan 4
First, the public knowledge of earthquake prevention
1, how earthquakes happen
As the Earth continues to move and change, gradually accumulated a huge amount of energy, in some vulnerable areas of the earth's crust, resulting in a sudden rupture of the rock, or triggered by the fault fault faults of the original wrong, this is the Earthquakes. The vast majority of earthquakes occur in the Earth's crust.
2, do a good job of family earthquake preparedness
(1) in the seismic hazard zone, multi-seismic areas, has been released in the area of seismic forecasts of the residents must develop a family earthquake plan.
(2) Food and beverages should be prepared according to the requirements of the government or relevant departments for earthquake prevention. Look at how your own housing is like, are there any unfavorable places for earthquake resistance? Find out the situation of the surroundings.
(3) Is the housing built with good quality? Is it in disrepair? The houses that are not favorable to earthquake resistance should be reinforced, and the dangerous houses that should not be reinforced should be evacuated. Is the structure of the housing favorable for earthquake resistance? Daughter walls, high facades and other bulky decorative items should be removed.
(4) Reasonable placement of furniture and objects. Take down or fix the hanging objects on the wall to prevent them from falling and hurting people. Clean up the clutter, so that the doorway, the hallway is clear. Put flammable, explosive and toxic substances in a safe place. Fix tall furniture to prevent it from falling over and hitting people; arrange furniture items so that they are "heavy on the bottom and light on the top". Empty the space under firm furniture to hide in case of an earthquake. Prepare a family earthquake package, placed in easy access to everywhere.
Two, encountered when the earthquake self-help survival
The earthquake early warning phenomenon, early warning time and the existence of earthquake space, is the earthquake when people can self-help survival objective basis, as long as the grasp of a certain amount of knowledge of earthquake avoidance, prior to a certain degree of preparedness, the quake and to seize the early warning time to choose the right way to avoid the earthquake and the space to avoid the earthquake, there is a There is hope for survival. When the quake is running or hiding, most of our experts believe that: when the quake is close to the shelter, after the quake quickly evacuated to a safe place, is a better way to emergency earthquake avoidance. Earthquake should be selected indoor sturdy, can cover the body of the object under (beside), easy to form a triangular space, small openings, places with support, room open, safe place.
1, school earthquake
Being in class, the teacher under the command of the rapid head, eyes closed, hiding under their desks. In the playground or outdoors, you can crouch in place, hands to protect the head, pay attention to avoid tall buildings or dangerous objects. Do not return to the classroom. There should be an organized evacuation after the earthquake. If necessary, classes should be held outdoors.
2, the family's earthquake
Earthquake warning time is short, indoor earthquake avoidance is more realistic, and indoor housing after the collapse of the formation of the triangle of space, is often a relatively safe place for people to survive, it can be called earthquake space. This mainly refers to the space formed by large collapsed bodies and supports. Indoor places where triangular spaces can be easily formed are: under the edge of the bed, near sturdy furniture; at the root of the inner wall, in the corner; in the kitchen, toilet, storeroom and other places with small openings. Pay attention to never jump, do not stand outside the window, do not go to the balcony.
3, public **** place of earthquake avoidance
Listen to the command of the staff on the scene, do not panic, do not crowd to the exit, to avoid crowding, to avoid the flow of people, to avoid being squeezed into the walls or fences.
In theaters, gymnasiums, etc.: crouch or lie down on the ground under the row of chairs; pay attention to avoid hanging objects such as chandeliers and fans; protect your head with a schoolbag; and wait for the earthquake to pass, listen to the staff's command and evacuate in an organized manner.
In shopping malls, bookstores, exhibitions, subways, etc.: choose sturdy counters, commodities (such as low furniture, etc.) or the side of the pillar, as well as the inner corners of the wall, etc. Crouch down on the spot, use your hands or other things to protect your head; avoid glass windows and doors, glass cabinets or counters; avoid tall unstable or placed heavy, fragile goods shelves; avoid billboards, chandeliers, and other towering or hanging objects.
4. Outdoor . Earthquake
Local choice of open space to avoid earthquakes: crouch or lie down to avoid falling; do not run around, avoid crowded places; do not casually return to the indoor; in the driving electric (car) car: hold on to the handrail, so as not to fall or bruises, lower the center of gravity, hide near the seat, get off the car after the earthquake has passed.
5. Self-help methods when encountering special dangers
Gas leaks: use a wet towel to cover the mouth and nose, do not use open flames, and try to move after the earthquake.
When toxic gas leaks: when a chemical plant fire, toxic gas leaks, do not run to the wind direction, to day around to the upwind direction, and try to use a wet towel by covering the middle and nose.
In case of fire: lie down on the ground and cover your mouth and nose with wet wool. After the earthquake stops to move to a safe place, to creep, against the wind and into.
Attention should be paid to avoid dangerous places: the production of dangerous goods factory; dangerous goods, flammable, explosive goods warehouse.
6, if buried how to deal with
After the earthquake, aftershocks will continue to occur, your environment may further deteriorate, you have to try to improve their own environment, stabilize, and try to get out of danger. You should try to avoid collapsing objects, hanging objects, or other dangerous objects above your body, and move the broken bricks and tiles around you to expand your space. Note that when you can not move, do not force, to prevent the further collapse of the surrounding debris; try to use masonry, sticks and other support for the wreckage, in order to prevent the aftershock when buried again; do not casually use indoor facilities, including power, water, etc., and do not use open flames; smell the gas and toxic odors or dust is too large, try to cover the mouth and nose with wet clothing; do not scream, keep your strength, and use the sound of the pounding to call for help.
7, actively participate in self-rescue and mutual rescue
Rescue methods: digging buried people should protect the support to prevent further collapse and injury; so that the injured first exposure of the head to remove the mouth and nose of the foreign body, to maintain breathing, such as asphyxia, artificial respiration immediately; the pressurized person can not climb out of their own, not to be pulled, so as not to cause further injuries; spinal cord injuries, carrying, should be door board or hard stretcher.
The principle of rescue: first save the near, then save the far; first save the easy, then save the difficult; first save the young and strong and medical personnel to increase the number of helpers.
8, post-disaster life in special circumstances of common sense
Attention to diet and personal hygiene.
Pay attention to fire prevention when building and living in earthquake shelters.
Actively participate in the recovery and reconstruction work.
Small class safety activities "earthquake prevention and mitigation" lesson plan 5 Activity objectives: Through the activities to make students initially understand the causes of earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and mudslides disaster distribution, hazards and defense measures. Preliminary understanding of the correlation between earthquakes, various disasters. Activity Preparation:
Activity process:
I. Contextual introduction
Large earthquakes around the world, to countless people brought great pain and loss, say what you learned about the knowledge of earthquakes?
Today we come together to understand how earthquakes are generated, how to protect against earthquakes?
The process of activities
1, the group to communicate with each other to understand the causes of earthquakes.
2. Students show the knowledge they have collected about earthquakes and share it with each other.
3. Preliminary understanding of the relevance of various geologic hazards.
A variety of geological hazards have their own formation, development, the law of disaster, the disaster and between them and other factors have a certain relevance. A geologic disaster in a geographical area may have a number of kinds, they are related in the cause. For example, in the course of a disaster, there is often a primary disaster that triggers other disasters, such as earthquakes, which cause disasters by destroying production and living facilities, as well as causing cracks in the ground and fires, and epidemics that may be caused by casualties and the destruction of medical facilities. Human activities and their impact on the natural environment can indirectly or directly induce geologic hazards. For example, the destruction of vegetation by human beings increases the volume and speed of surface runoff, which is an important reason for the increasing frequency of mudslides. Human large-scale engineering activities, resulting in landslides and other disasters occur from time to time.
4, when the earthquake occurred, how to carry out personal protection?
(1) If you are indoors, you should be close to the solid furniture to hide under, such as writing desks, sturdy beds, rural soil under the edge of the kang, but also to hide in the corners of the walls or pipelines, the integrity of a good small span of the bathroom and kitchen and so on. Be careful not to hide under the window of the outer wall, the elevator room, not to mention jumping.
(2) If you are in the classroom, to the teacher under the command of the rapid head, eyes closed, squatting to their respective desks. Once the earthquake stops, quickly and orderly evacuation, do not crowd when evacuating.
(3) If you are outdoors, try to stay away from narrow streets, tall buildings, high chimneys, transformers, glass curtain wall buildings, viaducts, and the storage of hazardous materials, flammable materials. After the earthquake stopped, in order to prevent the aftershock injury, do not easily run back to the non-collapsed building.
(4) If you are in a department store, you should hide near the columns or large merchandise, but try to avoid glass cabinets. When you are upstairs, look for opportunities to gradually move to the ground floor.
(5) If you are in the factory floor, you should crouch near the large machine tools and equipment, but pay attention to leave the power, gas, fire and other dangerous places.
(6) If you are in a moving car, tram or train, you should hold on to the handrail to avoid falling and bumping, and at the same time pay attention to the luggage falling down and hurting people.
(7) Wherever you take shelter, try to protect your head with a quilt, pillow, school bag or other soft object. If an open fire is being used, put it out quickly.
5, earthquake protection drills.
Three, the class will be summary: Say what you this class meeting class have to gain?
Small class safety activities "earthquake prevention and mitigation" lesson plan 6 Activity Objectives: 1, through the exercise, training children in the earthquake situation according to the kindergarten environment in an orderly manner through the safe evacuation channel. 2, the education of young children in the earthquake can listen to the teacher's command, to make the basic self-help behavior. 3. Cultivate children's safety awareness and self-protection ability to prevent and mitigate earthquakes. Activity Preparation: 1, teachers and children **** with the collection of newspapers, magazines about the Wenchuan earthquake information or pictures. 2, to understand the basic knowledge of self-help in the earthquake. Activity process: I. Listen to the music 1. Ask the students to listen to the music with their eyes closed, so that they can feel the sensation of the sky falling apart during the earthquake. Teachers observe the expression of the children. 2. After listening to the music, ask: What is the thing that the music shows? (The sound of the earthquake) What do the children feel after listening to the music? (Fear, worry) guide the children to say what they see and feel. Know that when the earthquake do not panic, to listen to the teacher's command, orderly evacuation can avoid the occurrence of harm. What do we do when an earthquake comes? Second, the children independent evacuation drill children according to the results of the discussion according to their own method of exercise, the teacher of the children's exercise to do observation records. Third, the children to evaluate their own evacuation exercises Fourth, the teacher of the children's evacuation exercises to express their own views, tell the observation record, summarize the effect of the children's exercises (the teacher from the children's evacuation routes, evacuation of the action of the evaluation) Fifth, to teach the children to evacuate the safe and effective 1, to learn the correct evacuation action. 2. Question: How can we protect ourselves during the movement when we evacuate? Children discuss to find the most effective way to protect. (Hands on the head, upper body bent forward, quick evacuation)