Germany is practicing a social market economy system, which ensures free competition in the market and at the same time takes measures to correct, to a certain extent, the disparity in the distribution of income in the society due to free competition in the market, so that the benefits of competition and economic growth can be enjoyed by the whole people. Among them is the establishment of a relatively complete social security system covering all citizens, so that all those with the lowest income and no income at all can receive housing and monetary income from the state to maintain a certain standard of living, and to realize social justice.
Management system of social security system in Germany
The social security system practiced in Germany consists of a social insurance system, as well as a social welfare and social assistance system with the source of general tax revenues, such as old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, accident insurance, medical insurance, nursing care insurance, social assistance, housing assistance, child assistance, and education assistance, etc. The different levels of the Almost all members of society are covered by social security programs at different levels. The German social insurance system is divided into statutory insurance and voluntary insurance. The premiums for statutory insurance are borne by both employers and employees***, while the premiums for voluntary insurance are borne entirely by the insured.
The management level of social insurance in Germany:
One is the federal government department.
There are three main federal government departments that administer social insurance in Germany, namely the German Federal Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs and the Ministry of Labor (Employment). Among them: the Ministry of Health is responsible for health and care insurance, and its duties include the development of health insurance policy and operational coordination. It mainly formulates policies on the scope of public **** health insurance, contributions, service standards, and drug reimbursement catalogs. The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs is responsible for policy development and operational coordination of pension and accident insurance. There is also a German Federal Ministry of Labor (Employment) responsible for unemployment insurance. Each ministry has a specialized administrative office or executive committee responsible for the operational management of specific social insurance. The L?nder (or in some cases, several L?nder together with only one bureau) and local governments have also set up corresponding bureaus (or offices) responsible for implementation.
Because the public **** social insurance regulations and policies are formulated nationally, the federal government management organization is relatively lean and effective.
Secondly, the executive agencies are the public **** insurance companies and private insurance companies.
Germany's medical and nursing insurance public **** medical insurance companies are basically set up by industry, in 1990 there were 1,200 public **** medical insurance companies in Germany, the existing 400 public **** medical insurance companies. More than 90% of the country's population is insured with public **** medical insurance companies. The government requires 5% of premium income to fund the organization's personnel. The large number of insurance companies inevitably increases the cost of administration. Statutory insurance contributions and service standards have been set by law and cannot be changed by the insurance companies.
German pension insurance is organized by the State Pension Insurance Agency. There are 23 state-level pension insurance bureaus in Germany, which undertake statutory workers' pension insurance, while seafarers, railroad workers, miners and farmers' pension insurance are undertaken by insurance institutions set up separately by industry, and the Federal Pension Insurance Agency undertakes the pension insurance of government employees.
Germany's accident insurance is organized by industrial insurance cooperatives. Personal accident insurance is divided into statutory insurance and general insurance, and the participants of statutory insurance are farmers and seafarers.
Germany's unemployment insurance is the responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Labor (Employment), unemployment insurance to implement the national coordination, the Federal Ministry of Labor (Employment) to the federal government to apply for when the revenue is unable to meet the expenditure of the regional and grass-roots labor bureaus to implement. Under the Federal Ministry of Labor (Employment), there are 10 state (regional) labor bureaus; under the state labor bureaus, there are 181 municipal labor bureaus. The labor bureaus are not only responsible for the collection and payment of unemployment insurance benefits, but also for job placement and vocational training for the unemployed, as well as labor market surveys and participation in the formulation of labor market policies.
Germany's various social insurance premiums are uniformly handed over by employers to the health insurance companies in which their employees are insured, and the health insurance companies transfer the social insurance premiums to the insurance agencies of other types of insurance according to the types of social insurance premiums, and the Federal Ministry of Labor (Employment) is required to pay the health insurance companies for the handling of the business, with an estimated expenditure of 1.2 billion marks for the year 2000.
The inspiration of the German social insurance system
--The establishment of a unified social security legal system in Germany.
The legal unification of social security in Germany is legislated by the Bundestag. The German social insurance system generally consists of statutory insurance, supplementary insurance or personal savings insurance, with statutory social insurance as the mainstay. The object of statutory social insurance is the staff or workers of the enterprise, all the employees of the enterprise (except the employer) must participate unconditionally, and it is mandatory. Drawing on the experience of Germany, the legal provisions for social security in China are to be uniform throughout the country and are to be implemented after adoption by the National People's Congress. Enterprises, institutions and individuals have the obligation to pay social insurance premiums (taxes), as well as the right to enjoy social security, so that the national enterprises, institutions and individuals social security contribution ratio and treatment level of balanced development.
--The establishment of a social insurance management system in which each party is responsible for its own affairs.
Germany has now established a social insurance management system of legislation, policy-making, management, budgeting and concrete implementation, each with its own responsibility and mutual control. The Bundestag is responsible for legislating on social insurance, the government departments supervise its implementation, and the respective social insurance companies (all of which are autonomous public **** groups) are specifically responsible for the management and provision of services. Among the government departments, the Ministry of Finance is responsible for the preparation of the social insurance budget for the whole of Germany, while the Federal Ministry of Labor (Employment) and the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs are responsible for the decision-making and management of social insurance. As the specific affairs of social insurance are taken care of by each social insurance company, which operates in accordance with the market mechanism of the social insurance system, the government departments can specialize in macro-decision-making, such as the formulation of social insurance policies and budgets, and the prediction and supervision of the operation of the social insurance system, so as to ensure that the rights of the insured are not violated and social equity is realized. This management system is compatible with the social market economy system practiced in Germany.
- Social insurance is socialized and managed to a high degree.
Social insurance companies, which are specifically responsible for the management and provision of services, are required to provide high quality and convenient social insurance services while collecting social insurance premiums; otherwise, the insured will switch to social insurance companies that provide better services. Because of the law of large numbers in social insurance, an insufficient number of insured persons will affect the normal operation of social insurance organizations or even cause them to close down. There is therefore a pattern of competition between the various social insurance companies responsible for the management and provision of services, which is characterized by a high degree of socialized management.
-Reform of the operation mode of social insurance funds.
Germany's social insurance is still practicing a pay-as-you-go fund-raising model, which threatens the functioning of the social insurance system with a large gap between the fund's revenues and expenditures during the peak period of population aging. This problem will also occur for other countries that also implement the same model. For this reason, China's current pension insurance system also needs to take early countermeasures, such as the implementation of a partial accumulation system of fund operation and the gradual transition to a full accumulation mode. In the implementation of the partial accumulation system of fund operation, one is to decompose the existing system model combining social coordination and individual account into two levels of pension insurance system, namely, the social coordination part by the provincial level, in accordance with the existing basic pension operation; individual account part of the implementation of the mandatory individual savings account, and gradually increase the proportion of individual contributions, the social security agency is responsible for the management of the fund accumulation of individual account of the real account of the fund, make the The fund accumulation of the individual account is accounted for. Secondly, we should pay attention to enterprise supplementary pension insurance and commercial insurance, and establish a multi-level pension insurance system. The issue of hidden liabilities of pension insurance should be properly dealt with in the reform process to avoid a possible payment crisis in the pension insurance system.
--Improve the basic work of social security.
Every insured person in Germany has a social security number, through which all information about the insured person can be found. Computer nationwide network, the information system is relatively perfect. At present, China's social security to strengthen the construction of basic work, first, to establish a unified workers' pension insurance system including urban and rural areas of various types of enterprises, institutions and administrative units, including employees. Secondly, it is necessary to set up a perfect system for collecting social insurance premiums, and to implement full collection and socialized payment. Thirdly, the level of coordination should be raised, for example, by implementing provincial-level coordination, and coordinated projects and payment standards should be cleaned up and standardized, so as to avoid large gaps in the level of social insurance benefits between localities. Fourth, we must establish a social security information networking system between finance and taxation, social security agencies and account banks at all levels, as well as within their own social security information networking system, to implement computerized management, and accurately grasp the basic situation of the protection object and the dynamic changes in the situation, so as to achieve the information **** enjoyment.
The inspiration of the German social security system: - Reform of the mode of operation of social insurance funds.
Germany's social insurance is still practicing a pay-as-you-go fund-raising model, and at the peak of population aging there will be a large gap between the fund's income and expenditures, threatening the operation of the social insurance system. This problem will also occur for other countries that also implement the same model. For this reason, China's current pension insurance system also needs to take early countermeasures, such as the implementation of a partial accumulation system of fund operation and the gradual transition to a full accumulation mode. In the implementation of the partial accumulation system of fund operation, one is to decompose the existing system model combining social coordination and individual account into two levels of pension insurance system, namely, the social coordination part by the provincial level, in accordance with the existing basic pension operation; individual account part of the implementation of the mandatory individual savings account, and gradually increase the proportion of individual contributions, the social security agency is responsible for the management of the fund accumulation of individual account of the real account of the fund, make the The fund accumulation of the individual account is accounted for. Secondly, we should pay attention to enterprise supplementary pension insurance and commercial insurance, and establish a multi-level pension insurance system. The issue of hidden liabilities of pension insurance should be properly dealt with in the reform process to avoid a possible payment crisis in the pension insurance system.
--Improve the basic work of social security.
Every insured person in Germany has a social security number, through which all information about the insured person can be found. Computer nationwide network, the information system is relatively perfect. At present, China's social security to strengthen the construction of basic work, first, to establish a unified workers' pension insurance system including urban and rural areas of various types of enterprises, institutions and administrative units, including employees. Secondly, it is necessary to set up a perfect system for collecting social insurance premiums, and to implement full collection and socialized payment. Thirdly, the level of coordination should be raised, for example, by implementing provincial-level coordination, and coordinated projects and payment standards should be cleaned up and standardized, so as to avoid large gaps in the level of social insurance benefits between localities. Fourth, we must establish a social security information networking system between finance and taxation, social security agencies, account banks at all levels, as well as their own internal social security information networking system, the implementation of computerized management, and accurately grasp the basic situation of the protection of the basic situation and dynamic changes in the situation, to achieve the information **** enjoyment.
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