[edit paragraph] 1. Introduction
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was an 18th-century American industrialist, scientist, social activist, thinker and diplomat. He was the first scientist and inventor and musician in American history to enjoy a national reputation. In order to explore the electricity once made the famous "kite experiment", in the electrical achievements, in order to explore the laws of electric motion, the creation of many special terms, such as positive electricity, negative electricity, electrical conductors, batteries, charging, discharging, etc. become the world's common vocabulary. He borrowed the mathematical concept of positive and negative, the first scientific concept of positive and negative electricity to represent the nature of electric charge. He also put forward the idea that electric charge cannot be created or eliminated, on the basis of which the later discovered the law of conservation of electric charge. He was the first to put forward the idea of the lightning rod, which was thus manufactured to avoid lightning disasters and to dispel superstitions. He was an excellent politician and a veteran of the American War of Independence. He participated in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, actively advocated the abolition of slavery, and was highly respected by the American people. He was the first French ambassador of the United States to a foreign country, so he also enjoyed a high reputation in the world.
[Edit]2.Biography
He came from a humble background, and at the age of 10, he dropped out of school and went home to work as a laborer, and from the age of 12, he worked as an apprentice and helper in the printing house. But he studied hard, in addition to mastering printing technology, but also widely read literature, history, philosophy, self-taught mathematics and four foreign languages, practicing writing. He often went to the library of the printing house to read all kinds of books after finishing his day's work. Sometimes he was so engrossed that he would not return home until nightfall, when his anxious mother came to the factory to look for him. All this laid a solid foundation for him to achieve many things in his life. In order to stand on his own feet in the society at that time, he went through a lot of difficulties and set up his own business, the printing house. Because of hard work, credibility, attention to business management, he not only in the printing industry in the fierce competition stood, and to expand the business to neighboring states and the West Indies, North America has become a leader in the printing and publishing industry. He paid attention to the observation of natural phenomena, the study of scientific problems. He started from practice, engaged in scientific experiments and observations, in electricity to answer the question of "what is electricity", the different states of electricity known as "positive electricity" and "negative electricity", put forward Electricity in the "first-class theory", in the atmospheric electricity reveals the nature of the lightning phenomenon, known as "the second Prometheus". These epoch-making research results in electricity made him a world-famous first-class scientist. He also has research in optics, thermology, acoustics, mathematics, oceanography, botany and other aspects of the new stove, lightning rods, electric wheels, three-wheeled clock, bifocal glasses, automatic barbecue machine, glass musical instruments, elevated bookshelves, new street lamps and a series of inventions. As a result, with only two years of elementary school education, he was Harvard University and Yale University in the United States, Oxford University in the United Kingdom, Edinburgh University, St. Andrew's University and other six or seven universities awarded a master's degree or doctoral degree. After Franklin became famous, he did a lot of work in the North American colonies in terms of cultural dissemination and social welfare. He successively organized the establishment of the "*** Readers", "American Philosophical Society", "North American Association for the Advancement of Science", newspapers, libraries, bookstores, hospitals, universities, fire department, local Militia organizations and other academic, cultural, health care, fire and police organizations and institutions; he also reformed the postal system in the North American colonies, the establishment of a unified postal system in the North American colonies. He was an outstanding social activist and became an influential figure in the North American colonies. He was not only good at solving specialized problems in natural sciences and practical problems in social and political activities, but also often explored many philosophical and social problems. He was a natural theist who believed that the spirit was dependent on matter; he believed that the cause of social poverty was that the laborers had to support the parasites; he loved freedom and peace, opposed war, hated racial discrimination and slavery, and advocated the protection of the interests of the blacks and Indians. He was one of the most knowledgeable bourgeois liberal thinkers of his time． Franklin lived in the era of the United States from the colonies to the independent bourgeois state of the major turning period, he actively engaged in the revolutionary movement, the victory of the War of Independence and the early construction of the American national system made a significant contribution. At the Albany Conference of 1754, which was attended by the leading figures of the North American colonies, he put forward the plan of the famous "Albany Union", which was adopted by the conference, and he became the first person to instill the idea of the great union of the United States of America into the minds of the colonial people. In Pennsylvania, he always worked with the colonial people to fight against the lawlessness of the owners' group. 1757, on behalf of the state legislature, he went to London to petition the British king to ask the owners to pay taxes, which was successful; 1764, he went to London for the second time to ask the king to protect the interests of the colony, but to no avail. Subsequently, the British government strengthened the suppression of the North American colonies, which inspired the colonists to resist more strongly. Franklin's position completely changed to the revolutionary side. Pennsylvania was originally a proprietor's colony, a land granted to William Bean by King Charles II in 1681． Later, two of William Bing's sons inherited the property. The proprietor enjoyed the privilege of appointing officials, including the governor, vetoing parliamentary bills, and being exempted from paying taxes in his colony. In May 1775, he returned to America and immediately engaged in the revolutionary struggle. He served as chairman of the Pennsylvania State Committee of the Peace, presided over the local military committee, and drafted the state constitution with Penn***; he attended the Second Continental Congress as a delegate from Pennsylvania, and became one of the drafters of the Declaration of Independence of the United States; he served as the U.S. Secretary of the Postal Service, and organized postal service during the war, with remarkable achievements; in the U.S. Army's repeated setbacks in the war, he as a member of the Committee of Three, with the Washington Conference, decided to implement a general mobilization of the 13 states, making it possible to implement the North American Revolutionary War. He was a member of the Committee of Three who met with Washington and decided to mobilize the 13 states of North America, which made the War of Independence last for 6 years. Under the situation that Britain was strong and America was weak, the colonists had to fight for foreign aid. Franklin was ordered by the Continental Congress to go to France to fight for an alliance between the U.S. and France to fight against Britain. In the complex and unfavorable to the United States in the diplomatic environment at that time, he with the United States will win the faith, perseverance and patience, clever and flexible diplomacy, the use of conflicts between the European countries, seize the favorable opportunity to conclude the American-French alliance, and strive for a large number of manpower, material and financial foreign aid, to ensure that the War of Independence was won. In the latter part of the war, he participated in and once presided over the U.S.-British peace negotiations, signed the Anglo-American peace treaty in favor of the U.S., and triumphantly accomplished the arduous mission of wartime diplomacy. After the war, he became the first Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States to France and stayed in France until his return in 1785. After returning home, he was elected governor of Pennsylvania for four consecutive years. In the U.S. Constitutional Convention, he was a member of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution, and he proposed a bicameral Congress in order to reconcile the differences of opinion of the delegates to the Convention, which became one of the basic national systems of the United States. After 1788, he no longer held public office, but still published political articles for the government to choose, and committed to promote the abolition of slavery activities. On April 17, 1790, Franklin died. On the day of his funeral, as many as 20,000 people mourned him, fully expressing the American people's grief for him. At the same time, not only the U.S. Congress decided to mourn for him for a month, the French National Assembly also resolved to mourn for him, indicating that he not only belongs to the United States, but also belongs to the whole world On January 17, 1706, Benjamin Franklin was born in North America. Franklin was born in Boston, North America. His father was an English lacquer maker who made candles and soap and had ten children, Franklin being the eighth. Franklin was enrolled in school at the age of eight, and although he excelled in his studies, his father's income could not cover the cost of his education because he had too many children at home. So he left school when he was ten and went home to help his father make candles. Franklin only attended school for those two years of his life. At the age of twelve, he was apprenticed to a small printing office run by his older brother James, and since then he worked as a printer for nearly ten years, but his studies never stopped, and he saved money from his food expenses to buy books. At the same time, taking advantage of his work, he befriended several bookstore apprentices, borrowing books from the bookstores secretly in the evenings, reading them all night, and returning them early the next morning. He read a wide range of books, from popular books on natural science and technology to the papers of famous scientists and the works of famous authors. It was during his apprenticeship that Franklin learned arithmetic, which he had twice failed at school, and read Sailor's and Schermer's books on navigation, from which he was introduced to geometry. He also read Locke's The Gnosis of Man and The Art of Thinking by the authors of the Pollyanna school. Franklin's studies grew deeper and deeper.In 1723 Franklin left Boston to work as a laborer at the Keevil Printing Office in Philadelphia and the Palwy and Watts Printing Office in London, England.In the fall of 1726 Franklin returned to Philadelphia, by which time he had mastered the art of printing, and began to run his own independent printing office, printing and distributing The Pennsylvania Gazette and publishing Poor Richard's Calendars, which was then translated into In the fall of 1727, in Philadelphia, he and a few young people founded the "*** Readers' Society", organized a small library to help workers, craftsmen and clerks for self-education. Every Friday night, the discussion of philosophy, politics and natural science and other issues. At this time Franklin was less than thirty years old, through hard work and self-study, has become a learned scholar and Enlightenment thinker, in North America's reputation is growing. Under Franklin's leadership, the "*** Reading Society" existed for almost forty years, and later developed into the American Philosophical Society, which became the center of scientific thought in the U.S. In 1736, Franklin was elected secretary of the Pennsylvania State Legislature, and in 1737, he served as Deputy Postmaster General of Philadelphia. Although his work became increasingly heavy, Franklin continued to study every day. In order to further open the door to the treasure house of knowledge, he tirelessly studied foreign languages, and successively mastered French, Italian, Spanish and Latin. He widely accepted the advanced achievements of world science and culture. He laid a solid foundation for his scientific research.
[edit]3. Capturing Lightning
In 1746, a British scholar performed an electrical experiment in Boston using a glass tube and a Leyden jar. Franklin watched his performance with great interest and was strongly attracted to the fledgling science of electricity. Franklin then began the study of electricity. Franklin conducted numerous experiments at home, investigating the properties of two types of electric charge, illustrating the origin of electricity and the phenomena that exist in matter. Before the eighteenth century, people were not able to properly recognize what lightning really was. At that time it was widely believed that thunder and lightning was a statement of God's anger. Some do not believe in God's learned people have tried to explain the cause of lightning, but from the success, the academic community is more popular is that lightning is a "gas explosion" point of view. In a test, Franklin's wife Lydia accidentally touched the Leyden jar, a flash of electricity, Lydia was hit and fell to the ground, pale, and lay at home for a week to regain health. Although this is an accident in the experiment, but the quick thinking Franklin thought of the lightning in the air. After repeated thought, he concluded that lightning is also a discharge phenomenon, it and the electricity generated in the laboratory is essentially the same. So he wrote a paper called "On the Identity of Lightning in the Sky with our Electricity" and sent it to the Royal Society. But Franklin's great idea was ridiculed by many, and some people even laughed at him as "a madman who wants to separate God from lightning". Franklin was determined to prove it, and one day in June 1752, the clouds were overcast, the lightning was thundering, and a storm was coming. Franklin, along with his son William, took a kite with a metal bar on it out into the open. Franklin held the kite high in the air while his son pulled on the string and ran. Due to the strong winds, the kite was soon launched high into the air. In a flash, thunder and lightning struck and rain poured down. Franklin joined his son in pulling the kite string, father and son in anxious anticipation, when, just as a bolt of lightning passed over the kite, Franklin drew his hand close to the wire on the kite, and a horrible numbness immediately swept over him. Unable to restrain his inward excitement, he exclaimed, "William, I've been electrocuted!" He then introduced the electricity from the kite wire into the Leyden jar. After returning home, Franklin conducted various electrical experiments with lightning and proved that lightning in the sky had exactly the same properties as electricity produced by artificial friction. Franklin's hypothesis that electricity in heaven and on earth were the same thing was gloriously confirmed in this experiment of his own. The success of the kite experiment catapulted Franklin to worldwide scientific fame. The Royal Society of England sent him a gold medal and hired him as a Fellow of the Royal Society. His scientific writings were also translated into many languages. His electrical research had achieved an initial triumph. However, in front of honor and victory, Franklin did not stop further research on electricity. 1753, the famous Russian electrologist Lichtman, in order to verify Franklin's experiments, was unfortunately killed by lightning, which was the first casualty of the electrical experiments. The price of blood made many people wary and fearful of lightning experiments. But Franklin did not retreat in front of the threat of death, after many tests, he made a practical lightning rod. He took an iron rod several meters long and fastened it to the roof with insulating material, and to the rod was fastened a thick wire that went all the way to the ground. When lightning struck the house, it traveled along the metal rod and through the wire to the earth, leaving the building intact. 1754, the lightning rod began to be used, but some people thought it was ominous, and that it would bring drought against the will of heaven. They secretly removed the lightning rods at night. However, science would finally triumph over ignorance. After a thunderstorm, the cathedral caught fire, while the high-rise houses equipped with lightning rods were safe. The facts educated people and made them believe in science. The lightning rod spread to England, Germany, France, and finally to all parts of the world. Franklin's contribution to science was not only in electrostatics, his research scope was extremely wide. In mathematics, he created the eight and sixteen times the illusion, these two illusions of special nature, changes in complexity, still scholars praise; in thermology, he improved the heating stove, can save three-quarters of the fuel, known as the "Franklin stove"; in optics, he invented a bifocal glasses for the elderly, wearing this kind of glasses can see clearly both near and far. In the field of optics, he invented bifocal glasses for the elderly, which could be worn to see things near as well as far away. He and the University of Cambridge Hartley *** with the use of ether evaporation to get -25 degrees (Celsius) low temperature, created the theory of evaporation cooling. In addition, he studied meteorology, geology, acoustics, and ocean navigation, and made many achievements.
[edit]4. Outstanding Social Activist
Frank was not only an excellent scientist, but also an outstanding social activist. He spent much of his life engaged in social activities. Franklin paid special attention to education, he built libraries, organizations and the creation of a number of associations are designed to improve the cultural quality of people from all walks of life. Just when he was making new achievements in scientific research, the national liberation movement in the North American colonies was growing due to the brutal rule of the British colonizers. For the sake of national independence and liberation, he resolutely put down his experimental instruments and actively stood in the forefront of the struggle. From 1757 to 1775 he went to Britain several times as a representative of the North American colonies to negotiate. After the outbreak of the War of Independence, he took part in the Second Continental Congress and the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. 1776, already seventy years old, Franklin traveled to France, and won the support of the French and European people for the War of Independence in North America. 1787, he took an active part in the formulation of the U.S. Constitution, and organized a movement against the enslavement of blacks.
[edit]5. The Fall of a Superstar
Franklin spent his last winter surrounded by loved ones.On April 17, 1790, at 11:00 p.m. at night, Franklin died swiftly. His grandsons, Tambor and Benjamin, were by his side at the time, and on April 21, the people of Philadelphia held a funeral service for him, with more than 20,000 people joining the funeral procession to mourn Franklin's death for a month. Benjamin B. Benjamin Franklin thus finished his life on the road of 84 degrees of spring and autumn, lying quietly in the church yard in the crypt, the first tombstone erected in Franklin died, the inscription is: the printer Benjamin Franklin The second tombstone is the masses for him after the establishment of the inscription is: from the sky to obtain the lightnings from the tyrant to obtain the civil rights of the people two lines of the inscription summarizes the two brilliant career in his life.
[Edit]6. Moral code
Benjamin's life of success is by no means dependent on the people to boast and get so high visibility and popularity, his great contribution, has long been recorded in history, engraved in the immortal age of the stone monument, to set an example for the future generations to give the future generations of the impetus to move forward and ambitious goals! So, Benjamin himself and how to hone their own? People often say, "thirteen success plan" (13-point plan for honest living) specifically refers to what?
First, moderation. The first is to eat but not full; drink not drunk.
Second, silence. The word is good for people and themselves, not to make useless gossip.
Third, life is orderly. All things are put in a certain place; all daily affairs should have a certain time to deal with.
Fourth, determination. The first step is to make sure that you have a good understanding of what you are doing and how you are doing it.
Fifth, frugality. Spending money must be beneficial to others and themselves, that is, not wasteful.
Sixth, hard work. Do not waste time; do not pay attention to those boring speech, every moment to do useful things, quit all unnecessary action.
Seven: Sincerity. Do not deceive; be pure and just in thought; and be honest in speech.
Eight: Integrity. Do not do anything that is detrimental to others; never forget to fulfill a duty that is beneficial to others and harm them.
IX. Middle ground. Do not go to extremes; be tolerant of due punishment.
X. Cleanliness. The body, clothing and dwelling should be kept clean.
xi. Serenity. Do not be troubled by trifles or ordinary and unavoidable events.
xii. Chastity. Avoid excessive sexual intercourse, and do not harm the body or the peace or honor of yourself or others.
XIII. Modesty. Follow the example of Jesus and Socrates.
[edit]7. Chronology
1706 Born in the city of Boston, Massachusetts, North America, in the family of a small merchant.
1714 Entered the grammar school.
1716 Interrupted his studies to help his father.
1718 Apprenticed to his brother James in the printing trade.
1721 Began to contribute anonymously to the New England Gazette, and was its temporary editor.
1723 Breaks his apprenticeship and migrates to Philadelphia to work as a printer.
1724 For nineteen months he lived in London as a printer for his independent business; he published his treatise "On Liberty and Poverty, Pleasure and Pain".
1726 Returns to Philadelphia, first as clerk, then as foreman of the printing office.
1727 Founded the "*** Readers' Society" to study various issues in social and natural sciences.
1728 He co-founded a printing house.
1729 Founded the Pennsylvania Gazette; opened a stationery store; published "The Nature and Necessity of Paper Money".
1730 Marries Deborah Reed; her son William is born.
1731 Founds the Library of Philadelphia.
1732 Publishes the inaugural issue of the Poor Richard's Almanac.
1733 Begins to teach himself French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin.
1736 Serves as clerk of the Pennsylvania Assembly; forms the Philadelphia Union Fire Brigade.
1737 Assumes office as Philadelphia postmaster; reforms Philadelphia police.
1740 Invented the "open furnace".
1743 Birth of daughter Sarah.
1744 Founds the American Philosophical Society, of which he is secretary.
1746 Publication of "The Plain Truth": formation of the National Guard in Philadelphia. He began experiments in electricity.
1747 Through various electrical experiments, he made a major breakthrough in the theory of electricity.
1748 Converted printing office to a partnership; elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly.
1749 Founded Philadelphia Academy.
1751 Helps found Philadelphia Hospital.
1752 Conducts experiments on the transmission of accumulators by celestial electricity - Philadelphia electric kite test; invents the lightning rod; Experiments and Observations on Electricity published.
1753 Awarded the Royal Society's Copley Gold Medal for electrical research, and elected a member of the Royal Society; awarded master's degrees by Yale and Harvard Universities; co-appointed as general postal agent in the United States.
1754 As a delegate from Pennsylvania, he attended a meeting of colonial delegates in Albany, where he proposed the famous "Plan of the Albany Union".
1755 Commander of the National Guard in Philadelphia.
1757 Publishes "The Road to Riches" (Address of Abraham the Elder); proposes paving the streets of Philadelphia in the House of Burgesses; as a delegate to the Pennsylvania House of Burgesses, he goes to England and petitions against the tax-exempt privileges of the proprietors of the colony.
1759 Awarded an honorary doctorate by Andrews University.
1760 By efforts to get the Privy Council of the British Crown to decide that the estates of colonial proprietors must be equally taxed.
1762 Invented the glass lyre, popular in Europe and America for decades; awarded a doctorate in civil law by Oxford University; returned to Philadelphia; his son became governor of New Jersey.
1763 Tours the postal service of the northern colonies, and begins to reform it; opposes the massacre of all Indians, and writes "An Account of the Recent Facts of the Massacre of Some Indians in the County of Lancaster, who are Friendly to the Province, by Persons of Unknown Origin, and Observations on such Matters".
1764 Defeated by the Radicals in the election to the Pennsylvania Assembly; went to England as agent of the Pennsylvania Assembly to petition against the bad government of the proprietors.
1766 Answered in the British House of Commons for the repeal of the Stamp Duty, and promoted the repeal of the Stamp Duty Act; visited Hanover; elected a member of the Royal Scientific Society of Hanover.
1767 Travels to France for the first time and is received by the King of France; appointed agent of the Pennsylvania Assembly for a second term; begins to plan for the realization of the western territories of the American colonies.
1768 Appointed agent in the Legislature of Georgia; publishes The Causes of Discontent in America before 1768; makes experiments on the variation of the speed of a ship in deep and shallow water; commences researches into phonetics and spelling reform.
1769 Entrusted as agent to the Legislature of New Jersey; visits France again; publishes the 4th edition of Electronic Experiments and Observations, adding a Collection of Letters on Philosophical Subjects.
1770 Entrusted as agent to the Massachusetts Assembly; publishes three fables, including The Eagle and the Cat, which satirize Anglo-American relations.
1771 Travels through the British Isles; visits Bishop Shipley of Thetford; begins to write an autobiography.
1772 Elected "Foreign Member" of the Royal Academy of France; dispute over the pointy and blunt ends of the lightning rod.
1773 Publication of the Edict of the King of Prussia; publication of the French edition of Experiments and Observations on Electricity; experiments on the leveling of sea waves with oil; research on the causes of colds.
1774 "Hutchinson's Letters" incident, was dismissed from the postal agent of North America; met and introduced Thomas Paine to the United States; began to work with several British dignitaries *** with the efforts to reconcile Anglo-American conflicts; 5th (last) edition of "Experiments and Observations on Electricity" was published; experiments on the use of oil to calm the sea wave report published; death of his wife Deborah.
1775 submitted to the British, "the proposal for the return of the garrison in Boston," was rejected; returned to Philadelphia, en route to study the Gulf Stream; elected to the Second Continental Congress of the North American colonies; served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Board of Magistrates; and Penn*** with the drafting of the Pennsylvania Constitution; and his son, Galloway, and the parting of the ways.
1776 Participated in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, and after the adoption of the Declaration, served as Postmaster General of the United States of America; was elected President of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Commission; participated in the talks with British General Howe; was dispatched by the Continental Congress on a mission to France, and on the way studied the Gulf Stream.
1777 Continued to engage in the study of electricity.
1778 Concludes the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and France and the Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France; meets with Voltaire; publishes a paper on the Northern Lights.
1779 Appointed ambassador plenipotentiary to France; publishes Miscellany of Political and Philosophical Essays; publishes a reformed alphabet.
1780 Selected works (three volumes) published in German; invents bifocals; studies humidity of the air.
1781 Becomes a member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts in Boston.
1783 Britain and the United States conclude the Peace of Paris, in which Britain recognizes the independence of 13 North American states; elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
In 1784, he published "Notes on Emigration to the United States" and "Commentary on the Barbarians of North America".
1785 Returns to the United States; elected Governor of Pennsylvania (1785-1787); invents the elevated book-getter; renews his autobiography (1785-1786).
1787 Participated in the Federal Constitutional Convention, which led to the adoption of the Constitution; founded the Political Seminar Society, of which he was president; president of the Pennsylvania Society for the Advancement of Abolition.
1788 He withdrew from political life and made a will.
1789 Writes "On the Slave Trade".
1790 Dies (April 17) in Philadelphia.
[edit]II. John Franklin
John Franklin (1787~1847). A legendary figure in British history. He was born in 1787, at the age of 14, he put pen to paper, began the most difficult naval career in his life. 1843, the Royal Navy Ministry in order to realize the opening of the North Road to link the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, shorten the voyage between Britain and India, ready to send people to continue to explore the Northwest Passage. So Franklin, who had been governor of Tasmania, Australia, for six years, was called home. After less than two years of preparation, an expedition of 138 men was formed, equipped with advanced ice-breaking equipment and enormous steam power on the masted ships "Erebus" and "Troll". On May 26, 1845, Franklin, then 58 years old, commanded this expedition of the Royal Navy's best and brightest and sailed out of the mouth of the Thames River via the west coast of Greenland, soon arriving at Bering Island. on July 26, the fleet encountered a British whaler in the waters of Baffin Bay. According to the traditional custom of the international maritime community, Franklin will be the expedition's logbook to the whaler's captain and presented by him on behalf of the Royal Navy. The fleet mysteriously disappeared. To 1848, that is, Franklin left England more than two years later, the Royal Navy has not been able to get a little about the exact news of the expedition, decided to send rescuers by sea and land search and rescue. But it was not until 1858 that the truth about the Franklin Expedition was revealed. It turned out that the Franklin Expedition reached Baffin Bay at the end of July 1845, and because the sea ice blocked the way, they set up camp on a small island southwest of Devon Island for the winter. The following summer, the expedition's two ships sailed down Peel Channel to King William Island, trapped by ice floes and unable to move, when it was discovered that some of the canned food began to deteriorate, which greatly disturbed them. on June 11, 1847, Sir Franklin sadly passed away. after August, the ships were still frozen by the ice, and the people had to spend the second winter on the ice, where, due to the lack of food and the emergence of scurvy, people began to People began to die. In order to survive, as soon as spring arrived, 105 of them (out of the original 138) embarked on a desperate breakout in a dinghy loaded with food. Arriving at Cape Felix, they felt so hopeless that they packed their papers in canning boxes. Thus went tragically the illustrious Franklin and the exploring expedition he led. According to an on-site survey, between Cape Félix and the mouth of the Big Fish River, there were many discarded items along the way, bodies abounded, and no one was spared. The mystery of what happened to that 1845 expedition led by Sir John Franklin in search of the Northwest Passage took a full 14 years for people to finally solve.
Franklin, a 59-year-old major general in the British Army and an experienced Arctic explorer, set sail in May 1845 with two ships and 120 men. His two ships, the ---- Erebus and the Troll, were equipped with new steam engines and propellers, and were loaded with supplies to last three years.
Franklin's ships were seen in Baffin Bay two months later, but have not been heard from since. Forty expeditions, including one led by Sir John Ross, set out to find them in the years following their disappearance. But the mystery was not solved until 1859.
A naval expedition led by Leopold McClintock found several skeletons and parts of a navigational journal after traveling deep into the Arctic Circle at Cape Felix on King William Island. It turned out that two of Franklin's ships had gotten stuck in the ice in September 1845. Unable to get out the following summer, they had to survive another winter on board. Franklin died in June of 1847.
In the end, the remaining members of the expedition returned overland, carrying their supplies on their backs. It was a fatal decision. Cold, disease and starvation assailed them. A trail of corpses and relics stretching thousands of meters across the frozen wilderness is finally discovered.
Despite this tragic ending, Franklin's expedition and later rescue missions provided a valuable wealth of information about the region, and in 1906, Roald Amundsen finally crossed the Northwest Passage. Franklin is also credited with the discovery of the Northwest Passage.
Right: The British government offered a large reward for anyone who could rescue Franklin, or find his ship.
It is thought that one of the causes of death for the men Franklin led, and possibly for Franklin himself, was food poisoning. The provisions for the voyage included large quantities of canned beef. One theory is that this canned goods were substandard and the beef spoiled.
[edit]III. Franklin District, Auckland Region, New Zealand
Auckland is the largest city in New Zealand.
There are four cities in the Auckland region, including Auckland, Manukau, North Shore (North Shore) and Waitakori. The three districts are Franklin, Rodney and Papakura.
Auckland has 12 visitor information centers (i-SITE Visitor Information Centres). They provide all kinds of tourist information and all kinds of bookings.
[edit]Movies
Directed by Gerald McMorrow
Main Cast:Ava Green, Ryan Phillippe, Sam Reilly
The movie tells the story of four entangled lost souls. Three of them live in modern-day London, while the other inhabits a parallel futuristic metropolis called "The City of Its Time," an "anti-utopian" city ruled by fanatical beliefs and bound to its people by the absurdity of the beliefs concocted by the religious establishment. The religious establishment creates absurd beliefs that bind its people. The city is run by a group of ruthless and cruel masked vigilantes.
The protagonist, Jonathan Plaisted (Ryan Phillippe), is one of the masked vigilantes of "the city of his time," who work in the dark of the night to silence dissenters without their knowledge. In the parallel world of London, Ava Green is Emily, a seriously suicidal art student obsessed with her video creations; Sam Reilly is Milo, perhaps the most sane of the group, who is trapped by a love affair and struggles to find the innocence of his first love; and Pete (Bernard Hill) is a church caretaker who has traveled to London from Cambridge to look for his lost son. son. The fates of these four men intersect in the film, and a single bullet will send their lives crashing explosively ......
"Franklin" is scheduled to debut at the London Film Festival on Oct. 16, but the U.K. release date won't be until Feb. 30 next year