1.1.1 Damage to the body of water
Water pollution is one of the more serious pollution of natural resources by tourism. It mainly consists of dry tourism operators in a large number of construction projects, in the daily operation of the work produced and discharged wastewater containing chemical substances, tourists in participating in tourism projects such as boating, boating, rafting inadvertently caused by the pollution of water resources, part of the tourists' uncivilized behavior such as throwing waste into the water, random excretion and deforestation and clearing of land caused by the loss of water and so on. These pollutants make the original clear river (lake, sea) water floating on a thick layer of algae and oil, aquatic organisms can not survive, seriously undermining the balance of the water ecosystem. Such as a few years ago, Jingpo Lake tourist area due to the power plant in the pumping underground 40m of lake water, full load power generation accounted for 60% of the lake water flow, the surface of the lake formed a relative hydrostatic layer, which also greatly weakened the purification ability of the lake water itself, resulting in the deposition of a large number of plankton and various pollutants. And when the Jingpo Lake Scenic Area has only 64 sets of sewage treatment equipment, but the hotels and sanatoriums along the lake is more than 10Q, some units of environmental protection awareness is relatively poor, directly discharging sewage into the lake, large ships and speedboats produced by the waste oil. Motor oil has also polluted the lake water quality to a certain extent.
1.1.2 land destruction
The most important reason for land pollution is the destruction of a large number of vegetation, tourism enterprises in the development of resources in the primitive forests for wanton deforestation, engineering construction of construction materials required and often is the local materials, coupled with some of the tourists on the trees indiscriminately folded, etc., have led to the destruction of vegetation, soil and water loss, coupled with a number of enterprises arbitrarily put the Waste generated by some enterprises arbitrarily discharged to areas outside the enterprise, rather than in accordance with the provisions of the centralized treatment, resulting in the soil contains less and less nutrients, saline and alkaline land, soil acidity and other phenomena are becoming more and more serious. In addition, a large number of people are carrying plastic food bags, bags of supplies, disposable tableware, bottles for drinking water, and so on. After the use of littering, these extremely difficult to decompose the white trash by the wind everywhere, the soil coverage is very high, so that the original barren earth once again by man-made destruction.
1.1.3 Pollution of the atmosphere and noise
Tourism can not be separated from the traffic, the transportation is to make tourists from the place of residence to the scenic area of the carrier, so all kinds of vehicles come and go, whistling past, car exhaust in the air all around the diffusion of this exhaust not only pollute the air, but also extremely harmful to the human body. In addition, the southwest and south-central region of the acid rain is extremely harmful, has made some areas of the woods withered, environmental quality decline. The high mortality rate of firs at the Golden Peak of Mount Emei is mainly caused by acid rain pollution. In Wuzhou City, a heavy rain in June 1996 turned all the pine forests in the Fudian Forestry Farm from green to red. Acid rain damage has caused the top skins of some tourist buses in Guangzhou, Chongqing and Guilin to rust and rot. Atmospheric pollution is also very serious in destroying cultural relics and monuments. For example, Datong Yungang Grottoes around the coal mines scattered, encountered windy season, with a large number of coal dust, sand and gravel of the wind blowing the grotto statues, so that the cultural relics wear and tear, corrosion; more than 1 million size of the chimneys in the city of Beijing, the black smoke is the atmospheric decomposition of moisture into sulfuric acid, nitric acid and carbonic acid with the rain and the downstream, the total amount of more than 300,000 tons per year. Acid rain so that the old alabaster buildings, such as the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Thirteen Tombs of the carved railings, stone steps, sitting lions, etc. have dissolved, a year of corrosion equivalent to the past 50 years. In addition, the noise pollution should not be ignored, the tour guide holding a megaphone to call the sound of tourists, uncivilized tourists loud noise, as well as tourist scenic spots within the bed vendors shouting and so on. Now tourists "food, housing, transportation, tourism, shopping, entertainment" in the tourism chain, recreational activities have been arranged as a fixed program, so the recreation center bowling ball rolling sound, nightclubs hissing and yelling, disco bar heavy metal instruments enthusiastically and passionately pounding sound, these decibel projects become the main source of noise pollution.
1.1.4 Tourism resources of man-made destruction is serious
The destruction of human tourism resources mainly includes two aspects: First, the "endogenous parts" of the destruction, that is, the tourism resources were tourism activities itself (such as tourists, tourism construction, etc.) destruction, the main manifestations of: (1) visitors in the scenic area of the overloaded activities caused by the destruction of tourism resources. Overload activities caused by the damage or destruction of tourism resources. Tourist overload exacerbated the soil sclerosis, accelerated the death of old and famous trees; buildings due to carrying too many tourists and damage, such as the stone bridge in front of the Humble Administrator's Garden Hill House, due to too many tourists to make the bridge platform subsidence collapse, mandarin ducks Pavilion of the curved bridge due to the load of overload cracks; excessive living garbage on the landscape of the pollution of water and other tourism resources. (2) Deliberate destruction of tourism resources by a few tourists. A few tourists lack the minimum social morality and cultural cultivation, and their uncivilized behavior makes the tourist resources lose their original value. (3) "Destructive construction" of tourism resources. In order to protect tourism resources, often have to carry out repairs. Repairers often intentionally or unintentionally show their own aesthetic point of view, but also often have to use modern building materials. As a result, the historical appearance of certain tourism resources has been more or less affected. The kind of arbitrary transformation, unorthodox repair, destroy the tourism resources of historical tourism culture and ornamental value is called "destructive construction". Secondly, it is "exogenous" destruction, that is, the tourism resources are polluted and destroyed by the economic activities of the surrounding areas. The main performance is: (1) short-term behavior of quick success and quick profit caused by the destruction of tourism resources. Certain people in order to profiteer, the nature reserve of all kinds of rare wild animals and plants for indiscriminate fishing and logging, resulting in many landscape vegetation and animals on the verge of extinction. For example, in recent years, in the core protection area of Mount Lushan, the theft of more than 1,000 precious yellow pines, a serious deforestation incident, which occurred in Xishuangbanna, the poaching of elephants, bison behavior, which occurred in the Wolong Nature Reserve, hunting and killing of "national treasures" - pandas and other acts. Then there are the phenomena of digging up ancient tombs and selling cultural relics. (2) Cultural and artistic production activities on the destruction of tourism resources. Such as some cultural and artistic units in the filming of movies, television dramas, do not hesitate to cultural relics showroom for the studio, with cultural relics as props, a long period of high temperature irradiation coupled with some imprudent behavior, so that many cultural relics suffered damage. (3) industrial production activities on the pollution and destruction of tourism resources. Tourist areas built on the periphery of small chemical plants, fertilizer plants, pesticide factories and other waste generated by the pollution and destruction of tourism resources.
The above can be seen, tourism resources have been destroyed by all kinds of bad consequences. At present, people have realized the disastrous impact of such destruction on the sustainable development of tourism. In this regard, people have issued a strong appeal for the protection of tourism resources.
1.2 Discriminatory relationship between tourism resources development and environmental protection
The contradictory or conflicting relationship between tourism development and environmental protection can also be understood as the negative impact of tourism on the environment, the negative impact, is a specific expression of the disharmony between the environment and the economy. The contradictory movement of coordination and incoordination between environment and economy is the main line of human historical development and the eternal theme of social progress process.
1.2.1 Tourism development and environmental protection benign interactive relationship
Tourism development and environmental protection interactive relationship is mainly reflected in the following: on the one hand, tourism development must be based on the blue sky, blue water and green mountains, can not be separated from the role of environmental protection protection to ensure that only carefully protected, in a state of benign cycle of the natural landscape and humanities, in order to stimulate the desire to travel and transform into real tourism demand. Only when they are carefully protected and in a state of benign circulation, natural and humanistic landscapes can inspire people's desire for tourism and be transformed into real tourism demand. Therefore, environmental protection provides the basis and creates the conditions for the sustainable development of tourism; on the other hand, the healthy development of tourism promotes the development of environmental protection while promoting the social and economic development and improving the people's material and cultural living standards. Compared with the industrial industry, tourism consumes less resources, and in many cases, tourism development raises the awareness of local governments and the public about the value of resources and their protection, improves environmental conditions and reduces the destruction of natural resources. People through tourism into nature, in the appreciation of the magical and beautiful natural scenery at the same time, but also appreciate the true meaning of harmony between man and nature **** place, improve the understanding of the protection of nature and the protection of the environment conscientiousness. Secondly, through the development of tourism, can realize the sustainable use of some natural resources, reduce the ecological damage caused by the development of resources, can replace some of the resource consumption, heavy pollution of traditional industries, to reduce the purpose of pollution emissions. It can also provide the necessary funds for environmental construction and promote the improvement of environmental quality. In short, tourism development and environmental protection are closely related and promote each other. Only by dealing with the relationship between the two can we realize the sustainable development of tourism.
1.2.2 The contradictory opposition between tourism development and tourism environmental protection
One is the unreasonable development and construction. Modern tourist attractions landscape, has not been in a completely primitive form so that consumers directly enjoy gratuitously, it has to go through a certain procedure of development and construction of tourism enterprises, will be a large number of potential resources into economic resources, or will be a large number of economic resources of modern urbanization, so that the natural resources into commodities, or to make the natural resources that have been commoditized more easy to deal with, and then through the form of commodities in the form of management of exchange with consumers. exchanged with consumers. This kind of predatory development at the expense of environmental damage and waste of resources will inevitably cause some damage and impact on the environment. The planning of some areas is made by the investors themselves, who often start from the economic interests of their own departments or enterprises, and take the ability to obtain approval as the starting point, and the ability to obtain economic benefits as the highest B standard, without combining the social benefits, environmental benefits and economic benefits into a holistic planning, and wantonly destroying the natural environment of the tourist attractions. Thus, the tourist attractions: want to listen to helpless noise more and more miscellaneous, want to raise their heads to look at the sky helpless building more and more high, want to raise their eyes to see helpless hotel more and more built ...... a series of development and construction of the natural scenic area seriously undermined the harmony and beauty of the tourist attractions, the tourists want to cultivate the body and mind to get rid of the irritation and nervousness brought about by the day-to-day work, but the eye But what they see and hear often makes them suffer. In essence, the development itself means the destruction of natural resources. They are all at the expense of environmental damage. Therefore, we must minimize the development of the destruction in order to protect the valuable tourism resources; Second, the tourists themselves on the environmental pollution. This is mainly manifested in the congestion and chaos caused by the influx of tourists in tourist hot spots. The environmental degradation caused by the destructive behavior of certain low-quality tourists intentionally or unintentionally. In addition, a large number of tourists trampled on the soil quality changes, a large number of people stay in the local energy consumption out of normality as well as tourists and tourist transportation means of atmospheric pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution and so on, all make the tourist area environment has been seriously damaged and polluted.
2. Legal Mechanisms of Tourism Environmental Protection in Foreign Countries
2.1 Legal Measures in Tourism Environmental Protection in Various Countries
Both developing and developed countries are utilizing legal policy measures to solve the problems in tourism resources and environment. The role of legal policy measures is, firstly, to stipulate the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the relevant parties at the time in respect of tourism resources, and to limit people's behavior within the scope permitted by laws and policies, and secondly, to guide the actions of the relevant enterprises in the development, construction and utilization of tourism resources, so as to facilitate their fulfillment of the relevant obligations of protection, and to promote the healthy development of the tourism industry. For example, France has the French Law on Changes in Scenic Areas and Monuments of Cultural Heritage, Egypt has the Law on Granting the Ministry of Tourism the Power to Supervise the Development of Tourist Areas, Yugoslavia has announced by law that the development of industries polluting the air and lake water is strictly prohibited in the vicinity of 14 national parks opened up, and Japan has special laws on all kinds of parks, forests, specially protected areas, wild birds and animals, ancient buildings and cultural relics, as well as on urban greening and pollution prevention. There are special laws. Some countries even have the Beach Protection Act, the Shell Protection Act and so on.
The United States imported Puhuixin Skylark
2.2 International developments related to the development, utilization and protection of tourism resources
First of all, it is the convening of the relevant international conferences and the adoption of certain declarations and resolutions to guide the actions of all countries. The World Conference on Sustainable Tourism Development was held in Spain in April 1995 by UNESCO, UNEP and the World Tourism Organization, attended by more than 600 delegates from 75 countries and regions, including China, and finally adopted the Charter for Sustainable Tourism Development and the Action Plan for Sustainable Tourism Development. The Charter states that "tourism is a world phenomenon and an important factor in the socio-economic and political development of many countries, and is the highest and deepest aspiration of mankind." "Tourism has a dual nature; on the one hand, it can contribute to socio-economic and cultural development, while at the same time, it exacerbates environmental depletion and the loss of local identity". Secondly, international organizations related to tourism and environment have been established and developed one after another. The World Tourism Organization, the World Tourism Environment Research Center and the United Nations Environment Programme, they are in the tourism resources, the use and protection of the environment, aroused the governments and people of all countries to pay attention to environmental protection issues, and promote the development of global environmental protection and environmental protection of international cooperation.