AIDS is a serious infectious disease with a very high death rate and there is no cure for it, but it can be prevented.
-When was AIDS discovered?
A new U.S. study shows that humans contracted AIDS as early as 1931, much earlier than generally believed, according to the American Journal of Science.
The conclusion was reached by scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the United States using computer simulations of the evolution of the AIDS virus.
-China's AIDS Infection and Incidence
China's AIDS epidemic has been on an accelerated upward trend in recent years. By the end of September 1999, China has 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government reported 15,088 cases of HIV infection, including 477 patients and 240 deaths. According to expert estimates, the actual number of HIV-infected people in the country is now over 400,000. As reflected in the cases, young adults are the main people affected by AIDS.
-Transmission of AIDS
HIV is mainly found in the blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk of HIV carriers and AIDS patients, and occasionally in other bodily fluids, like saliva, tears, urine and sweat. There are three proven routes of HIV transmission:
1. Sexual Transmission
75% of people infected with HIV are infected through unprotected sex with both sexes (70%) and same-sex sex (5%).
2. Blood Transmission
5% of adult infections are acquired through intravenous drug use and 3% through blood transfusions or use of blood products. Others like syringes, needles, surgical instruments, stomatological instruments, and delivery instruments that are not sterilized thoroughly or disinfected can cause medical transmission, and daily hairdressing and beauty paraphernalia, bathroom pedicure knives that are not disinfected or used with others*** razors and toothbrushes can also cause infections.
3, mother-to-child transmission
Pregnant women infected with HIV can pass the virus to their babies through the placenta or through the birth canal during labor.
-How can AIDS be transmitted?
The following three conditions must be present for HIV to be transmitted from an infected person to another:
1. A nick in the skin or mucous membrane.
2. Exchange of body fluids with the virus.
3. the number of viruses, the solubility (the highest solubility of HIV in body fluids is found in blood, semen and vaginal secretions).
In fact, HIV is so fragile that it dies once it leaves the body, and general socialization does not lead to HIV infection.
-AIDS incubation period
From HIV infection to the onset of the disease, this interval is called the incubation period, strictly speaking, the incubation period should include the window period, that is, after the infection of the serum in the undetectable anti-HIV antibodies for that period of time, generally for 2 weeks to 3 months. Therefore, when you are in the AIDS risk group (drug users, homosexual and heterosexual promiscuous sex, long-term blood transfusion patients, sexual partners found HIV antibody-positive) when the first time the test is negative, do not take it lightly, must be reviewed after a period of time. Often, because HIV-infected people can't say exactly when they were infected, they have to start with the onset of prodromal symptoms or positive serum anti-HIV antibodies, usually from a few months to a few years.
The true incubation period generally ranges from 1 to 12 years, with an average of 6 years. There are also a few that exceed 12 years. There are also differences between various populations and individuals: the general incubation period for those infected by the importation of contaminated blood or the injection of contaminated blood products is 4.5 years, and for homosexuals it is about 3 years.
Among male homosexuals, 2 percent of HIV-infected men have an incubation period of 2 years, 5 percent of 3 years, 18 percent of 4 years, 23 percent of 6 years, 37 percent of 8 years, and 48 percent of 10 years.
-What is it like not to be infected with HIV?
Currently, it is believed that the following everyday contacts do not spread AIDS: light kisses, handshakes, hugs, *** meals, coughing, *** use of office supplies, *** use of toilets, swimming pools, *** use of telephones, and mosquito bites.
-Difference between infected and sick:
Infected means infected with HIV but without the disease; "sick" refers to people with AIDS who have symptoms. The former are no different from normal people in appearance or in their bodies, but about half of all infected people can develop AIDS after 10 years. If the infected person is a child, the incubation period is even shorter, with about 40% becoming infected within three years. In adults, 50% of infected persons do not develop the disease. The onset of the disease is characterized by prolonged lymph node swelling, fever, sudden weight loss, extreme fatigue, night sweats, diarrhea, and thrush (an ulcerative disease of the mouth). These symptoms are known as "AIDS-related syndrome". When the immune system is weakened, AIDS is considered to be present, and this is mainly characterized by the presence of "opportunistic infections" such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or Kaposi's tumor.
But it is important to remember the differential diagnosis in the case of "associated syndromes", as some symptoms are not unique to AIDS.
-Condoms are effective in reducing the risk of HIV infection
Condoms, when used correctly, not only prevent pregnancy, but also reduce the risk of contracting HIV and STDs. Condoms are not 100% effective in preventing AIDS and STDs, but they are far safer than not using condoms. No other contraceptive method can prevent AIDS and STDs except the correct use of condoms. The risk of a male infected person passing AIDS to a woman is significantly higher than the risk of a woman passing AIDS to a man. Women have the right to take the initiative and ask each other to use condoms during sexual intercourse.
-Can you get AIDS from donating blood
You can't get AIDS from donating blood.
-What is the window period and why is it scary?
In recent years, it has been found that when the body is infected by HIV, some days must pass before HIV antibodies can be measured in the body. The period of time when the body is infected with HIV and is contagious, but has no symptoms and no detectable HIV antibodies in the blood, is called the "window" period, which lasts about 2 weeks to 3 months.
If you enter (receive) the blood of a person who is infected during the "window" period or use a syringe with another person, you are at risk of being infected by HIV; and if you have sexual contact with a person who is infected during the "window" period, you may be infected with HIV. Therefore, the "window" period is the hidden and most dangerous group of people at risk of AIDS.
-The role of blood transfusions and the risks associated with them
Transmission of HIV through blood transfusions is very efficient, and the likelihood of becoming infected with infected blood is estimated to be more than 90% (in contrast to the risk of having a single sexual intercourse, which is a few percent to less than 1%), and a single transfusion carries with it a very high level of HIV, which is contracted in such a way that the disease develops very quickly, with an average of 3-5 years (about 2 years for children). -5 years (about 2 years for children).
Millions of lives are saved by blood transfusions every year, but in some places the safety of transfusions is not guaranteed and the risk of HIV infection in recipients is rising.
-AIDS IS NOT FAR AWAY
AIDS is spreading rapidly around the world, especially in developing countries. The AIDS epidemic in China has entered a period of rapid growth. Failure to control the AIDS epidemic in a timely and effective manner will have a serious impact on the country's social and economic development. Everyone has the right and must know the basics of AIDS prevention, avoid risky behaviors and strengthen self-protection. Everyone should tell others what they know about AIDS prevention. To publicize the knowledge of prevention of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) to young people, to carry out sex education in schools, and to protect young people from the harm of AIDS and STDs is the ****same responsibility of every family, every school, every community and the whole society.
-Measures for medical personnel to avoid HIV infection
1. Self-protection of medical personnel
(1) When medical personnel come into contact with AIDS patients, they generally do not need special protection.
(2) White coats and gloves should be worn when exposed skin or clothing may be contaminated with blood or body fluids.
(3) Protective eyewear and a mask should be worn when blood or other body fluids may be splashed.
(4) Medical personnel should take special care to prevent cuts or puncture wounds from contaminated sharp objects. Contaminated disposable sharp objects should be collected immediately after use and disposed of in specific containers to the point where they cannot be reused.
(5) Thoroughly wash hands with soap after contact with the patient, especially when hands are contaminated with blood or its body fluids, they must wash their hands immediately, and also wash their hands after removing gloves.
(6) Medical personnel with wounds, dermatitis, etc., should not participate in the direct care of AIDS, or touch contaminated instruments and equipment.
(7) stomatology, surgery and autopsy medical personnel even when operating on general patients dare to pay attention to avoid being contaminated by the patient's blood or body fluids.
(8) If medical personnel are accidentally scratched or stabbed by HIV-contaminated sharp objects in the course of their work, they should be immediately rinsed with soapy water and then disinfected with iodine and alcohol. If blood is spilled into the mouth, spit it out immediately and wash the mouth with water.
2. Medical personnel and HIV infection
According to foreign data, the risk of medical personnel being infected by HIV-contaminated needles is about 4 out of 1,000, and the chances of transmission to mucous membranes or intact skin are negligible. The chance of transmission is affected by a number of factors, such as the amount of virus, the depth of the puncture wound, the size of the needle, the duration of contact and the patient's infection and condition.
3. Comparison of the likelihood of contracting HIV versus HBV
HIV and HBV are transmitted by the same route.The threat of HIV infection to healthcare workers is mainly through contact with infected blood or body fluids.HIV is less infectious than HBV because the former has a lower concentration in the blood. Medical personnel who are infected with hepatitis by a needle stick injury? 0%, but HIV infection is about 0.4%, so measures to prevent HBV infection are sufficient to prevent HIV infection.
4. Handling of accidents at work where HIV infection is possible
When a person is stabbed by a needle or has an accident at work where HIV infection is possible, he or she should carefully squeeze out the blood from the wound and wash it with soap and water. The injured person should go to the emergency room for appropriate wound management and other treatment. The attending physician should refer to the need to prevent hepatitis B for treatment and advice. Safe sex should be practiced while waiting for the HIV antibody test report. Blood or other organ donation should be avoided.
5. HIV resistance and disinfection methods
(1) HIV resistance to the outside world:
HIV is not resistant to physical and chemical factors in the environment and is sensitive to heat and dryness. For example, 56 degrees for 30 minutes that can not detect infectious virus. General disinfectants such as 50-70% alcohol, 5% carbolic acid, 0.1% household bleach, 2% formalin, 0.25% propiolactone, 2% sodium hypochlorite can inactivate the virus. HIV in the specimen can also be inactivated by cold acetone or formaldehyde and acetone fixation.
The virus is not acid-resistant but alkali-resistant, and the titer of the virus decreases dramatically when the pH is reduced to 6; when the pH is increased to 9, the titer of the virus decreases very little. HIV can survive for more than 15 days in a liquid environment at room temperature, and the infectivity of the virus can be preserved in a refrigerator for at least 3 months at -70 degrees Celsius in 20% fetal bovine serum. HIV reverse transcriptase activity is maintained for at least 2 months at -20 degrees Celsius. The enzyme activity is lost by 20% with 1 freeze-thaw and can be lost further with repeated freeze-thaws. After treatment with TritknX-100 and ether, the virus is inactivated but still retains its original antigenicity, which can be detected by ELISA.
(2) HIV disinfection methods
AIDS disinfection work is mainly for HIV-infected patients and patients with blood, body fluids contaminated medical supplies, diagnosis and treatment of the patient's external environment, as well as some items, such as used dressings, gauze and so on.
AIDS disinfection can be based on the disinfection of items to choose the appropriate physical methods or chemical disinfectants. Polluted waste can be used to incinerate the method, some items, especially the need to reuse, can be used to boil, and high-pressure steam disinfection, should not be boiled items, can be used to 2% glutaraldehyde, 70% alcohol, etc. soak for 10 minutes and then wash. Household bleach, sodium hypochlorite, and alcohol are commonly used to disinfect contaminated environments and surfaces. Disinfectant drugs generally used for hepatitis B, can be completely used for the disinfection of HIV.
(3) Postmortem treatment: After the death of AIDS patients, refer to the treatment of viral hepatitis to deal with the patient's body, the mouth, nostrils, ears, anus, and the female vagina with a cotton ball filling to prevent the outflow of body fluids. If there are skin wounds and oozing inflammation, use iodine, alcohol or other disinfectants, wipe disinfection, the body should be cremated on site.
-Ministry of Health issued the AIDS prevention publicity and education knowledge points
According to the approval of the State Council, the Ministry of Health issued the "Opinions on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of AIDS" and the Propaganda Department, the Ministry of Health and other nine ministries and commissions **** the same issued the "Principles of Publicity and Education on the Prevention of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections," the spirit and requirements, to carry out the prevention of HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections publicity and education, is the main measure for the prevention and control of AIDS, but also the main measures to prevent and control the disease. It is the main measure to prevent and control AIDS, and is also the responsibility of the mass media, publicity and education departments and the whole society. In order to provide accurate information and basic knowledge to the mass media and educational workers, domestic experts were invited to discuss the issue repeatedly and formulate the key points for popularizing knowledge of AIDS prevention among the whole population, including ten basic knowledge and important information related to these ten knowledge. The ten basic knowledge will be made a household word and known to all. At the same time, the 10 basic knowledge will be used as a basis for assessing the implementation of the publicity and education measures and evaluating the effectiveness of publicity and education. Important information is for the preparation and production of relevant publicity and education materials and programs to provide relevant information, according to the different dissemination of the target reference to use.
I. Basic Knowledge:
1 AIDS is a serious infectious disease with a very high morbidity and mortality rate, for which there are no curable drugs and methods, but it can be prevented.
2, AIDS is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, blood and mother-to-child three ways.
3, daily life and work contact with AIDS patients and HIV-infected people will not be infected with AIDS.
4, cleanliness and sexual morality are the fundamental measures to prevent sexual transmission of AIDS.
5, the correct use of condoms can not only contraception, but also reduce the risk of infection of AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases.
6. Early treatment and cure of STDs can reduce the risk of contracting AIDS.
7. ***Drug use with syringes is an important way of spreading AIDS, so reject drugs and cherish life.
8. Avoid unnecessary blood transfusions and injections, and use blood and blood products that have been tested for HIV antibodies.
9. Caring for, helping and not discriminating against AIDS patients and HIV-infected people is an important aspect of AIDS prevention and control.
10. AIDS threatens every person and every family, and the prevention of AIDS is the responsibility of the whole society.
II. Important Information
1. AIDS is a serious infectious disease with a very high morbidity and mortality rate, for which there is no cure, but it can be prevented. AIDS, whose full medical name is ?quot;Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" (abbreviated AIDS), is a serious infectious disease caused by the AIDS virus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV). After invading the human body, HIV destroys the body's immune function, causing the body to develop a variety of incurable infections and tumors, and ultimately leading to death. HIV has a weak resistance to the external environment and can only survive for a few hours to a few days at room temperature after leaving the body. High temperatures, dryness, and commonly used disinfectant drugs can kill the virus. Antibodies to HIV can only be detected in the blood after 4-8 weeks of HIV infection, but are contagious before they can be detected. The blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, and wound exudate of HIV-infected people contain a large amount of HIV and are highly contagious. It takes an average of 7-10 years (incubation period) for a person infected with HIV to develop into an AIDS patient. In the development of AIDS patients to Bashful sulfone ceramic first F? The following is a list of the most common causes of HIV infection. The first time a person is diagnosed with HIV is when he or she has a history of the disease. (詈凸ぷ产主义) and (詈凸ぷ产主义) are the most common forms of AIDS. Metaplexis To? What are you doing? Bryan? Forgiveness?br> When the immune system of HIV-infected patients is severely damaged by the virus to the extent that it cannot maintain a minimum resistance to the disease, the infected person develops into an AIDS patient, with unexplained symptoms such as prolonged low-grade fever, weight loss, night sweats, chronic diarrhea, and coughing. There is currently no drug that can cure AIDS, and some of the drugs that have been developed can only alleviate the symptoms of AIDS patients to some extent and prolong their lives. Positive medical guidance and treatment can help alleviate the symptoms and improve the quality of life of AIDS patients. No vaccine has yet been developed that can effectively prevent AIDS.
2. AIDS is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, blood and mother-to-child transmission. Worldwide, sexual contact is the most important way of spreading AIDS. AIDS can be transmitted between men and between women and men through sexual intercourse. The more sexual contacts there are, the greater the risk of contracting AIDS. ***Drug use with syringes is an important risk behavior for HIV transmission through blood. You can get AIDS by entering or injecting blood or blood products contaminated with HIV. The use of HIV-contaminated, unsterilized syringes, acupuncture needles, or other instruments used to penetrate the body can spread AIDS. 1/3 of women with HIV will transmit AIDS to their babies and young children through pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. Most HIV-infected infants and children die before the age of three. Orphans who lose their parents to AIDS will suffer physically and mentally and will be an added burden to society. Women who suspect they may be infected with HIV should go to a qualified medical institution for HIV antibody testing and counseling before pregnancy. Pregnant women who are suspected or found to be infected with HIV should go to the relevant medical institutions for counseling and receive guidance and treatment from medical personnel.
3. Daily life and work contact with AIDS patients and HIV-infected people will not lead to AIDS infection. General contact with AIDS patients and HIV-infected people in work and life (e.g. holding frames (15) when А⒐餐? The contact with AIDS patients and HIV-infected persons at work and in daily life (e.g., holding frames (15) when ⒐⒐燦霉ぞ摺? The following are some examples of such contacts The government has changed the name of the hill. The government is not responsible for any of the following: (1) the government is not responsible for any of the following The stony soil is careful of the Velvet. Pie? Folding (10) leaping folding (15) good offices in the realm of rattle clams?br> ***Baths and other public ****facilities spread the disease. Coughing and sneezing do not spread AIDS. Mosquito bites do not transmit AIDS.
4, cleanliness and sexual morality are the fundamental measures to prevent sexual transmission of AIDS. Building spiritual civilization, advocating compliance with the law, and establishing healthy and positive concepts of love, marriage, family and sexuality are the fundamental ways of preventing and controlling the spread of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sexually free lifestyles and premarital and extramarital sexual behavior are the breeding ground for the rapid spread of AIDS and STDs. Prostitution, whoring and other activities are important risk behaviors for the spread of AIDS and STDs. People with multiple sexual contacts should stop high-risk behaviors to avoid contracting AIDS or STDs and burying their health and lives. Young people should learn to restrain their sexual impulses. Premature sexual relationships not only jeopardize friendships, but also have an adverse effect on physical and mental health. Being faithful to each other as husband and wife can protect both of them from contracting AIDS and STDs.
5, the correct use of condoms can not only contraception, but also reduce the risk of infection of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. The correct use of quality condoms can not only prevent pregnancy, but also effectively reduce the risk of infection of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. Condoms should be used every time you have sex. Condoms are not 100% effective in preventing HIV and STDs, but they are far safer than not using condoms. No other contraceptive method can prevent HIV and STDs except the correct use of condoms. The risk of a male infected person passing AIDS to a woman is significantly higher than the risk of a woman passing AIDS to a man. Women have the right to take the initiative and ask each other to use condoms during sexual intercourse.
6. Early treatment and cure of STDs reduces the risk of getting AIDS. People with STDs are more likely to get AIDS than people without STDs. People with genital abscesses, ulcers, and inflammation are more likely to be infected with AIDS and to transmit the virus to others. Therefore, rapid cure of various genital infections can reduce fishy bid pain? グ? Beach H Velvet Spoon about tamping plus line round' razor clams? said?br> Infection should be timely to the regular hospital or STD prevention and treatment of examination, consultation and treatment, but also mobilize with their own sexual contact with the people also go to accept the examination. Some women infected with STDs have no obvious symptoms and are not easy to detect, if you have high-risk behavior, you should go to the hospital in time for examination and treatment. Regular hospitals can provide formal, confidential examination, diagnosis, treatment and counseling services. Do not seek treatment from peddlers or buy medicines for self-governance, so as to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment, prolonging the course of the disease and increasing the chances of being infected with HIV. If you suspect that you are infected with HIV, you should go to a qualified medical and health unit as soon as possible for HIV antibody testing and counseling.
7, *** drug use with syringes is an important way of spreading AIDS, so we should refuse drugs and cherish life. Drug use is an illegal behavior, which not only seriously harms the health and life of the drug users themselves, but also harms the family and society. Staying away from drugs can minimize the risk of contracting AIDS through drug use. People who use drugs with others*** using syringes are at particularly high risk of contracting AIDS. Not ***using syringes and using clean or sterilized syringes can effectively reduce the risk of spreading AIDS through drug use. Having sex with someone who injects drugs makes you vulnerable to HIV infection.
8. Avoid unnecessary blood transfusions and injections and use blood and blood products tested for HIV antibodies. Donating blood without compensation in accordance with the law, eliminating blood trafficking and selling, and strengthening blood testing are important measures to ensure blood safety. Strict HIV antibody testing of blood and blood products to ensure the safety of blood use is a key measure to prevent the spread of AIDS through blood collection and supply. Unnecessary blood transfusions and injections should be avoided as much as possible, and the use of plasma substitutes and one's own blood is one of the measures for safe blood use. When blood transfusion is necessary, blood that has been tested for HIV antibodies and disposable or strictly sterilized infusion sets should be used. Strictly enforcing all rules and regulations on sterilization is an important part of preventing HIV transmission through blood. Disposable syringes should be used for children's preventive injections, or if not available, they must be sterilized for one person, one needle, one tube, one use and one disinfection. Medical personnel and special industries (hotels, hostels, bathhouses, barber stores, beauty salons, foot-washing rooms, etc.) service personnel used knives, needles and other easy to pierce or abrasion of the skin of the instruments must be strictly disinfected.
9, care, help and non-discrimination of AIDS patients and HIV-infected people is an important aspect of prevention and control of AIDS. The participation and cooperation of AIDS patients and infected persons is an important part of AIDS prevention and control. Discrimination against AIDS patients and infected persons is not only detrimental to the prevention and control of AIDS, but also a destabilizing factor in society. People living with HIV are victims of the disease and deserve humanitarian sympathy and help. Families and communities should create a friendly, understanding and healthy living and working environment for AIDS patients and infected persons and encourage them to adopt positive attitudes towards life, change high-risk behaviors and cooperate with treatment, which is conducive to improving the quality of life and prolonging the lives of the patients and infected persons, and also conducive to the work of prevention and control of AIDS and the maintenance of social stability.
10, AIDS threatens every person and every family, and the prevention of AIDS is the responsibility of the whole society. AIDS is spreading rapidly all over the world, especially in developing countries. The AIDS epidemic in China has entered a period of rapid growth. Failure to control the AIDS epidemic in a timely and effective manner will have a serious impact on the country's social and economic development. The establishment of an AIDS prevention and control system led by the Government, with multisectoral cooperation and the participation of the whole society*** and the formation of a social environment conducive to the prevention and treatment of AIDS is an important and successful experience in controlling the AIDS epidemic. China's strategy for preventing and controlling AIDS is to focus on prevention, focus on publicity and education, mobilize the participation of the whole society, and implement comprehensive management. The AIDS prevention measures of publicity and education and changing risky behaviors have proved to be effective. Everyone has the right and must know the basics of AIDS prevention, avoid risky behaviors and strengthen self-protection. Everyone should tell others what they know about AIDS prevention. To publicize the knowledge of prevention of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases to young people, to carry out sex education in schools and to protect young people from the harm of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases is the ****together responsibility of every family, every school, every community and the whole society.