The second is that people's livelihoods have been significantly improved, and people's lives in general have entered a moderately prosperous level. Taking income and housing as examples of the two major items that best reflect the standard of living, from 1978 to 2006, the per capita disposable income and per capita housing space of China's urban residents have both increased significantly. It is particularly noteworthy that during these 30 years, the number of people living in absolute poverty in rural China fell from 250 million to 21.48 million, and the incidence of absolute poverty fell from 30% to 2.3%. China is now the only country in the world that has realized the UN Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty ahead of schedule.
Thirdly, China has initially established a market economy system adapted to economic development, where the market, rather than the government, plays a decisive role in the allocation of resources. At present, China has basically become a market economy country **** knowledge is beginning to take shape. Many countries, including some developed countries, have successively recognized China's market economy status. This shows that the basic framework of China's market economy has been basically established.
Famous economist Li Yining is a personal experience and ideological promoter of China's reform and opening up for 30 years, and also one of the most keen scrutinizers of this history and one of the most profoundly aware of it. Regarding reform and opening up, Li said in an interview with this reporter that the most outstanding achievement of China's reform and opening up in these thirty years is the accomplishment of three things. "The first is the family contract system in the countryside, the second is the shareholding reform of state-owned enterprises and the formation of the securities market on this basis, and the third is the rise of the private economy." The main contribution of this institutional change, the rural household contracting system, was to promote farmers' production by mobilizing their motivation under the prevailing conditions, thus liberating agricultural productivity. Starting in the mid-to-late 1980s, we carried out the shareholding reform of state-owned enterprises, and as a result of the shareholding reform, China had a securities market. Although it was still very imperfect at that time, it opened the way for China's state-owned enterprise reform and securities market after all. Although the shareholding system was once subject to various doubts and even reproaches, China's shareholding system and the reform of state-owned enterprises' shareholding system have finally achieved success. As for the private economy, Li Yining pointed out that although it faced all kinds of criticisms when it first appeared, people really felt that private enterprises were indeed crucial after they continued to grow. Who has helped solve the employment problem the most? It is the private sector, more than 70% of the new labor positions are in the private sector, many cities in the tax revenue is mainly provided by private enterprises, our exports are also a lot of private enterprises play a role. The rise of the private economy has mobilized many people to start their own businesses, which is important for long-term economic development.
Fourth, it has integrated into the world's mainstream civilization and locked in China's development path. What is openness? Openness is to accept, independently and spontaneously, the universal rules of human social development and use them to overcome the shortcomings of one's own traditional special rules, so that they can better advance the increase of national welfare and the wealth and strength of the country. And true openness to the outside world involves not only the introduction of advanced Western technology, but also learning from the West's experience in developing a market economy, learning from Western civilization, and making institutional changes. In this sense, opening up is sometimes far more important than reform. A large number of Chinese students have gone abroad to study, and many of them have become useful talents for national construction. Through mutual learning, people's minds have become more emancipated, their horizons more broadened, and their sense of openness and ability to innovate greatly improved. Especially after joining the WTO, we have returned to the world's mainstream civilization without any hesitation, locking in the path of China's reform and development with the commitment and credibility of a sovereign state.
Experience:
1. The main experience of the 30 years of ideological emancipation or theoretical innovation is the establishment of the ideological line of seeking truth from facts, and the establishment of such major ideas and methods as practice is the only standard for testing truth.
2. Institutional reform further liberates and develops productive forces. After 30 years of institutional reform and system innovation, China's productive forces have been greatly emancipated, the socialist market economy has been continuously improved, and the vitality and efficiency of the socio-economic system has been continuously enhanced.
3. China's development has benefited from the incentives and efficiencies generated by market-oriented reforms and institutional innovations. Market-oriented reforms and the rationalization of central and local mechanisms have provided intrinsic motivation for economic growth; the introduction of intrinsic incentives into the economic system has led to a significant increase in economic efficiency, and the original impetus of the market in allocating resources has played an active role in promoting it.
4. China's development has also benefited from the learning and imitation effect in the process of opening up to the outside world. Opening up to the outside world not only introduces a large number of foreign investments, which directly makes up for the lack of capital in China, but also provides a very important opportunity for China's economy to integrate into the global system, and to learn from the world's advanced technology, management, experience, and concepts.
5. China's development has also benefited from the reform of the administrative system and the scientific decision-making of the government. As the initiator of reform, the government not only formulates reform and development plans and implementation plans, but also actively mobilizes economic and social resources, which effectively avoids the disorder and other problems brought about by single market regulation. At the same time, in the process of participating in the formulation of economic and social development planning, the government can fully attach importance to and absorb the opinions and suggestions of experts and scholars as well as all the advanced international experience, thus promoting the democratization and scientification of decision-making, and effectively reducing the mistakes.
6. Finally, it must be pointed out that China's development has also benefited from the stabilizing social effects of progressive reform. The relatively stable social environment makes the reform did not cause major economic damage and social shock, thus providing good external conditions for the smooth progress of the reform
First of all, say eat, the people to eat for the day. 30 years ago the rice. Flour is generally priced at 0.17 yuan, while the current price is around 1.30 yuan, an increase of nearly eight times. Side food prices are amazing, vegetable prices rose from an average of 5 cents a catty to an average of 1.50 yuan a catty, an increase of 30 times. Meat prices, in the case of pork, for example, have risen from $0.82 to an average of $6 now, an increase of more than seven times. The price of beef and mutton has reached at least 10 times or more, and the increase in cooking oil is probably more than seven times. It's really scary when you think about it.
Secondly, let's talk about wearing. Nowadays, a decent set of clothes must cost more than one or two hundred dollars, but 30 years ago, 20 dollars or less was enough to solve the problem. So the price of clothes has risen 18 times relative to that era.
The following topic is to live. 30 years ago, we live in the earth house bungalow, burning wood and coal, the environment is very polluted. Nowadays, every family has entered the era of electrification. They prefer to use fuels that do not pollute the atmosphere.
People's mindset is changing, before, adults do not pay attention to the importance of learning, that learning or not learning the same. Now, every family wants their children to go to university campuses and learn scientific and cultural knowledge, especially farmers, who recognize the importance of science and technology.
And then the following topic is line, now some people ride bicycles, some people ride motorcycles, some people drive private cars, of course, there are people who love to take cabs. These are not representative, the most representative is to take the bus, 30 years ago the ticket is 5 cents, now the ticket is 1 yuan, a whole 20 times up.
Eating and clothing, housing and traveling are analyzed, let's talk about health care. Education. Social security and so on. Thirty years ago we had a relatively complete health care system, workers are reimbursed by the unit, do not have to spend money, farmers have a cooperative medical care, medical co-ordination, etc., see the doctor also basically do not have to spend money. So, let us assume that a person does not have a unit and he pays to see a doctor, how much does it cost to go into the hospital once? Thirty years ago, a common illness such as a cold could be solved for 80 cents or so, and even if the cost of a bottle was more than 10 dollars at the most, what about now? What about now? At least 20 to 30 dollars, and if you get an infusion, 100 dollars is not enough at all. If the disease is serious, it will be even more troublesome. Medical costs have gone up 80 times!
Now, our incomes have also changed dramatically: it used to be that a few dozen dollars a month could feed a family of a dozen. And now? It's gone up to hundreds or even thousands of dollars, and wages have doubled ten to dozens of times.
The problem of education is even greater, the past nine years of compulsory education that is real, our parents went to school when the annual tuition and miscellaneous fees are only about 5 yuan, your kid has the ability to get into college, 1 cent do not have to pay, food money is the state tube, no can not afford to read. Now, a few hundred dollars a year for elementary school, a few thousand dollars a year for secondary school, a few tens of thousands of dollars a year for university, people who can't afford to study can be too many! The cost of education has risen 300 times is not much, right? Yes, now our country has introduced nine-year compulsory education, and in the future the tuition fee for primary and middle school is exempted, but we didn't catch up ah! It's really a pity ^-^
A few years ago, people in Birkenstock grew big bones from eating their own well water. Now, people eat tap water and mineral water. Even the tap water has been treated
In short, the reform card has brought great changes to our motherland, our hometown, and our lives!
Ten Achievements of Reform and Opening Up
(1) Establishment of a Comprehensive Material Production System
China's reform and opening up over the past 30 years has ensured peace and stability, established a comprehensive material production system, and made remarkable achievements in economic construction. China has transformed itself from a primary industrial economy to an advanced industrial economy, with the production of many industrial products, including iron and steel and household appliances, ranking first in the world. At the same time, the size of China's economy and the total volume of its economy have continued to expand.
(2) Continuous and increasing international status
In the 30 years of China's reform and opening up, China's international status has continued to improve. Rapid economic growth has led to China's rising position in the world economy.
(3) Full Integration into the World Economic System
With its accession to the WTO, China's economy has completed the process of marketization and internationalization, and has been integrated into the world economic system and the wave of economic globalization.
(4) Overall socio-economic progress
(5) Economic growth has become more robust
China's reform and opening up has unleashed enormous productivity, and the government-led, vigorous investment and ever-strengthening industrial economy have kept China's economic growth higher than the world's economic growth level.
(6) Increasing level of economic development
China's reform and opening up has been accompanied by a substantial increase in the level of economic development.In 1978, China's per capita GDP was 381 yuan, which was about 149 U.S. dollars according to the 1980 exchange rate of 1.53 yuan per U.S. dollar.
China's per capita GDP in 2007 rose to 2,640 U.S. dollars, a 17-fold increase compared with 17-fold increase before the reform and opening-up.
(7) People's living standards have improved significantly
(8) Educational development has made great strides
Educational development is an important indicator of a country's level of development and development potential. During the 30 years of reform and opening up, China has made great progress in the development of education; in 1978, the number of graduates from general institutions of higher education in China was only 165,000, accounting for 0.0171% of China's total population of 962,590,000 at that time; in 2006, the number of graduates from general institutions of higher education in China amounted to 3,775,000, accounting for 0.2871% of the country's total population of 1,314,480,000 at that time, representing a 16.7-fold increase in the past 30 years. 16.7 times.
(9) National life expectancy has increased significantly
Life expectancy is a comprehensive indicator of a country's socio-economic development, and an increase in life expectancy not only implies an increase in the level of economic development, but also an increase in the ability to provide social security. According to China's population census data, the average life expectancy of the Chinese population was 67.77 years in 1982, and rose to 71.40 years in 2000, an increase of 3.63 years.
(10) People's life has become more colorful
The material and cultural life of the Chinese people has entered an era that is in step with the world.
Reasons for the Achievements of Reform and Opening Up
The fundamental reason for all our achievements and progress since the reform and opening up is summarized as follows: the opening up of the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the formation of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics
Over the past 30 years since the reform and opening up, our Party has constantly deepened its understanding of the law of governing in the practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, socialist construction and the law of development of human society, from "development is the hard way" to "development is the first priority" to the scientific concept of development, the concept of governance is constantly enriched and developed, the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics has made great achievements, the social The construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics has made great achievements, social productivity has developed unprecedentedly, people's material life has been greatly enriched, and the ability to overcome natural disasters has become stronger and stronger.
China's 30 years of reform and opening up have been a great success, and the basic experience lies in China's adherence to the "four-color theorem" of economic growth. The history of China's and the world's development has fully proved that the "four-color theorem" of economic growth - peace and stability, open structure, human capital, and structural growth - is a sufficient and necessary condition for economic growth, and is also the basic experience of China's reform and opening-up. By following the "four-color theorem," the economy will grow and society will progress.
Lessons learned from three decades of reform and opening up
More than 70 years ago, U.S. President Roosevelt said, "The only truly valuable things in our country are the natural resources and the people." It is also apt to use this saying to understand current China. In the past 30 years of reform and development, if there is anything we have really failed to do well, it is to take too much and give too little in terms of natural resources, the environment and the rights and welfare of the working masses. Specifically, the first is that the environment is too costly and resources are over-consumed. There is no free lunch, economic development comes at a price, China's sustained and rapid economic growth, it makes a huge contribution to the world economy, the price is China's resources and the environment is seriously damaged.
Secondly, the gap between the rich and the poor has widened, and labor rights have been damaged. According to the results of three large-scale income distribution surveys conducted by a group led by Zhao Renwei and Li Shi of the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences over a period of 18 years, the gap between the Gini coefficients of both rural and urban areas widened from 1988 to 2002. Relevant statistics also show that over the past 30 years, the average annual output value of domestic and foreign-funded enterprises has increased by more than 10 per cent, while the annual wage growth rate for workers, except in monopolized State-owned enterprises, has been only 1-3 per cent. All these situations show that the income level of laborers has not increased year-on-year with the growth of GDP.
Once again, a worrying situation has emerged in the social and moral environment. In recent years, the annual increase in transaction costs due to the lack of credit is estimated to be about 10% more of that year's GDP. If the moral foundation of economic and social development goes wrong, it will degrade a society and a nation below the bottom line of human civilization.