Medical equipment refers to instruments, equipment, appliances, materials or other items used individually or in combination in the human body, and also includes the required soft body. Medical equipment is the most basic elements of medical, scientific research, teaching, institutions, clinical disciplines work, that is, including professional medical equipment, including home medical equipment.
Basic introduction Chinese name: medical equipment, including: professional medical equipment Meaning: institutions, clinical disciplines, the most basic elements of the work Classification: diagnostic equipment class, therapeutic equipment class Definition, classification, characteristics, uses, technical requirements, prospects for development, Definition Medical equipment continues to improve the level of medical science and technology, the basic conditions, but also an important symbol of the degree of modernization, medical equipment has become an important area of modern health care. Medical equipment has become an important field of modern medical treatment. The development of medical treatment depends largely on the development of instruments, and even in the development of medical industry, its breakthrough bottleneck also plays a decisive role. Medical equipment refers to the instruments, equipment, apparatus, materials or other items used in the human body alone or in combination, and also includes the required soft body. The therapeutic effect on the human body surface and in the body is not obtained by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, but the medical device product plays a certain auxiliary role. During use, it is intended to achieve the following intended purposes: prevention, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and mitigation of disease; diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, mitigation, and compensation of injury or disability; study, substitution, and regulation of anatomical or physiological processes; and pregnancy control. Classification There are three main categories of medical devices that are more advocated in the taxonomy, namely, diagnostic devices, therapeutic devices, and assistive devices.
Medical equipment First, diagnostic equipment can be divided into eight categories: X-ray diagnostic equipment, ultrasound diagnostic equipment, functional examination equipment, endoscopy equipment, nuclear medicine equipment, experimental diagnostic equipment and diagnostic pathology equipment. Second, the therapeutic equipment category can be divided into 10 categories: ward care equipment (hospital beds, trolleys, oxygen cylinders, gastric lavage machines, needleless syringes, etc.); surgical equipment (surgical beds, lighting equipment, surgical instruments and a variety of tables, shelves, stools, cabinets, including microsurgical equipment); radiation therapy equipment (contact therapy machines, superficial therapy machines, depth therapy machines, gas pedals, 60 cobalt therapy machines, radium or 137 cesium intracavity therapy (and after the installation of device therapy, etc.); nuclear medicine treatment equipment - treatment methods include internal irradiation therapy, dressing therapy and colloid therapy; physical and chemical equipment (can be divided into phototherapy business, electrotherapy equipment, ultrasound therapy and sulfur therapy equipment, 4 categories); laser equipment - medical laser generator (commonly used ruby laser, helium-neon laser, carbon dioxide laser, argon ion laser and YAG laser, etc.); dialysis treatment equipment (commonly used artificial kidneys are flat artificial kidney and tubular artificial kidney two categories); body temperature freezing equipment (semiconductor cryoknife, gas cryoknife and solid cryoknife, etc.); first aid equipment (cardiac defibrillation pacing equipment, artificial respiratory, ultrasonic nebulizers, etc.); other therapeutic equipment (hyperbaric oxygen chambers, high-frequency chromium oxide for ophthalmology, electro-magnetic suction, vitrectors, blood adult Separator, etc.). This all belongs to the special treatment equipment, if necessary, can also be divided into a separate category. Third, auxiliary equipment can be divided into the following categories: sterilization equipment, refrigeration equipment, central attraction and oxygen system, air-conditioning equipment, pharmaceutical machinery and equipment, blood bank equipment, medical data processing equipment, medical video camera equipment.
Medical equipment hospitals have medical equipment can be divided into three categories, namely, diagnostic, therapeutic two categories and the necessary medical equipment for each level of classification of different requirements.
Medical equipment a diagnostic equipment can be divided into the following categories: physical diagnostic apparatus (thermometer, blood pressure meter, microscope, audiometer, a variety of physiological recorders, etc.), imaging (X-ray machine, CT scanning, magnetic **** vibration, ultrasound, etc.), analytical instruments (all types of counters, biochemistry, immunoassay instruments, etc.), electrophysiology (such as electrocardiogram, Electroencephalograph, electromyograph, etc.). Second, the therapeutic equipment can be divided into the following categories: general surgical instruments, light-guided surgical instruments (fiberoptic endoscopes, laser therapy machines, etc.); auxiliary surgical instruments (such as various anesthesia machines, respiratory machines, extracorporeal circulation, etc.); radiation therapy machines (such as deep X-ray therapy machine, cobalt 60 therapy machines, gas pedals, gamma-code knife, a variety of isotopes, etc.); and other categories (microwave, hyperbaric oxygen, etc.). Third, the hospital must have medical equipment class requirements can be divided into three categories of the following categories: Class I, Class II and Class III. That is, Class I refers to the routine management is sufficient to ensure its safety, effectiveness of medical devices; Class II refers to its safety, effectiveness should be controlled medical devices; Class III refers to the implantation of the human body, for the support and maintenance of life; the human body has a potential danger and its safety, effectiveness must be strictly controlled medical devices. It is worth noting that if a medical device contains Class I and Class II, then the medical device is Class II. If a medical device contains Class II and Class III, then this medical device belongs to Class III. By analogy, one can come to the same conclusion. A variety of simple medical devices for home use, such as thermometers, stethoscopes, sphygmomanometers, etc. With the development of electronic technology, automatic and semi-automatic electronic home medical equipment such as electronic blood pressure monitors, blood glucose testers, electronic thermometers, etc. have come on the market. Characteristics of broad medical equipment, including medical equipment, home medical equipment, and professional medical equipment does not include home medical equipment instruments. It can be seen that they are closely linked at the same time, but also a containment relationship, the subtle differences are not difficult to see. Large-scale medical equipment repair, maintenance, equipment installation and equipment scrapping is one of the main tasks of the equipment section of the hospital, directly related to the safety of the use of instruments, the relationship between the clinical medical equipment, inspection, testing the effectiveness of the medical work of the whole hospital is related to the collaboration and continuity. The basic point of the development and design of the system is how the equipment department can use limited human and material resources and limited resources to realize a higher degree of autonomy of maintenance is a very important topic in the consideration of cost-effectiveness to ensure the normal use of equipment. In this paper, according to the specificity of medical equipment maintenance, repair and delivery of equipment using digital bar code coding, equipment since the number to build a file, after the computer's comprehensive statistics on equipment repair, maintenance, installation and equipment out of the scrap data. System Design Objectives The following describes the system from several characteristics of the system, focusing on providing a development idea, rather than a mere system. Intellectualization A large hospital equipment maintenance management system should not simply be a program that repeats manual operations; it should be a program with intellectual characteristics. This system contains several EOQ modules, especially set up for equipment maintenance alarm prompts. When a piece of equipment to be repaired is sent to the Equipment Section for repair, because the maintenance engineer does not repair it in time, the computer will automatically remind it (according to the validity period of the repaired equipment), and the alarm is divided into three levels (and it is an audible and visual alarm). Normally, when the system is in the login interface, it adopts the servo module type, which is checked every once in a while. If the maintenance equipment is pending maintenance, the system will remind the engineers to carry out the maintenance in time with sound and light alarms on the operation interface. The system provides modules for equipment classification, equipment management, spare parts management, information management, report output and statistical analysis, etc., which can statistically analyze various maintenance work indexes and display the statistical analysis results in the form of tables. For example, the maintenance statistics of maintenance equipment, the number of equipment sent for inspection, the repair rate of equipment maintenance, the return rate of equipment maintenance and the statistics of the inventory of components, the analysis of equipment scrapping factors. For data integrity and security, we use code to realize automatic backup and recovery of the database, and system administrators can also manually backup and restore data. Another technique is the strict authorization mechanism, where the administrator assigns different management licensing rights according to the different responsibilities of the engineer operator. Stability The computer system adopts Windows XP Advanced Server, which provides engineers with a high-performance client and server platform through background data collection. The method of data processing using this system is quite simple, and it can deal with a variety of display formats, print data reports, and handle complex data and reports freely. Uses Medical equipment is an important symbol of the degree of modernization, is the most basic elements of medical care, scientific research, teaching and research, teaching work, but also to continuously improve the level of medical science and technology is the basic conditions. The development of clinical disciplines depends largely on the development of instruments, and even plays a decisive role. Therefore, medical equipment has become an important field of modern medical treatment. Medical equipment refers to the use of the human body alone or in combination with instruments, equipment, appliances, materials or other items, including the required soft body; its use on the human body surface and in vivo is not pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means of obtaining the role of the body, but there may be these means of participation and play a certain role in assisting the use of its intended to achieve the following purposes:
medical equipment
Medical Devices (a) the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and alleviation of disease; Specialized Medical Devices (b) the diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, alleviation, and compensation of injury or disability; (c) the study, substitution, and regulation of anatomical or physiological processes; and (d) the control of pregnancy. Technical Requirements The hospital can not be power outages, once the problem of power outages, there may be a threat to the patient's life safety. Similarly, medical equipment is also can not power outages, so the medical equipment on the power supply specifications have very strict requirements. Therefore, there are special specifications in the design of medical equipment batteries. China's medical electronics demand growth is higher than the global average - a huge population base and the rapid increase in the aging population and people's increasing health awareness, national policy, medical information technology and technology revolution to promote. China's medical electronics market demand continues to grow rapidly. In addition, China has begun to implement its 12th Five-Year Plan, which includes the following three goals for the future development of medical equipment: 1) to accelerate the development of the domestic medical equipment industry; 2) to implement a unified purchasing system; and 3) to prioritize the purchase of domestically produced medical equipment by domestic medical institutions. With the gradual implementation of this healthcare reform program, domestic medical equipment manufacturers are ready to take advantage of this rare opportunity to develop a new generation of medical equipment. In addition to conforming to internationally recognized standards, other aspects of medical equipment, such as basic performance and whether the power supply used meets specifications, are very important, as the health of the patient will be directly or indirectly affected by it. If the power supply of any electronic medical device related to patient care, clinical treatment, health monitoring, or imaging scanning fails to energize, loses power, or is otherwise defective, the consequences will directly affect the patient's health, and may even result in transient or permanent harm to the patient. Take laboratory instruments or diagnostic equipment as an example, once the power supply problem occurs, it will lead to medical personnel not being able to make a correct diagnosis in time, sometimes even for this reason, it is necessary to do a few more tests, which is not only a waste of time, but also aggravate the mental burden of medical personnel and patients. In addition, once the power supply of a medical device fails, even if it does not pose an immediate safety problem, it will not be able to perform its basic functions. Therefore, medical device developers not only need to plug design loopholes in the conceptualization stage of the product, but also need to continuously manage the risks throughout the product's lifecycle in order to prevent the device from malfunctioning. Development Prospects Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has begun to enter a phase of rapid development. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, GDP (gross domestic product) has been growing at a high rate since 2000, increasing from 9,921.5 billion yuan in 2000 to 39,798.3 billion yuan in 2010, with a compound annual growth rate of 14.90%. From 2005 to 2010, the total output value of the medical device industry has steadily increased year by year, with a CAGR of over 20%. With the development of medical science and bioengineering technology, the demand for high-end medical equipment such as MRI, CT, PET, gamma knife and other high-tech imaging equipment and radiation therapy equipment in hospitals has surged; the reform of the medical and health system and the country's investment in the medical and health care industry and other factors have also increased the demand for medium- and high-end equipment in primary hospitals. At present, the financing methods for the introduction of domestic hospital equipment are roughly divided into the following: own funds, bank loans, foreign government loans, financial allocations, corporate investment and financial leasing. Among them, financial leasing has been gradually recognized by hospitals for its advantages of flexibility, speed, large financing amount, fast funding and other aspects, and the model has been increasingly adopted in practice. In 2010, China's financial leasing transactions amounted to about 700 billion yuan, an increase of 89% over 2009. According to HCR (HC Research), it is estimated that the amount of medical equipment financial leasing investment is about 30 billion yuan. By the end of 2010, there were 181 financial leasing companies registered and operating in China, an increase of 17 companies from 2008. According to the "Financial Leasing Company Management Measures", the financial leasing business refers to the transaction in which the lessor purchases the leased object from the seller, provides it to the lessee and collects the rent from the lessee according to the lessee's choice of the seller and the leased object, which is conditional on the lessor retaining the ownership of the leased object and collecting the rent, so as to enable the lessee to obtain the rights of possession, use and benefit of the leased object during the term of the leasing contract. Medical equipment financial leasing refers to the hospital to determine the appropriate medical equipment and suppliers (manufacturers), and complete the relevant procedures for the introduction of medical equipment, the leasing company according to the hospital's requirements for the purchase of selected medical equipment, delivered to the hospital to use the hospital to use the hospital in the use of a certain amount of money in the period of installments to pay rent, so as to obtain the right to use the equipment and the right to income, at the end of the lease period, the hospital to pay the lower equipment residual value after the hospital At the end of the lease term, the hospital pays the lower residual value of the equipment and then obtains the ownership of the equipment. According to the definition, during the period of financial leasing, the hospital owns the right to use and the right to income, while the leasing company owns the equipment, and at the end of the lease period, the ownership belongs to the hospital. The reason why financial leasing is widely used is that it has the incomparable advantages of other financing methods: its audit conditions are relatively loose, mainly examining the scale of the hospital, good business conditions and other indicators; longer financing period, flexible business program, shorter operation time; relatively long repayment cycle, flexible repayment methods; tight contract, the rights and obligations of both parties are clearly delineated, and the legal risk is low. This way is suitable for the urgent need for equipment, but the funds raised for a short period of time insufficient large and medium-sized hospitals, hospitals in a relatively short period of time to achieve the rolling development of the scale of operation, with the steady development of business, the two sides can gradually establish a high amount of credit and strategic partnership; leasing companies generally only require hospitals to carry out regular feedback, does not affect the normal operation of the hospital. As the financial leasing mainly solves the hospital's financial needs, there are certain shortcomings, mainly reflected in: interest rates will change with the change of bank interest rates, the lessor charges more management service fees; the lessor in the development of the contract, ignoring the quality of equipment, services and maintenance and other responsibilities and obligations, to the hospital to bring risks. These deficiencies are precisely the important factors for hospitals in choosing to use financial leasing or other ways to introduce equipment, and it is also because of the lack of clarity of responsibilities and obligations, leading to many legal disputes in the process of financial leasing. At present, domestic hospitals mainly use direct leaseback, vendor leasing and sale and leaseback to finance and introduce equipment. Direct leasing refers to the lessor with its own funds or in the capital market to raise funds to purchase equipment, leased directly to the lessee of the lease, vendor leasing refers to the leasing company and the supplier and agent signed a cooperation agreement for the financing of its customers, by the supplier and agent recommended customers, leasing companies to provide financial leasing services to its customers; leaseback is the hospital to revitalize assets, the existing equipment ownership Leaseback is the process of hospitals revitalizing their assets, transferring the ownership of existing equipment to a third party in order to obtain liquidity, paying rent during the lease period, and redeeming it at the end of the period. Financial leasing is the innovation of market allocation of resources, is to open up a better channel of capital allocation, to realize the innovation of investment mode and investment portfolio. The state as well as many local governments have introduced corresponding policies to encourage and support financial leasing companies to finance through multiple channels, and provide financial and tax policy support, incentives and subsidies for the development of the financial leasing industry. Under the encouragement and support of the policy, this form of financial leasing will certainly be more effective in solving the needs of hospitals for equipment, thus also promoting the development process of the healthcare industry. Domestic Development 80% of China's medical resources are concentrated in 20% of the big cities, the people to see a doctor are concentrated in the big hospitals, resulting in a long waiting time to see a doctor, hospital beds are in short supply. Improve the community health care network, so that the people into the community for minor illnesses, major illnesses into the hospital is the solution to China's difficulties in access to health care, one of the main means of expensive. Big diseases into the hospital, small diseases into the community is a more reasonable way of medical resource allocation, community medical institutions will become the main body of preventive health care, basic medical care, health education, disease control and other community health services. China's community medical service is still in its infancy; in 2009, community health service centers and service stations accounted for only 2.98% of the total number of health institutions, and their health technicians accounted for only 4.52% of the total number of health technicians. There is also much room for improvement in the human resources situation in community medical institutions. There is still a large gap between community medical institutions and large hospitals in terms of facilities, diagnosis and treatment levels and other objective conditions. Some community medical institutions lack of hard body, obsolete equipment, and even located in the external environment is too poor to affect the confidence of the residents to visit the hospital, and many community medical institutions have a single business, low level of technology, and a general lack of general practitioners and senior personnel. Introduction of equipment 1. If the hospital is a public institution under the Health Bureau, it needs the approval of the higher health authority. 2. 2. Special equipment needs approval: three ministries (Ministry of Health. Development and Reform Commission. Ministry of Finance), the purchase of large-scale medical equipment need to apply for the configuration of the license, that is, approved before you can buy. Class A large medical equipment must be approved by the Ministry of Health, Class B large medical equipment must be approved by the provincial health department. 3. Ambulances need to be approved by the provincial and municipal health authorities, otherwise the traffic control department will not give the license plate. 4. Approval of the purchase, in accordance with local government requirements, according to the program for procurement, more than 1 million yuan of equipment to enter the bidding program, imported large-scale medical equipment must be open bidding, and through the electromechanical audit program. The operation of professional medical equipment must be used by professionals, qualified to practice, with a large equipment license, health regulations, fiscal hair [2004] 474 file of Article 21 said "large medical equipment on the staff need to receive training, to obtain the appropriate qualifications on the job.