1. Cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest means that the heart stops beating suddenly due to various reasons in unexpected circumstances and time, which leads to the sudden suspension of effective heart pump function and effective circulation, causing severe ischemia, hypoxia and metabolic disorders of tissues and cells in the whole body, and can immediately lose life if not rescued in time. Cardiac arrest is different from cardiac arrest at the end of any chronic disease. If correct and effective resuscitation measures are taken in time, the patient may be saved and recovered.
once cardiac arrest occurs, if it is not rescued immediately and promptly, it will cause irreversible damage to the patient's brain and other important organs and tissues in 4 ~ 6 minutes. therefore, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after cardiac arrest must be carried out immediately on the spot, so as to win the most precious time for further rescue until the life of the patients with cardiac arrest is saved.
2. Learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(1) Assessment and site safety
The first aider patted the patient's shoulder and shouted "Are you all right?" Check whether the patient is breathing. If there is no breathing or normal breathing (that is, only breathing), immediately start the emergency response system and start chest compressions.
(2) Timing of dialing 12
(1) If the patient is found to be unresponsive and not breathing, the first responders should dial 12 to start the emergency medical service, and if possible, get an automatic external defibrillator to perform CPR on the patient, and immediately perform defibrillation if necessary.
(2) If there are multiple first responders at the scene, one of them will perform CPR according to the steps, and the other will dial 12 to start the emergency medical service. If possible, get an automatic external defibrillator.
(3) When rescuing patients with drowning or asphyxiated cardiac arrest, first responders should perform CPR for 5 cycles (2 minutes), and then dial 12 to start emergency medical service.
(3) Pulse check
For non-professional emergency personnel, it is no longer emphasized to train them to check the pulse. As long as unresponsive patients are found not to breathe spontaneously, they should be treated as cardiac arrest. For medical staff, the patient's carotid artery is usually touched with one index finger and middle finger to feel whether there is pulsation (the pulsation contact is in the sternocleidomastoid muscle groove next to thyroid cartilage). Generally, the time to check the pulse should not exceed 1 seconds. If there is still no pulse within 1 seconds, chest compressions should be implemented immediately.
(4) Chest compressions
Make sure that the patient lies on the flat ground or uses chest compressions to pad under his shoulders. First-aiders can use kneeling or footstool to place the palm root of one hand in the center of the patient's chest, on the lower part of the sternum, and the palm root of the other hand on the first hand. Fingers do not touch the chest wall (below). When pressing, the elbows should be straight, and the vertical downward pressure should be strong. The frequency of pressing for adults should be at least 1 times/minute, and the depth of pressing should be at least 125px(1px=175px). After each pressing, the chest should be fully recovered. Pressing time and relaxing time account for about 5% respectively. When relaxing, the palm root should not leave the chest wall to avoid the displacement of the pressing point. For children, press the sternum horizontally with one hand or both hands at the nipple line, and for infants, press the sternum horizontally with two fingers close to the nipple line. In order to minimize the interruption of chest compression due to ventilation, the compression-ventilation ratio recommended by the 21 international cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines is 3: 2 for adults who have not established artificial airway. For infants and children, the ratio of 15: 2 can be used in CPR for two people. If two or more people rescue, the presser should be replaced every 2 minutes or 5 cycles of CPR (each cycle includes 3 compressions and 2 artificial breaths), and the switch should be completed within 5 seconds, because the research shows that the quality of the operator's pressing begins to decline after 1-2 minutes of pressing (manifested by unsatisfactory frequency and amplitude and chest wall reset).
(5) Open airway
An important change in the CPR and ECC guidelines of the American Heart Association in 21 is to start chest compressions before ventilation. Chest compressions can produce blood flow, and the delay and interruption of chest compressions should be minimized throughout the resuscitation process. However, it takes time to adjust the head position, achieve sealing for mouth-to-mouth breathing, and take the balloon mask for artificial respiration. Using 3:2 compression ventilation can shorten the delay time of the first compression than starting CPR. There are two ways to open the airway to provide artificial respiration: the chin lifting method (below) and the chin pressing method. The latter is only used when head or neck injury is suspected, because it can reduce the movement of neck and spine. Follow the following steps to carry out chin lifting: put one hand on the forehead of the child, and then push it with the palm of your hand to make his head lean back; Place the finger of the other hand under the mandible near the mental bone; Lift the jaw and lift the chin. Pay attention to dig out foreign bodies or vomit in the patient's mouth with your fingers while opening the airway, and remove dentures if there are dentures.
(6) artificial respiration
Before giving artificial respiration, just inhale normally, without deep inhalation; All artificial respiration (whether mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-face mask, balloon-to-face mask or balloon-to-high airway) should be continuously blown for more than 1 second, so as to ensure enough gas to enter and make the chest fluctuate; If the first artificial respiration fails to make the chest fluctuate, the airway can be opened again by lifting the chin and giving a second ventilation; Excessive ventilation (repeated blowing or excessive blowing) may be harmful and should be avoided.
The method is: place the victim on his back on a stable hard board, hold his neck and make his head lean back, and clean his mouth with his fingers to remove foreign bodies in the airway. The first aider pinches the patient's nostrils with his right thumb and forefinger, wraps the patient's mouth completely with his own lips, and then blows for more than 1 second to expand his chest. After blowing, the rescuer releases his nostril-pinching hand, allowing the patient's chest and lungs to retract and exhale by their elasticity, and inhale evenly at the same time. Repeat the above steps again. For resuscitation of infants and young children, the infant's head can be tilted back later, the mouth and nose of the child can be sealed, and the child's lungs can be slightly blown. If the patient's face is injured, mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration can be prevented, and mouth-to-nose ventilation can be carried out. Take a deep breath and seal the patient's nose, raise the patient's chin and seal the lips, take a deep breath on the patient's nose, remove the mouth of the rescuer and open the mouth of the injured person with your hands, so that gas can come out. After the advanced airway is established, ventilation should be performed every 6-8 seconds, and it is not necessary to synchronize between two compressions (that is, the breathing frequency is 8-1 times/minute). There is no need to stop chest compressions during ventilation.
(7) Defibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation is the first common rhythm of adult cardiac arrest, and it is easy to treat. For patients with ventricular fibrillation, the survival rate is the highest if CPR and defibrillation can be implemented immediately within 3-5 minutes of loss of consciousness. For patients with cardiac arrest outside the hospital or hospitalized patients who are monitoring their heart rhythm, rapid defibrillation is a good method to treat short-term ventricular fibrillation. Defibrillation involves professional medical devices, so I won't go into details.
3. How to maintain the heart
1. Nourishing the heart needs to look at the season
Nourishing the heart needs to pay attention to the season. It is easy to sweat in summer. Chinese medicine believes that sweat is the liquid of the heart, and excessive sweating will damage the heart yang. Therefore, in summer, you should rest and do some less strenuous exercise, such as playing Tai Ji Chuan, brisk walking and jogging. The exercise time is generally controlled at about 4 minutes, and you can sweat slightly.
2. People who cultivate their hearts should not do strenuous exercise in the morning.
They should do "gentle exercise" in the morning. "The world's healthiest work schedule" shows that strenuous exercise is not suitable in the morning, and you can walk to work. The clinical research of the University of Massachusetts Medical College shows that the cold rate of people who walk to work every day is 25% lower than that of people who take the bus.
don't change walking to running. Researchers in Brunel, England, found that people who run in the morning are more likely to catch a cold; Japanese experts, on the other hand, found that running in the morning would increase the risk of blood clots by 6%.
3. Nourishers should not be impatient or overeating.
Belgian researchers believe that cocaine ranks first, followed by overeating and overeating, and the third is ecstasy and rage. If you take cocaine, the incidence of heart disease will increase by 23%; If you overeat, the incidence of heart disease will increase by 7%; Ecstasy and rage, the chance of heart disease increases by 5 times.
Like caffeine, there is also overeating. American researchers have found that the probability of a heart attack within two hours of overeating is four times that of ordinary people, and it is ten times that of an hour. Keep your mouth shut, raise a good heart and cooperate with a good work and rest, and you can raise a strong heart.
4. Choose a good time to nourish your heart
According to the World's Healthiest Work Schedule, you can take a hot bath and fall asleep before 11 pm. This timetable coincides with the theory of Chinese medicine. After getting up, wake up from sleep and drink a glass of water. This is the suggestion of the Sleep Research Center of Loughborough University. Drinking water is to make up for the lack of water for 8 hours of sleep. Researchers at the University of California found that women who drink five glasses of water a day (25 ml each) have a 41% lower risk of heart disease than women who only drink two glasses of water a day. Noon from 11: to 1: p.m. and noon nap from 11: p.m. to 1: a.m. are important periods for nourishing the heart.
5. Keep a good mood when nourishing the heart
Research shows that laughing heartily can relax the endothelium of blood vessels and increase the blood flow; And laugh once, and this effect will last for at least 45 minutes. If people are often depressed and depressed, over time, their heart function is not as good as that of their peers; Every day, the nerves are tight and the heart burden will be great; In addition, quarreling can also have an adverse effect on the heart.
6. People who nourish their hearts should only eat seven points full.
An experiment in the United States showed that mice reduced their food intake by 3% every day, but the result was actually extended by 3%. Life. Even more incredible, a thin man's heart may be 1 to 15 years younger than a fat man's. Other relevant data show that the insulin level of people who restrict calorie intake has been significantly improved compared with ordinary people, and the signs of DNA damage have also decreased. Scientists believe that controlling food can reduce the damage to tissues caused by high blood sugar, reduce the incidence of inflammation and reduce free radicals.
The food in the diet should be diversified, the hunger should be moderate, and it is appropriate to be seven or eight percent full. Coarse grains should be eaten with flour and rice, and three meals should be arranged reasonably. Eat more fish, nuts, cereals, fruits and vegetables, and eat less animal fats. In addition to eating more bitter food, you can usually eat more sour food, such as kiwi fruit and oranges, as well as spicy food, such as garlic, onion, ginger and pepper, which can promote blood vessel oxidation. In addition, we should pay attention to less salt, preferably not more than 6 grams per day, limit sweets and eat less oil, preferably not more than 25 grams per day.
7. Nourish the heart, suffer more hardships and clear the heart fire
To decompress the heart, you can start with eating. Chinese medicine believes that the best ingredients for the heart are bitter. Huangdi Neijing records: "Suffering goes to the heart, suffering goes to the bone, and bone diseases do not suffer too much." Chinese medicine believes that many diseases are caused by fire, and bitterness is the best fire extinguisher. This statement has also been certified in western medicine. Food is bitter because of its bitterness. The most basic efficacy of bitterness is diuresis and lowering blood sugar, and diuresis is to reduce the burden on the heart.
8, nourishing the heart should be properly supplemented with vitamins
Pay attention to the intake of foods rich in vitamin B6. If vitamin B6 is deficient, it will inhibit amino acid metabolism and increase serum cholesterol, which will lead to the formation and deterioration of heart diseases.
eat more vegetables, fruits, beans, sesame oil and peanut oil rich in vitamins e and C. Vitamin E can improve the symptoms of heart disease caused by hypertension, and prevent the formation of oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) that damages coronary artery blood vessels. Vitamin C can remove lipids from intima and tissues of arterial blood vessels, avoid lipid precipitation and hardening, which is beneficial to the repair of arterial injury.
Carotene has potential anti-aging and antioxidant effects in blood, which can prevent the formation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol, protect arterial blood vessels and reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, so you can eat more foods containing carotene.
9. The most nourishing bitter food
In addition to picrin, basically all bitter foods are rich in vitamins, which can diminish inflammation and bacteria, relieve summer heat and diuresis, lower blood pressure and strengthen the stomach. Among them, bitter apricot and almond are also listed as the healthiest food by the World Health Organization.
Bitter drinks: Kuding tea, coffee, green tea, cassia seed tea, mint leaf tea and beer;
Bitter vegetables: cucumber, towel gourd, gourd, bitter gourd, lettuce, celery, lettuce, coriander:
Bitter fruits: apricot, grapefruit, water chestnut and black jujube;
bitter herbs: lotus plumule, Schisandra chinensis and chrysanthemum.