Horizontal CNC lathe, defined as the spindle is placed horizontally, the main feed axis has two axes (X, Z), the front of the spindle to taper the end of the positioning of the linkage chuck or turning fixtures, chuck and fixtures need to do a rigorous dynamic balancing, otherwise the machine tool spindle will produce vibration. Chuck hydraulic, manual points, three-jaw, four-jaw, multi-jaw and flower plate and other classifications.
The spindle and spindle motor connection is basically divided into two ways, one, synchronous belt drive; two, gear box drive. Synchronous belt drive is generally used for smaller lathes, in order to meet the power requirements of the machine tool cutting, the motor power will choose some of the larger; speed will generally exceed 4000RPM, and is used for higher speed requirements of non-ferrous metals and smaller shaft parts processing. Gearbox transmission is mostly used for large machines, the user's processing needs to use a larger cutting torque, or the customer's processing requirements are to turn instead of grinding. The speed of rotation generally does not exceed 4000RPM, mostly used for heavy-duty cutting or large shaft parts processing.
The bed design generally has: saddle type, square box base, 30° slant back, 45° slant back design.
Turret part, the common form of hydraulic, electric turret two kinds, the tool position is generally divided into 10 positions and 12 positions (except for extra-large machine tools), the tool interface has a standard knife square, cylindrical interface also has Coromant's Capto interface. It contains standard cutting fluid interface.
Applications, these machines are widely used and cover many industries. For example: crankshafts, camshafts, transmission shafts and other parts of the automobile and motorcycle industries; turbine rotors; shaft parts for aviation and aerospace; shaft parts for the machine tool industry and so on.
Vertical CNC lathe, the definition of the bit spindle is placed vertically. The main feed axis has two axes, and the spindle mounting interface is disk-based.
The spindle box is also divided into two ways, due to different processing objects, spindle power is generally larger.
The bed is designed as a vertical structure, large CNC vertical lathe will do the door design, easy to process.
The vertical lathe tool magazine is similar to the machining center tool magazine, turning head interface with BT or other forms of automatic tool change.
Application, such machines are mainly used for turning disk parts, such as: train locomotive wheels, direction frame, etc.; generator set end caps, etc.; automobile, motorcycle wheel hubs, brake discs, etc. ...
There are more types of machining centers, vertical, horizontal, gantry, floor boring and milling, multi-axis machining centers.
Horizontal machining centers, the current domestic mostly foreign brands, spindle placed horizontally, the spindle speed of different use of different tool interfaces, ISO40 spindle speed of 10,000 RPM below the general choice of BT, ISO, DIN69871, etc., 8000 ~ 15,000 RPM can choose BBT, HSK; 15,000 RPM or more should choose HSK, CAPTO. CAPTO. ISO50 spindle division way for speed 6000RPM or less; 6000 ~ 10000RPM; 10000RPM or more. ISO4015000 rpm, ISO5010000RPM or more generally use the electric spindle, that is, the spindle is the motor rotor, the power is larger, lubrication using oil and gas lubrication. For low speed machine tools, the motor uses synchronous belt coupling or gear box coupling, there are also direct connection structure.
Machine structure is generally divided into two types: positive T-type and inverted T-type, positive T-type structure is the X-axis moving column, inverted T-type structure is the Z-axis moving column. It should be noted that the Y-axis on the table surface has a range of blind spots.
The table form is generally standardized for the dot-matrix screw-hole table, but also the use of T-slot table. Dual worktable, table less than 800x800mm using rotary exchange, table larger than 800x800mm using direct-entry exchange. Larger table tops have only one worktable.
The form of the tool magazine has a knife disk type and chain type exchange arm way, the capacity of the tool magazine has 60, 80, 120, 160, 180... can be selected according to the customer's needs.
Applications, such machines are mostly used for processing automobile and motorcycle engine blocks, cylinder heads, transmission cases; brake calipers, brake pumps; box parts; compressor shells; large mold molds, mold frames, deep cavities in large and medium-sized molds ...
Vertical machining centers, the spindle is placed vertically, and at present, there are a large number of domestic Taiwan products and imports of Europe and the United States equipment, there are also a considerable number of domestic brands competing in the same market, in the past two years there are private enterprises are also involved, so that the sales market for such machine tools has become the most competitive market in the country. Annual domestic demand for about 4,500 to 5,000 units. Machine tool spindle interface is divided into the horizontal machining center is basically the same way.
Machine structure from the side of the C-type structure, this structure is only suitable for Y-axis less than 1200mm, such as greater than this value, because the spindle head overhang is too long, will cause the spindle head rigidity is not enough in the processing of vibration and chatter phenomenon, so you can generally see a larger X-axis travel vertical machining centers, Y travel to the larger rarely seen. Distinguished from the axial movement, it is divided into fixed-column type, dynamic column type and full dynamic column type. Fixed-column type is the traditional machine structure, the column is fixed on the base, and the X-axis and Y-axis are mounted vertically overlapping each other in front of the column. This approach to the machine's three-axis drive motor power requirements are not high, axial movement of the machine tool control system has a more rapid corresponding, easier to solve the problem of machine tool creep. Dynamic column type for the table only do X or Y direction movement, the corresponding column will do Y or X direction movement. This design has larger power requirements for the drive motor of the column. Full dynamic column design for the table is fixed, the column is fixed on the X, Y axis, this structure of the X, Y axis drive motor power requirements, so the machine is relatively small, generally more will be installed double table, can be attached to the rotary exchange table.
Machine tool magazines are mostly hats and bidirectional tool changer arm mode, there is also a head disc type tool changer mode. Bucket type tool changer is generally used for the frequency of tool change, tool change time requirements are not high processing, two-way tool changer arm tool magazine tool change speed, tool weight can be used to larger. Head disc type tool changer on the higher requirements of the machine tool, mostly used in imported advanced vertical machining centers, such as the design is reasonable, tool change efficiency is very high.
The table has a point array of screw holes and T-slot two types, for high-volume parts production, small machines can also be optional exchange table. There are rotary type and direct feed type, and the direct feed type is divided into rack and pinion and hydraulic drive swing arm two ways.
Application, such machine tools for general-purpose machine tool representatives, it is widely used in various industries involved in the field of metal cutting, with the production of industrial products to the production of many varieties of small batch production mode change, the demand for such machine tools will continue to rise, and many machine tool manufacturers and even in order to adapt to the market demand for the standard equipment for the conversion of the transformation of the machine, to accept the customization of non-standard.
Gantry-type machining centers, such machines are defined as machine tool spindle vertical placement. The spindle is divided in the same way as the horizontal machining centers.
Machine structure, machine tool column for the double column, Y-axis for the beam, and the column into a door-type structure, the Z-axis and the spindle box together along the door-type beam to move, this type of equipment because it is a door-type structure, so the machine's Y-axis travel can be done to achieve a great deal, to solve the limitations of the Y-axis travel of the vertical machining centers. This type of machine from the X-axis travel 600mm to dozens of meters, the travel span is very large, such as in the spindle head to install the angle head, the machine is called gantry five-face machining machine, can be achieved in a clamping processing of five faces. The machining accuracy of the basic structural parts of large equipment is well guaranteed.
Relatively small machines, the table can be moved, the use of T-slot. Large machines for fixed table, column moving, also using T-slot.
Tool magazine, machine tool magazine on the side of the machine, generally chain tool magazine, tool change arm tool change. Special is the angle head can also be changed automatically.
Application, gantry machine tools are mostly used in the need for large parts processing places, such as: shipbuilding industry structural parts processing, machine tool industry basic parts processing, automotive industry covering parts mold processing, large hydraulic press mold processing, textile machinery industry, large machine frame processing, and so on, because of the stability of the door structure, in the processing of small, high-precision molds will also choose such structures, such as processing computer connector The mold, resin lens injection mold and so on.
Floor boring and milling machine, such machine tools for the horizontal spindle, spindle power is generally very large, the use of gearbox transmission, machine tool spindle speed will not be too high. Spindle interface with ISO interface form.
Machine structure, machine tools, according to the same size of the X-axis travel different manufacturing into fixed column and dynamic column type, machine tool Y-axis slide mounted on the side of the column; Z-axis side hung on the side of the column, because of its shape is quite similar to a pillow, it is called a pillow, in the pillow there is a can be extended, retracted head of the spindle, called the W-axis, the shaft diameter of the thinner, stroke than the Z-axis stroke is slightly smaller. This structure mainly solves the difficult processing problems in machining, many parts are more deep holes or more interference.
Small machine tool table is a T-slot structure, because the table is smaller, so some machine tool table can be indexed. Large machine tool table is a fixed table, column movement.
Floor boring and milling machine generally do not install tool magazine, there are users to install tool magazine, but the number of tools installed in the magazine is not large.
Application, this type of machine tool is mostly used for difficult machining of large frame parts, requiring a long spindle overhang. For example: the processing of some of the machine's spindle box, large marine engine processing and so on.
Multi-axis machining centers, such machine tools drive axes for more than five or more axes, the domestic currently seen more European products. Machine tools are generally smaller, general power size. Spindle interface is generally used HSK, CAPTO form. Spindle speed is high, generally more than 10,000RPM.
Machine structure, five-axis machine tools, for example, the main structure of such machine tools is similar to the structure of vertical machining centers, generally smaller machine tools, in addition to the normal X, Y, Z three-axis rotary axes, A, B, C-axis, common table can be along the X, Y-plane (B-axis), Y, Z-plane (A-axis) at the same time rotating to do one-thousandth of an indexing column for the form of a full-acting column; or, table can be along the X, Y-plane, spindle along X Y plane, the spindle along the X, Z plane (C axis) in a certain angle of continuous swing. In this way, according to different processing needs, choose different linkage axis of the machine.
The table is generally round, into a cross-disc structure, easy to clamp the machined parts.
Tool magazine, mostly see the two-way tool changer arm structure.
Application, such machines are used for high-precision machine tool parts processing, especially for parts with complex curved surfaces, can have very good results. For example: aviation, aerospace industry, aircraft, rocket parts, weapons industry, conventional weapons parts; aircraft engine impeller, all kinds of generator set power impeller processing and so on.
Multifunctional machine tools, common milling machine tools, turning centers and special-purpose machine tools.
Turning and milling machining center, the spindle part of the horizontal lathe axis, structure and lathe spindle similar to the ordinary turning spindle can be done to apply the spindle, the power is greater, the lathe axis is installed with a dividing device, can be one-thousandth of a degree of continuous indexing, similar to the CNC rotary table **** with. In addition, the machine is also installed with a milling spindle, general tool interface for BT, HSK, CAPTO, etc., can be used as a general milling spindle, power level is generally slightly smaller than the vertical machining center. The tool can be installed with turning and rotary tools through the main shank adapter, and the milling axis can be moved in several directions (X, Y, Z).
General turning and milling machine tools, installing turning and milling axes, there are also machine tools at the same time installed turning universal turret, that is, the machine will be installed at the same time turning turret and two-way tool changer arm tool magazine. According to different processing needs to choose different turret or milling axis processing.
Application, this type of machine tool is more expensive and higher technical content, most of the products seen in the country are foreign products, mainly used for complex shaft parts processing, reducing the number of complex shaft parts processing clamping times, effectively ensure the accuracy of parts processing. For example: firearms in the bolt parts, textile machinery in the spinning axis, the landing gear axis of the aircraft and so on.
Turning centers, spindles and turning and milling machine tools have the same structural features, as the main cutting axis, axis motor power. The machine tool does not have a milling axis.
Turret, this type of machine tool turret called power turret, that is, the turret contains a power transmission mechanism, in addition to the use of ordinary turning tools, but also through the installation of the power head to install milling tools, but due to the limitations of the structural design of the power turret power are on the small side, can only do a small amount of milling work, and the machine tool, some of which do not have the Y-axis, even if there is a Y-axis installed, the axial accuracy is also poor.
Application, such machine tools between CNC lathes and milling machine tools, milling machine tools have been used to process complex shaft parts before the mature application of milling machine tools, but because of its limitations on the application of milling machine tools have gradually been replaced by milling machine tools are generally used to process complex but the accuracy requirements of small parts. For example: automobile steering knuckle ball head cage and so on.
Special-purpose machine tools, briefly, there are many column machine tools, multi-spindle machine tools and the use of fuzzy control theory to control the movement of the machine tool new machine tools.
Multi-column machine tools, as the name implies, that is, the machine has more than one column, can be machined at the same time on the parts, for example: Shanghai maglev track beam, because of its single track beam is 60m long, but because of the high-speed operation of the maglev train in the turn of the track when the movement of the surface of the requirements of a very high. So there is a specially designed track machining machine.
Multi-spindle machine tools, there are dual spindle machining centers, dual spindle double turret lathe and other metal cutting machine tools, mostly used in mass production.
Fuzzy control of the movement of the machine tool, the current use of less, from the intuition of the machine tool spindle that is the axis of motion like a six-legged spider, can be free to rotate the processing. You can see COROMANT image data.
The classification of machine tools can be seen in the projection.
Numerical control system, the CNC system is good or bad directly affects the mold processing accuracy, the use of tools is also critical. At present, most machine tool manufacturers are using SIEMENS, FANUC CNC system, even if some manufacturers do not play the two trademarks, in fact, they are also using the basic module of the CNC system manufacturers, in the increase of the machine tool to match the secondary development of the CNC function, took their own name to the market.
The calculation function of the CNC system directly affects the precision of the motion control of the machine tool. For example, machine tools in the process of machining molds, axial movement control accuracy and smoothness of movement is critical, which requires the control system has a high degree of computational capabilities. If the machine tool is machining the mold, acceleration and deceleration and corner acceleration and deceleration are very important for the correct description of the machining path, solve these two difficulties, the machined surface of the mold will be the closest to the theoretical value. And we tool in a smooth, stable, uniform cutting use of the environment in order to reduce wear and maintain accuracy.