With the increase of high-tech products export, increase the export proportion of high-tech intensive products, so as to realize the trade balance of high-tech intensive products;
High-tech applications in manufacturing, such as communication, data processing, semiconductor intelligent robots and other high-tech applications;
The growth rate of high-tech venture capital such as enterprises and the return rate of venture capital;
The percentage of industrial research investment in domestic output value and the growth rate of industrial unit labor cost;
The proportion of scientists and engineers in the total number of employees, and the proportion of college graduates in the total population.
Europe's backwardness in the above areas directly indicates that Europe is facing economic and technological crisis, and how to solve these problems has long puzzled the leaders of western European countries. For example, at that time, 90% of the electronic products in the European market came from the United States and Japan, and Europe's own products only accounted for10%; In Europe, 95% of integrated circuits in electronic products are imported from the United States and Japan, all microcomputers are produced by American patents, and almost all chip manufacturing and testing equipment are from the United States and Japan. Among the top ten integrated circuit companies in the world, Philips is the only one in Western Europe. Europe has poor innovation ability, slow economic growth and increased unemployment rate. As a result, there have been sayings of "the beginning of the Pacific era" and "the decline of Europe", and the situation is already very serious. French President Mitterrand felt it was time to take action to solve the crisis because of the keen insight of politicians.
1983 In March, US President Ronald Reagan put forward the "Star Wars" plan. Because the plan is directly related to the security of western Europe, and the United States also wants to reduce the economic burden and risks of implementing the plan, the United States has invited western European countries to participate many times, which has aroused strong repercussions in western European countries. After a period of hesitation, consultation and discussion, after careful consideration, only western Europe can jointly carry out scientific and technological research and follow its own path, which is the best policy. In Mitterrand's words, "Europe must unite around a great project." Therefore, 1983, 17 July, Europe held its first meeting in Paris, France. The foreign ministers and ministers of science and technology of Western Europe 17 countries and European Commission member countries formally put forward the European Eureka Plan. Western European leaders hope to grasp the future of economic and technological development in Europe and even the world through the implementation of this grand plan, which is of far-reaching significance.
Building the "Pyramid" of Europe
The proposal of the Eureka Plan is an important decision made by western European leaders to assess the situation. They agreed that in order to reverse the situation that Western Europe is increasingly dependent on the United States strategically and its position on the international stage is declining, and realize the economic revitalization and political independence of Europe, it is necessary to unite and formulate a high-tech development plan. As French President francois mitterrand said, the implementation of this grand plan will make Europe "master all high technologies" and make it "a continent in 2 1 century". The implementation of this plan will not only enable Europe to catch up with the United States and Japan in cutting-edge technology, but also ensure and consolidate Europe's position in the world political structure. Specifically, the Eureka plan in Europe aims to achieve the following goals:
Promote the progress of human science and technology, accelerate the development of the world economy, revitalize the European economy, expand Europe's influence on the world, and reproduce its past glory;
So that Europe can still rank among the world economic powers after entering 2 1 century;
It will consolidate and expand the political alliance and economic and technological cooperation between western European countries and the United States and Japan;
It will continue to make Europe a relatively independent force in the multipolarization of world politics. Eureka plans to focus on five technical fields and start a new technological revolution in Europe.
European computer plan: including the development of a very large vector computer with a floating-point operation speed of 30 billion times; The synchronous multiplexer with floating-point operation speed of 2 billion times can be used for digital analysis and signal and image processing. Multilingual information conversion system, establishing computer-aided translation system; Advanced multi-purpose submicron European information microprocessor, etc. *** 13. European Robot Program: It includes the research and development of the third generation European safe civil robot which can act independently, make decisions independently and is easy for man-machine dialogue; Cooperate extensively to assist in the design, manufacture, production and management of flexible systems, and realize the full automation of the factory; The development of high power, high efficiency, high penetration and high aiming includes carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ultraviolet and free electron high power lasers.
European communication network plan: including the development of a large-scale European digital switching system with a capacity of 654.38+ million lines and an output speed of 34 ~ 654.38+040 Mbit/s; Develop broadband data processing and office automation systems, including broadband multi-way switches and video conferencing equipment; Including long-distance optical fiber digital transmission and fixed-point communication satellites.
European biotechnology plan: including the production and propagation of artificial seeds of crops by monoclonal antibody method, and the cultivation of antiviral, high-quality and high-yield hybrid varieties beyond sexual reproduction by artificial protection method; The automatic biological monitoring and regulation system of bioreactor of human implant device is developed. European new material plan: develop advanced industrial steam turbines with new ceramic structural materials, with an investment efficiency of over 45%.
From the research fields involved in the report of Eureka plan, it is not difficult to see the determination of Eureka plan to revitalize Europe, and also show the development direction of European high-tech strategy.
When everyone added fuel, the flame rose very high.
The Eureka Plan is the crystallization of European cooperation. From the initial cooperative research projects to the later achievements, cooperative projects, participating countries and manufacturers, and cooperative contents are developing vigorously from less to more, from shallow to deep, which fully reflects the extensiveness and coordination of cooperation.
In terms of the number of cooperation projects, at the second meeting, France first proposed 24 projects, and then countries proposed supplements, and * * * proposed more than 300 projects. After repeated consultation and screening, by April 1986, 26 projects were officially approved by the coordinator of eureka project. Since then, in the two years from1June 1986 to1June 1988, four conferences have been held in the capitals of Britain, Switzerland, Spain and Denmark, and the number of cooperative projects has increased one after another, reaching 165, with more than 3,000 specific scientific research topics and increasing.
Judging from the budget, it is also gradually increasing, with a total budget of 4 billion European currency units (about 3.2 billion US dollars). At the sixth meeting held in Copenhagen, it was also determined that by 1997, countries would invest 1000 billion dollars in the eureka plan.
From the content of cooperative research, it is more and more extensive, in-depth, concrete and meticulous. The initial content of cooperation involves from high-speed computers to standard microcomputers for education and home use, from high-power laser systems to industrial and cutting laser equipment, from automatic electronic card factory management system to expert system for handling major accidents in factories, from ceramic and new alloy parts introduced by automobiles to vehicle noise discriminator and medical diagnosis automation equipment, which can be said to include all aspects from industrial production to daily life.
With the continuous extension of cooperative research to high-tech frontier fields, these projects include: efficient and safe transportation system, European software factory, sub -(0. 1) micron ion beam, advanced operating room in 2000, laser for eliminating toxic waste, program-controlled universal modular color display system, European ocean engineering, European advanced aerospace information exchange project, third generation fast moving robot, automatic bomb disposal robot, and automobile in 2000. Eureka project involves large-scale high-tech cooperation, and also focuses on three aspects of high-tech application: environmental governance, promoting the establishment of European networks and promoting the development of institutions in various technical fields in Europe. Most of these projects have the development, product processing and industrial service capabilities with world market potential, so some small and medium-sized enterprises occupy a place and are welcomed and supported by all countries.
The Council of Ministers of Eureka reiterated the need to "build a large, consistent, dynamic and export-oriented European Economic Area" and stressed that the European internal market should be built by 1992. At the same time, it emphasizes the guiding ideology of strengthening government participation and close cooperation between scientific research institutions and industrial departments, and attaches importance to the potential value of small and medium-sized enterprises' efforts to stimulate technological innovation, which is of great significance to solving employment and improving technical level. Everyone gathers firewood, and Western European countries unite and cooperate to build a dynamic and highly concentrated European economic space and enhance their foreign competitiveness.
With the wider and wider coverage of Eureka project, with the development of the situation, on the basis of summing up experience, the project management is required to be more and more strict and meticulous. It is stipulated that each cooperative project must specify the basic performance requirements, cost and development cycle, and list the specific participants and stakeholders one by one, so that it can be carried out in an orderly manner. At present, we have not only strengthened cooperation in high-tech applications in daily life and work, but also strengthened close cooperation in space technology to further get rid of the technical restrictions and constraints of the United States and Russia, including supporting the European Space Agency to develop Europe's first recyclable spacecraft, Eureka, which is the first step in the long-term planning for the independent development of European space transportation systems, and it will provide Europe with high-tech development experience such as developing unmanned automatic platforms.
The meticulous cooperation between many countries has attracted the attention of all countries, and everyone deeply feels that the unity of Western Europe will affect the development of world economy and science and technology. 198710.5, Japan's Nikkei News published a series of articles on "Technological Creation Facing 2 1 century", pointing out that "Europe will soon become the same body of European technology" and predicting that it will greatly strengthen cooperation with the United States and Japan in the high-tech field.
Can Europe regain its former glory?
The implementation of any work plan depends on strong leadership, strict organization, effective measures and strict discipline and legal system. However, the organization of large-scale transnational cooperation projects like Eureka is more important and complicated. Therefore, the Charter of the Eureka Plan (1985165438+1October 6) clearly stipulates that the coordinating body of the Eureka Plan is the Council of Ministers. The coordinating body consists of members of participating governments and members of the European Union. The Council of Ministers is responsible for the contents of the Eureka Plan and organizes further development and evaluation of the results. When senior representatives of participating countries hold group meetings, they should report the implementation of the plan to the meeting and put forward corresponding measures. Generally, it should include five contents: first, it should promote domestic information exchange; Second, it is necessary to strengthen the links between enterprises and scientific research institutions in participating countries; The third is to inform senior representatives of other countries of the fields and projects they want to develop; The fourth is to introduce the preparation of the national implementation plan to the meeting; Fifth, discuss solutions to some problems with representatives of other countries, and clarify the implementation and cooperation methods of the plan. These are important organizational guarantees for the smooth implementation of the Eureka plan. The main characteristics of the implementation of the Eureka Plan can be summarized as "pragmatism, flexibility, government participation but non-interference".
Practicality-All the projects planned by Eureka have clear goals, either products and services that are practical to the people or large facilities that only the state can care about. Anyway, we can't blindly develop products that have no market prospects at all. The term of cooperation in R&D and production is also very clear, ranging from 10 to three to five years, with matching length. We will never engage in the "beard project", and the arrangement is very specific and thoughtful, ensuring implementation. It also stipulates that research, production and delivery should be guaranteed until the end. The use of the project is not completed until the product leaves the factory. In this way, the cooperation plan is practical and practical, not empty talk or procrastination.
Flexibility-Eureka plan has great flexibility in project determination and cooperation mode, with diverse contents and eclectic forms. We can focus on industrial applications, but we can also do some basic research. Participating units are also very flexible, and even grassroots scientific research units are welcome to participate. 1In September, 1985, French Minister of Scientific Research Julien visited China, and said that the participating countries of the Eureka plan have greatly exceeded the scope of the same body, and even welcomed companies outside Western Europe (including China companies) to participate in cooperation. There is no "membership fee" for participating in the Eureka program, but the funds are shared according to the project, and the amount shared can be more or less. The specific forms of cooperation are also decided by the partners themselves. "The purpose of the Eureka Plan is not to establish a new scientific research institution, but to revitalize scientific research in Western Europe". This kind of cooperative joint venture system, which is both loose in organization and close in project, is very desirable.
Government participation-The Eureka Plan was put forward by politicians, decided by government ministers at a meeting, and the cooperation projects were also decided by senior representatives sent by governments. But the original proponents of specific cooperation projects are manufacturers, not government leaders. Governments provide important agendas to support them in terms of funds, laws and actions, but the specific research projects are selected by the cooperative manufacturers themselves and collected, registered and concentrated only by the Eureka Project Secretariat. There are not many official restrictions, which is very attractive to private manufacturers in Western Europe. So the government participates, but does not interfere. The specific things are done by entrepreneurs. Generally speaking, the main beneficiaries are enterprises and institutions. Thanks to this economic revitalization, the country has been strengthened through the wealth of the people. This official attitude of transnational cooperation is one of the important conditions for the smooth implementation and continuous development of the Eureka Plan.
Twin brothers-Euclid project
The Eureka plan of western European countries is an economic and technological plan aimed at developing civilian high technology. However, any country today, let alone a group of countries, has to strengthen its military strength to defend its own security in the face of the threat of military powers. Otherwise, there will be no guarantee for economic development. Therefore, the implicit goal of the Eureka plan is to make Europe establish a space defense independent of the American "Star Wars" plan.
As early as 1976, NATO European countries established the Independent European Planning Group (ZEPG) with 12 countries as participants to promote arms planning and production cooperation. Spain joined NATO in 1982, and its membership increased to 13. Its main purpose is to develop European resources through effective development cooperation, promote and improve the standardization and popularization of weapons and equipment, and maintain the industrial and technical foundation needed for common defense in Europe. It was not active at first, and there was no big activity. However, in 1984, when the Reagan administration put forward the "Star Wars" plan, it was held twice a year at the meetings of defense ministers in 1984,1and 1985 (according to the organization's articles of association,
By 1987, the "independent European planning group" had put forward a research report entitled "Building a stronger Europe" and drew up three "action plans": first, establishing an open European defense market; Second, it is necessary to further develop European defense research and development; Third, we must promote the development of national defense industry. 1On June 28th, 989, at the meeting of defense ministers of NATO European countries held in Lisbon, Portugal, the issue of strengthening transnational cooperation in military high-tech research and development was discussed, and the "EUCLID Plan" put forward by the second sub-committee (responsible for research and technology) led by France was approved, which was called "Military Eureka" by the French. On June 6th, 1990, 165438+ formally signed an agreement in Copenhagen, and initially invested 800 million francs to implement the plan, in which France promised to provide 1/3 funds for the budget and will participate in most project plans.
Why put forward Euclid plan?
One is to compete with the Soviet Union for military technological superiority. In the arms race with the Soviet Union, the western group has always adopted the policy of offsetting its quantitative advantages with technological advantages. Facing the challenge of the Soviet Union's military technological progress, the European members of NATO believe that only by strengthening defense technical cooperation and establishing a "European pillar" can we counter the Soviet Union's military threat.
The second is to compete with the United States in the European arms market. Although the United States has extensive arms cooperation with its European allies, there are still great contradictions in technology transfer and product export. The United States used the "Batumi Organization" to restrict the export of key military technologies from western countries to China and other countries and control its western allies. European countries have long seen the essence of the problem and used the achievements of the Eureka plan in recent years to independently carry out European military and technical cooperation in order to compete for the European arms market and break the monopoly of the United States.
The third is to make full use of limited national defense resources. European countries' defense research funds are generally insufficient, and the phenomenon of dispersion and duplication in use is serious. From 65438 to 0987, the total investment of NATO countries in national defense research was $50 billion, of which the United States actually accounted for 40 billion, while European countries accounted for much less. In addition, scattered and repetitive projects put it at a very disadvantage in the competition. According to Europeans' own estimates, the cost of weapons systems in Europe has increased by about 42% ~ 59% due to repeated work, lack of open competition and small production scale. Therefore, cooperation projects should be developed in European military laboratories as a whole, and the military high-tech cooperation of European countries in the northern region should be strengthened. We should make full use of national defense resources and promote the faster development of military high technology.
Euclid plan is a long-term national defense technology plan for military high-tech research and development. The main projects are determined by the General Staff of the participating countries, but they do not directly develop specific products, but lay a technical foundation for the development of future products, mainly involving basic technical fields such as electronic components, radar, infrared cameras and satellite surveillance. At present, the priority development fields of 1 1 have been preliminarily determined, mainly including modern radar technology led by Germany, focusing on exploring new radar functions, new materials and components, synthetic aperture antennas, programmable signal processors, etc. Microelectronics technology, led by France, focuses on assembly technology, cell library, application specific integrated circuit, etc. For the composite structure headed by the Netherlands, the materials and components used under the combat slats, damage prevention measures, maintenance materials in combat, high temperature resistant materials, electromagnetic window materials, etc. are mainly studied. Modular airborne electronic equipment led by Germany, focusing on the overall characteristics, schemes and systems of core components and modules; The electromagnetic gun headed by Britain focuses on track, coilgun, electrothermal gun, energy storage and current conversion; Artificial intelligence, led by France, focuses on intelligent cockpit, rapid decision-making assistance and simulated artificial intelligence. Spanish-led target control, focusing on radar targets, optical and infrared targets, acoustic targets and other characteristics; Optoelectronic equipment led by Italy, focusing on night vision, laser, optical fiber communication, optical fiber detectors, etc. Satellite monitoring technology led by Norway and France, focusing on accelerating sensors and real-time data processing; Led by Britain and the Netherlands
The underwater acoustic technology focuses on long-range active sonar, short-range active sonar and passive sonar.
In this way, an interdisciplinary scientific research organization with 13 countries has determined six basic principles in order to effectively implement Euclid plan: first, each priority cooperative research field is led by one country, and the participating countries share the costs and achievements; Second, the lead country of each research plan is selected by the participating countries through consultation, and the plan management committee is composed of representatives of the participating countries, and is responsible for the management of plans, expenses and implementation details; Third, according to the detailed rules for the implementation of the research plan, the participating countries will coordinate and select the leading countries, and then submit them to the experts of the participating countries for review, then introduce the bidding situation, and the planning management Committee will decide on the bidding, and finally implement it after being approved by the second sub-committee of IEPG; Fourth, each research plan is handed over to a multinational technology consortium contractor composed of industrial and research institutions of participating countries; Fifth, in order to ensure the implementation of the target plan in the priority development field, the coordination Committee is composed of the chairmen of the plan management committees and representatives of participating countries, and is responsible for coordinating related affairs among the plans; Sixth, the participating countries should allocate the budget funds allocated to the industrial and research institutions involved in the implementation of the plan to the lead countries. In short, Western European countries should also attract the world's attention when they launch such Euclid military scientific research plans in order to develop their own military high-tech fields.
Dawn is coming.
Eureka project has been developed for more than ten years since 1983 was established. What achievements have been made in this decade? Thanks to the joint efforts of western European countries, the vigorous development of the Eureka plan is progressing smoothly. At present, with the change of political relations between East and West Europe, the influence of Eureka Plan in Eastern Europe is expanding, and it is developing in the direction of European high-tech joint research. Eureka plans to focus on large companies and trust enterprises, supplemented by scientific research institutes, and the participating units will raise their own funds, * * * take risks and * * * enjoy the results. According to the professional technical fields, Eureka plans to span nine fields: biotechnology, communication technology, energy technology, environmental technology, information technology, laser technology, communication technology, new material technology, robot and production automation. 1June, 1994, 12 the meeting of ministers of eureka planning announced Slovenia as a new member, which expanded the plan to 23 participating units (including Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Greece, Denmark, Spain, the European Union, Austria, Hungary and Russia). The meeting announced the addition of 144 projects (with an investment of about 900 million euros) and 90 new projects. As of this meeting, the total planned investment of Eureka is about 654.38+05 billion euros, and 836 projects have been announced, of which 653 are under implementation (654.38+083 projects have been completed, accounting for 28% of the total number of implemented projects). It can be seen that the Eureka plan has entered an effective period of commercial development. From Yuri.
According to the analysis of 3,500 project undertakers, there are about 2,250, accounting for 65% of the undertakers. There are more than 0/000 scientific research institutions/KLOC, and the participation rate is less than 30%. A large number of enterprises of Eureka Plan Company participate in the market and directly serve to improve the competitiveness of European industries.
The eureka program has made great progress in the following areas. Information technology: Eureka plans to take information technology as a vital development field, and the investment intensity accounts for about half of the whole plan. Eureka has implemented 33 projects 133 in the information field, among which 33 projects have been completed, which can be divided into hardware and software. In terms of hardware, the most important thing is that Europe has joined more than 50 sub-projects of sub-micron silicon, focusing on the CAD design and manufacturing technology of large-scale integrated circuits and the general working system of multimedia terminals. In terms of software technology, about 3/4 projects develop software, use computer-aided technology to improve software production and establish software factories.
Communication technology: With the rapid development of communication technology, computer network technology is combined with traditional wireless broadcasting, movies, television and telephone to create a more convenient, reasonable and economical multi-functional large-scale communication network. Although there are not many communication projects planned by Eureka, including 39 projects, of which 12 project has been completed, its investment ranks second among 9 technical fields, with about 2 billion euros. The focus of communication technology development is to develop large-scale optical fiber and digital communication network, and the development strategy of European HDTV has developed in the direction of digitalization.
Medicine and biotechnology: Biotechnology is one of the hot research fields with rapid development and great influence in the 20th century. Eureka Plan attaches great importance to the research of medicine and biotechnology, with 65,438+049 projects being implemented and completed, with an investment of 654,380 billion euros. So far, 25 projects have been completed. Life science, as the main project, includes crop improvement and biological products production and processing.
New material technology: From a technical point of view, Eureka's projects in the field of new material technology can be divided into three aspects: new material research and application technology, new material processing technology, material design specifications and testing standards. This field focuses on the application and development of materials, supplemented by material design and standard research. Of the 76 projects arranged in the field of new materials in Eureka, 20 have been completed, with a cumulative investment of 374 million euros.
Robotics and Automation: The emphasis in this field is flexible integration technology. It is very different from the traditional automatic production line engaged in mass production. Flexible integration technology is an advanced manufacturing system for factories to produce and process short, flat and fast products that are urgently needed in the current market. It breaks the restriction that the production line specifies a single product, and can turn products quickly and flexibly according to market demand. It is one of the main ways for European machinery manufacturing industry to participate in international market competition. There are *** 155 projects in this field, and 42 projects have been completed. This field has invested in artificial intelligence systems, robot sensors and personnel management systems.
Energy technology: In improving the environmental problems of traditional energy sources, developing new energy sources, saving energy sources and rationally utilizing renewable energy sources, * * * has established 34 planned projects, of which 9 have been completed, and energy research * * * has invested 705 million euros. Many projects are engaged in efficient exploitation, clean production and utilization technology of oil, natural gas and coal.
Traffic technology: The formation of a unified market within Europe has made traffic technology innovation an important topic in European economic and social development. Eureka plans to arrange 56 projects in the field of transportation technology with a total investment of 6,543,805 million euros, and 65,438+05 projects have been completed so far. Most projects are developing new land, sea and air traffic command and management systems, expanding and transforming traffic infrastructure, and reducing environmental pollution caused by traffic.
Laser technology: The development and application potential of laser technology is also remarkable. At present, low-power lasers have been widely used in medical surgery, barcode identification and industrial processing. In order to meet the actual needs of industry and national defense, it is urgent to develop the research and application of high-power lasers, and the project in the field of laser technology of Eureka Plan was established according to this need. Eureka has implemented 2 1 project in the laser field, with a cumulative investment of 458 million euros. The focus of this project is to develop high-power laser, flexible machining technology and its application. The safety of laser use is also one of the focuses of Eureka project. In order to protect the safety of laser users and medical patients, relevant operating procedures and standards are being formulated.
Environmental technology: With the development of industrial economy, Europe has higher and higher requirements for industrial environmental protection. Eureka plans to invest 654.38+02 billion euros in environmental technology, with 654.38+055 projects, of which 26 have been completed. In Eureka environmental projects, the participation rate of non-Eureka member countries in Eastern Europe is relatively high, which reflects the inevitable trend of internationalization of environmental issues.
To sum up, the Eureka project, with unprecedented scale and huge cost, is the crystallization of European solidarity and cooperation. After years of efforts, it has achieved fruitful results. Through the successful implementation of this plan, can we draw such an enlightenment: there is too little cooperation and too much struggle among human beings, and a lot of natural resources and human intelligence are wasted in the endless struggle among human beings. There is an old saying in our country: "One fence has three piles, and one hero has three gangs". Why can't human beings live in harmony and build a beautiful world together? The most successful part of Eureka Plan lies not in its comprehensiveness and high technology, but in its cooperative spirit. The eureka project to realize all-round cooperation of mankind, where are you?