What is the PCB circuit principle of universal card reader?

Smart cards are also called ic cards, smart cards and smart cards, and are called smart cards or "integrated circuit cards" in English. They were invented by Frenchman Roland Moreno in 1970. In the same year, kunitaka arimura, a Japanese inventor, obtained the first smart card patent, which has a history of nearly 30 years. With the development of VLSI technology, computer technology and information security technology, smart card technology is becoming more and more mature and widely used. According to the different storage media, the smart card we talk about in daily life can be divided into two types: memory card and smart card. Smart card, also known as cpu card, is defined as a card that is composed of one or more integrated circuit chips and packaged into a card that is convenient for people to carry. In the integrated circuit, there is a microcomputer cpu and a memory. Smart cards have temporary or permanent data storage capacity, and their contents can be read from the outside or used for internal processing and judgment. At the same time, it also has the logic processing function, which is used to identify and respond to the information provided by the outside and the logic function of the chip itself to determine the route and execute instructions. Cpu cards are divided into contact cpu cards and non-contact cpu cards according to their usage methods. The definition of memory card is that it is composed of one or more integrated circuit chips and packaged into a card that is convenient for people to carry. It has the function of memory storage without cpu. Memory cards are divided into contact memory cards and non-contact memory cards according to their usage methods. Contact memory cards are of great social use because of their low cost. Smart card is an integrated circuit chip with storage, encryption and data processing capabilities embedded in a plastic substrate, which involves microelectronics technology, computer technology and information security technology. As a mature high-tech product, smart card has improved the modernization of people's life and work and become one of the symbols of a country's scientific and technological development level. This kind of smart and portable card provides a brand-new means for modern information processing and transmission, which has attracted people's attention from the beginning, and related manufacturers have also done a lot of work for the improvement of this technology. In order to further promote the popularization and use of smart cards in the world, ISO/IEC 7816-1,2, 3, an international standard for smart cards, has been formulated in 1987, which specifies the physical characteristics, structural dimensions and communication protocols of contact smart cards in detail. According to the different integrated circuits made in the card, smart cards are mainly divided into the following four categories: (1) unencrypted memory cards, and the integrated circuits in the card are standard serial e2prom. (2) Encrypted memory card, in which the integrated circuit is serial e2prom with encryption logic. (3) cpu card, in which the integrated circuit is equipped with a microprocessor (cpu) in addition to encryption logic and serial e2prom. (4) radio frequency card. In addition to encryption logic, serial e2prom and microprocessor, the integrated circuit in the card also has RF transceiver and related circuits. At present, the optical card has appeared again, and its advantages have attracted the attention of the industry. As a new tool, smart card has been applied in many fields. Although various application systems vary widely, there are card holders, card readers, computers, application software and so on besides the core of smart cards. These parts are briefly introduced below. Cartridge: Cartridge is the most basic component in the system. Its main function is to provide mechanical support and electrical contact for the card, and add some additional functions for specific occasions. World-famous booth manufacturers such as amphenol in the United States, fci in France and itt cannon in Germany. Card reader: The basic function is to complete reading and writing operations such as issuing, modifying and deleting cards. The powerful card reader can also perform data processing, data storage and data encryption. Structurally, it can be a single whole, or it can be embedded into other systems as a component. Functionally, it can have the functions of publishing, reading, writing, displaying and data processing. Used alone, it can also be combined with computers or other systems to complete the card operation. Computer system: according to the function of the system, the computer system can be a general pc, a terminal, or a special system composed of a single chip microcomputer. The completed operations include: card reading and writing control, issuance management, communication, etc. Application software: the hardware composition of smart card system is relatively simple, and the key lies in software design. Software functions mainly include: card reading and writing control, result display, data management, system encryption, system communication and so on. In the same system, the quality of software design has a great influence on the performance, even related to the success or failure of the system. The characteristics of smart card and its performance comparison with other cards such as magnetic card. In addition to smart cards, there are many identification cards currently used: magnetic cards, bar code cards and Braille cards. The information stored in Braille cards and barcode cards is single, cannot be modified and is not encrypted. Therefore, they are generally only used in some specific occasions, such as simple information inquiry, commodity identification and so on. Relatively speaking, magnetic cards are more flexible, more confidential and have greater information capacity. Therefore, magnetic cards are widely used, and their manufacturing, development and related equipment are relatively complete, and their technical specifications are relatively mature. Here we compare smart cards with magnetic cards, from which we can better understand smart cards. Damage-resistant and durable, the magnetic card relies on the magnetic stripe on its surface to store information, and the information stored in the magnetic stripe in the presence of magnetic field, static electricity, torsion, scratch and so on.