1. Olympic venues power supply and distribution set the basic principles
1.1 sports building power supply and distribution related design code provisions
1.1.1 "Civil Building Electrical Design Code JGJ/T16-92" related to the grading of electrical load and power supply requirements are as follows:
Article 3.1.1 power load should be based on the reliability of power supply and interruption of power supply in the political and economic losses or the degree of impact, divided into primary load, secondary load and tertiary load.
3.1.1.1 Class I load
(1) Interruption of power supply will cause personal injury or death.
(2) Interruption of power supply will cause significant political impact.
(3) Interruption of power supply will cause significant economic losses.
(4) Interruption of power supply will cause serious disruption of order in the public **** place.
The primary load for certain special buildings, such as important transportation hubs, important communication hubs, state guesthouses, state-level and undertake major state activities, national large sports centers, and often used for important international activities of a large number of people concentrated in the public **** place, etc., for the particularly important load.
Interruption of power supply will affect the normal work of real-time processing computers and computer networks or interruption of power supply will occur after the explosion, fire and serious poisoning of the primary load is also a particularly important load.
3.1.1.2 Secondary loads
(1) Interruption of power supply will cause greater political impact.
(2) Interruption of power supply will cause large economic losses.
(3) The interruption of power supply will cause public **** places in disorder.
3.1.1.3 Tertiary loads
Power loads that are not classified as primary or secondary.
3.1.9 The power supply for primary loads shall comply with the following requirements:
3.1.9.1 Primary loads shall be supplied by two power sources, and when one power source fails, the other power source shall not be damaged simultaneously.
When the capacity of the primary load is large or there is high-voltage electrical equipment, two high-voltage power sources shall be used. If the capacity of the first load is not large, priority should be given to the use of the second low-voltage power supply from the power system or neighboring units, can also be used for emergency generator sets, such as the first load is only lighting or telephone station load, it is appropriate to use the battery as a back-up power supply.
3.1.9.2 primary load in the particularly important load, in addition to the above two power sources, but also must add emergency power. In order to ensure the power supply to the especially important load, it is strictly prohibited to connect other loads to the emergency power supply system.
1.1.2 "sports building design specification JGJ31-2003" in the power load grading provisions are as follows:
Article 1.0.7 sports building grade should be graded according to its use requirements, and should be consistent with the provisions of Table 1.0.7.
Table 1.0.7 Classification of Sports Buildings
Article 10.3.1 The electric load of sports buildings shall be differentiated according to the requirements for the use of sports buildings and shall conform to the following requirements:
1. The competition halls (fields), presidential podiums, VIP lounges, reception rooms, plaza lighting, time and score keeping devices, and computer rooms of stadiums of Class A or above, stadiums, and swimming pools, Telephone room, broadcasting room, radio and television broadcasting, news camera power and emergency lighting and other electrical equipment, electrical load should be a first-class, special sports facilities should be particularly important load;
2. The electrical fire protection of the sports building electrical equipment load level should be the project's highest load level;
3. 1 non-Central African competition use of electrical equipment and the following B sports buildings electrical equipment used for electricity shall be Class II.
1.2 Requirements of previous Olympic Games
According to the guidelines of the Sydney and Athens Olympic Organizing Committees on the power supply and distribution settings for the Olympic Games held by them, the quality of the power supply to the loads and the level of reliability will be classified into the following three categories:
Events of particular importance to the first level of power supply requirements (Imperative)? Interruption of power supply directly affects the normal operation of the competition and broadcasting
Critical? Interruption of power supply indirectly affects the normal operation of the game and broadcasting
First level of power supply requirements for the event (Normal)? Interruption of power supply does not directly affect the normal operation of the competition and broadcasting
Considering the above, combined with the domestic engineering design practice, for the Olympic Games competition venues as a special sports building, the basic correspondence between the event power load level and the load level specified in the specification (Table 1), the power supply set up the system schematic diagram (Fig. 1-a, 1-b, 1-c) is as follows:
Table 1: Power Supply Requirements for Events and Specification (Critical) 1 The basic correspondence between the electric load level of the event and the load level stipulated in the code
Load classification of the relevant domestic design codes 2008 Olympic Games event-related load classification
Special Important Load Event Special Important Class I Load (Imperative)
Event Special Important Class II Load (Critical)
First and Second Class Load Event First Class Load (Normal)
1.3 Power Supply Requirements for Olympic Stadiums of Electric Power Company
In order to improve the quality of construction of power distribution systems for Olympic venues and ancillary facilities, and to meet the high level of requirements for power supply of Olympic venues and ancillary facilities, Beijing Electric Power Company has formulated a set of technical specifications, which are applicable to the design of substation and distribution systems and review of design drawings of all the Olympic projects in the Beijing area. It is applicable to the design of substation and distribution systems and the review of design drawings for all Olympic projects in Beijing.
1) The specification first classifies Olympic venues and supporting facilities
Category A: indoor stadiums, night stadiums, press centers, radio and TV centers, and organizing committees' residences;
Category B: outdoor stadiums, athletes' villages, and journalists' residences; and
Category C: training venues and other supporting facilities.
2) different categories of venues on the distribution system electrical main wiring and operation mode have different requirements
a. 10kV primary main wiring should be used single bus sectional wiring or ring wiring, 0.4kV low voltage main wiring using single bus sectional wiring; for A category of venues should also be set up for the load emergency bus.
b. The operation mode of 10kV main distribution room is two (or more) power supplies running at the same time, with sectional (contact) switches and sectional circuit breakers equipped with busbar self-transmission and hand-throwing; 10kV sub-distribution room meets the power supply of two or more power supplies, and there is no 10kV contact switch.
c. In order to improve the reliability of power supply to the venue to ensure uninterrupted power supply, Class A venues should be equipped with 10kV power ring protection.
1.4 Temporary power supply and permanent power supply
Because of the distinctive short-term characteristics of the Olympic Games, and its huge power load demand during the event, if according to the Olympic Games during the power load demand to set up a permanent power supply system for the Olympic Games after the race rarely held major international events for the power supply and distribution system of the fixed venues will result in a lot of idleness and waste, will inevitably increase the venues of the disposable power supply.
In accordance with the Olympic Games, a permanent power supply system will be set up to meet the power load demand during the Olympic Games.
In accordance with the principle of running the Olympic Games thriftily, the Olympic competition venues for the power supply and distribution system design should be considered temporary system and permanent system. This includes permanent generator capacity and temporary generator capacity configuration, permanent transformer capacity and temporary transformer capacity configuration, the number of electrical equipment configuration (such as sports lighting fixtures), etc., but also must consider the pure race load and pure after the race load and the two mixed load power supply system division. In response to the above issues, the specific problems of different sports venues still need to be further analyzed in order to determine the synthesis.
1.5 Application of diesel generators
The usual design practice in China is to adopt the form of utility power plus permanent diesel generator cold standby for particularly important loads. And according to the previous Olympic Games technical design manual and its power supply principles, the Olympic Games is usually used during the temporary diesel generators for important events load power supply, the application can be summarized as follows:
Generator standby mode of operation (see Figure 2-a); generator on-line mode of operation (see Figure 2-b); generator parallel mode of operation 1, 2 (see Figure 2-c); generator grid-connected work (Note: according to the domestic power industry regulations, generators are not allowed to work in parallel with the grid).
In the Olympic Games during the peak demand for electricity, the rental of temporary diesel generators for the important loads related to the event power supply, while the permanent generators only bear the venue's permanent firefighting equipment and emergency lighting loads, so that you can greatly reduce the venue's permanent generator installed capacity, and thus reduce the one-time investment and post-competition operating costs. But for the permanent venues, some of the race time after the race both loads, such as communications, networks, general event technology systems, etc. after the race whether to switch to permanent diesel generator power supply and how to realize the conversion needs to be based on the specific circumstances of different venues to determine the study.
In addition, for the Olympic Games temporary venues do not set up permanent diesel generators, but only set up temporary diesel generators, as the event of particularly important loads, firefighting equipment and emergency lighting *** with the backup power.
1.6 sports lighting power supply
Because of the Olympic competition venues, venue lighting is usually used as a light source of metal halide lamps, and this light source in the power conversion time is not 0 when there is the possibility of extinguishing, and once extinguished need 10 minutes later to cool down and light up again. In order to ensure that such lamps can be lit without cooling, it is necessary to add an expensive thermal trigger device (the price of which is comparable to the lamp). Usually more cost-effective practice is to site lighting fixtures from two (or more) independent power supply, and each power supply lamps and lanterns to be evenly distributed throughout the field, you can ensure that in a power failure, the whole field can be guaranteed at least 50% of the normal illumination.
If the venue during the competition sports lighting power supply interruptions will directly affect the game and broadcasting, so the sports lighting load should be in accordance with the event of special importance of the first class load requirements for power supply. At the same time, the International Olympic Committee requires 50% of the venue lighting must be provided by diesel generators to ensure the reliability of power supply. According to the experience of previous Olympic Games and the domestic power supply situation, we design the distribution system of sports lighting according to Figure 3, set up two diesel generators, one of which is used as the main power supply for 50% of the lighting load during the competition to meet the IOC's requirements.
Figure 3
2. Practical application
2.1 Load classification
Olympic Park Tennis Center, Hockey Stadium, Archery Range, Beach Volleyball Stadium are all belonging to the special sports venues. According to the principle of load grading above, all kinds of loads in the stadium are summarized in Table 2, and all kinds of loads are designed according to their levels in accordance with Figure 1 above.
Table 2 load grading table
Event particularly important first-class load (Imperative) Competition stadium sports lighting, podium, VIP room, reception room and square lighting, timing and scoring devices, computer room, mobile, fixed communications room (car), sound reinforcement room, radio and television broadcasting, news camera power supply, the central monitoring room, traffic control, fire command room, radio and television broadcasting. Command room, radio and television broadcasting, text reporter power supply, fire-fighting equipment, emergency lighting, etc.
The event is particularly important secondary load (Critical) Warm-up area, awards area, medical care, doping control, competition officials' offices, venue management and operation-related rooms, venue communication center, security and security check related loads, registration center, etc.
The event is a load (Normal) Normal) General power load, air-conditioning, large screen, food and beverage outlets, locker rooms, restrooms, etc.
2.2 Permanent and Temporary Power Supplies
Each venue has two 10kV power supplies from different step-down stations of the municipal network, each of which is capable of carrying the entire load of the venue. The two power supplies work at the same time and serve as a backup for each other.
The Tennis Center is planned to be renovated after the Olympic Games to host the China Open, so the transformer and electrical equipment configuration is designed according to the load demand during the tournament, without considering temporary equipment. However, in order to guarantee the power supply during the tournament, six diesel generator sets are still selected as the emergency backup power supply for particularly important loads, of which one is a permanent diesel generator and the remaining five are temporary generators during the tournament.
In the power supply design of the field hockey field, archery field and beach volleyball field, respectively, designed five sets of diesel generators as a backup power supply for the relevant loads, all of which are temporary generators, which is mainly based on the following considerations:
1) the three venues are temporary venues, do not have excellent set up permanent generators related to the civil construction conditions;
2) The three venues have the highest load level when hosting the Olympic Games, according to the principle of organizing the Olympic Games in a thrifty manner, setting up temporary generators can meet the power supply requirements of the relevant loads during the games, and is also very economical;
3) The transformer and distribution equipment of the three venues adopts the box-type combined transformer substation and is placed outside the main building, setting up temporary generators is more convenient to be connected with the transformer and distribution equipment;
4 ) In the past Olympic Games also used a large number of temporary generators as a backup power supply, temporary generators in the history of the Olympic Games has a very rich and successful operating experience, can be used as a backup power supply for the relevant race load.
2.3 Application of generators
The permanent generators in the Tennis Center supply power to the fire, security (only permanent monitoring, access control and other security equipment in the venue, not temporary security facilities during the game), fixed communications, lighting in the VIP area and so on. Designed in standby mode of operation.
Each venue has set up a special diesel generator for sports lighting, which is a temporary generator, designed according to the online mode of operation.
Other temporary generators as the third power supply of the event particularly important load, designed according to the standby mode of operation.
Considering that the capacity of temporary rental generators will not be too large, the venues are set up multiple units, limited to less than 800kW each.
2.4 Sports Lighting Power Supply
Referring to the distribution mode of sports lighting load in the previous Olympic Games, the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games requires that 50% of the sports lighting load must be set up for the dedicated diesel generator for its power supply, the purpose of which is to be unaffected by the failure of other power sources to ensure that at least half of the illumination in the venues to meet the requirements of Olympic Games competition broadcast, and the reliability of this diesel generator set is guaranteed by the device. The reliability of the diesel generator set is guaranteed by the equipment sponsor. Therefore, in the design of the sports lighting load distribution and operation program, set up a dedicated generator set for 50% of the sports lighting load power supply, in the Olympic Games, the dedicated generator as the main power supply for 50% of the sports lighting load power supply, utility as a standby power supply for this part of the load; the other 50% of the sports lighting load by the utility as the main power supply, non-dedicated generator as a standby power supply. The other 50 percent of the sports lighting load is powered by the utility as the primary power source and a non-dedicated generator as the backup.
Because in this design process, we have never been able to get clear information about the sponsor of the diesel generator sets from the Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee, so the reliability of the dedicated generator sets provided by the sponsor to supply 50% of the sports lighting load cannot be guaranteed, and in this case, we have made some adjustments to the operation mode of the above scheme (Figure 4, Note: The incoming switch and the contact switch are set up with electric (Figure 4, note: the inlet switch and contact switch set electrical chain, three switches are not allowed to close at the same time), so that the program for sports lighting loads supplied by the two utility, two generator sets *** 4 power supply work at the same time, each burden 25% of the sports lighting load, in any two power failures still ensure that 50% of the sports lighting loads uninterrupted power.
Figure 4
This article describes the sports venues for the Olympic Games as a special event, summarizes the principles of power supply and distribution of the setup, and its application in the Olympic Tennis Center, field hockey rinks, archery ranges, beach volleyball court, for readers' reference only
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