I. Happy to use and consciously maintain their own language
Professor Chen had been to Huidong more than thirty years ago to investigate the She language, and had also visited some other She villages. He believes that Zengcheng She villages are relatively good at preserving their own languages. The village cadres have dealings with She compatriots in Boro, Chaozhou and Huidong, and with their feeling, they also think that their language is better preserved, because some foreign She compatriots can only communicate in Cantonese or Hakka. According to Prof. Chen, it is said that the She language here is better preserved, mainly from two aspects:
(I) The use of universal According to the editorial office of the Zengcheng local history, based on the 2005 household book of household-by-household and person-by-person survey statistics as well as Prof. Chen's own checking, the She village now has 68 households of 338 people, of which the foreign Han daughter-in-laws and door-to-door son-in-laws **** 44 people, all the population of the ethnic group, 100% of which are fluent in She language. Not only adults are proficient, but also children who have just learned to speak can talk to outsiders in She, and foreign Han daughters-in-law and son-in-laws can basically master the language after one or two years. Prof. Chen visited the village headman Lai Jinxin's house, where his parents, who were in their 70s, and his 6-year-old son were living. Prof. Chen asked Jinxin's son in She: "ho (22) le (31) Ti (22) li (55) mung (31) hju (55) a hju (55) kung (55) ?" (Do you know how to speak in She?) The child replies, "a pe (22)." (Don't know.) (Note: The numbers in parentheses are tone marks). Although the child said "I don't know,"[FS:PAGE] he understood the She language and was able to answer the question in She, proving that he knew the language. The village chief's daughter-in-law, a Cantonese-speaking woman from Panyu, was also able to communicate with her in-laws and son in She. Prof. Chen went to an elementary school and talked to the students, asking them in She, "How old are you? What grade are they in?" All were able to answer in She.
(2) Happy to use The villagers have strong language skills, speaking Mandarin, Hakka, Cantonese, and Miaoli (a kind of vernacular). Director of governance Lei Rikun, because his sister married Yangjiang, he used the opportunity to visit relatives basically learned Yangjiang language. But between the villagers, as long as the two are together, they coincidentally use the She language to communicate. Whenever they meet on the road, they use She language to communicate; in the family, they use She language. Because they feel that it is better and more natural to communicate in their own language, She is the language they are most happy to use.
Professor Chen believes that it is very valuable that Zengcheng She Village has preserved its own language. Why has it been able to do so? Prof. Chen and I have **** discussed this issue with Director Huang Zhuofu of Zengcheng City Local History Office when we reported the situation and agreed that there are both objective and subjective reasons:
Objectively, the settlement is more concentrated, the geographical environment is relatively closed, and the closest villages with the Han Chinese people are also about 10 kilometers away from each other, and in this environment, there is less interference from foreigners, which is more favorable for the use and retention of the national language. The Chinese language is a very important part of the Chinese culture, and the Chinese language is a very important part of the Chinese culture.
From a subjective point of view, it is their conscious national awareness and national pride that prompts them to consciously protect their own language. This aspect, in turn, is closely related to the fact that China***s Communist Party and People's Government have given many favorable policies to ethnic minorities. Before the liberation of China, the She people lived in the deep forests, built their walls with stones and roofed their houses with mango grass and cedar bark, and were threatened by hunger and disease for years, and also by poisonous snakes, tigers and wolves. According to the old man's memory, the old house of the steep mountain, few paddy fields, shallow, thin and poor ridges, low yield, mainly by burning charcoal, alkaline water, making a spoon, making brown clogs picked to sell the fruit, to maintain a meager income to live. Lai Guangming old man in twelve or thirteen years old is still naked. To 1949, the village only survived more than 80 people. 1951, the people's government to help them from the mountains of the old house gradually moved to scare the water village to live, each family to pay the construction costs of a house, built a brick house, and then set up an elementary school, store, health station. 1953 in the scare of the water in the construction of a new school building in 1954, the whole village relocated to the completion of the 1959 typhoon destroyed a school building, the government immediately allocated funds to rebuild the school building. The government immediately allocated funds to rebuild it. The Zengcheng Education Bureau allocated tens of thousands of yuan to build a classroom building in 1985, more than 100,000 yuan to build a second floor in 1992, and more than 400,000 yuan in 1995 to build a three-story building with six classrooms in Tongkeng Village as a branch school. The famous Cantonese Opera actress Hongxiannu visited the She Primary School in June 1999 and brought 30,000 RMB in cash to reward the teachers and students. In September, she joined hands with the famous Hong Kong actor James Wong to organize a charity show and raised 1 million RMB as a fund for the She Primary School to subsidize the students in difficulty (starting from 2000, 30,000 RMB will be withdrawn every year to subsidize the students in difficulty in the Primary School and the Junior High School). The Guangzhou Red Cross and the Zengcheng Municipal People's League have also made occasional subsidies. Twenty-three households in the village have been enrolled in the minimum subsistence guarantee line and can receive regular monthly subsidies at a fixed rate. Students in difficulty who went to Guangzhou or other places to study in junior colleges or undergraduate programs were also subsidized and cared for by various parties. 1980, the State allocated funds to open a 7.3-kilometer highway from Zhengguo to Frightwater via Lanxi. The Guangzhou Municipal Government allocated funds to buy one truck and two motorcycles, and in 1981, tap water was supplied to the village free of charge, which was drawn down from the top of the mountain without any pollution and without the use of water purifying agents. The original iron water pipe, in 2003, the state allocated 250,000 yuan to replace the glue pipe. 2002, the state allocated 15 million yuan to build cement roads, wider and broader than the original, become a provincial highway, every day there are two classes of buses to and from Lycheng and scared the water, the transportation is very convenient. Villagers have hospitalization medical insurance, last year, each person to pay 15 yuan per year RMB, starting in 2007, each person to pay 18 yuan per year, even buy three years, hospitalization can be reimbursed 80%. A few years ago, the government allocated 800,000 yuan to set up telephone lines, so that 90% of the village's households with a telephone, 100% of the families have a TV. The living standard of the villagers belongs to the middle and upper in Zhengguo Town. The use of motorcycles, cell phones, washing machines, etc. is common, and water heaters have entered many families. The uncountable concessions and care have made the villagers grateful and inspired their national pride and self-confidence. They said fondly, "We are like the only children of Guangzhou and Zengcheng." They feel honored to be She villagers. They realize that language is an important feature of the nation and must be protected.In 1975, villager Pan Zhangyou graduated from Dongguan Teacher's College, the first secondary school student in the village, and was valued by the village party branch and the county education department. He worked in a Han school for two years [FS:PAGE] before being transferred to the She Primary School in 1979. in 1985, the She Primary School was upgraded to a full elementary school, and Pan Zhangyou was promoted to principal. He felt that he had a great responsibility, determined to run an elementary school with ethnic characteristics, basically with secondary school graduates of this ethnic villagers as teachers. The school has five teachers, four of them are from the village. They are at ease to serve their own ethnic group. In the classroom, while insisting on teaching in Putonghua, they use the She language as an auxiliary means, for example, in the math class, since there is a big difference between the She language and the Putonghua terminology, it is difficult for the students to understand in Putonghua alone, so they supplement their explanations with the She language. Each teacher lives in his or her own home and meets with the students and their parents day and night, talking in She language in an intimate way. Students read in Mandarin in the classroom and talk in She language outside the classroom. Singing and dancing are also mostly in their own language. This does not affect the quality of their teaching, which has achieved three 100% enrollment rate, consolidation rate and promotion rate (elementary school to junior high school) since 1995. At present, there are 45 students in school, 29 are studying in junior high school, 12 in high school, 11 in junior college, 9 in junior college, and 4 entering undergraduate programs (of which 2 have graduated). Students to Yinxiang, with their parents moved to Licheng to read the third grade, the teacher thought she was from the mountainous elementary school, suggested that she repeat a year. The principal of Pan Zhang You personally told the school concerned that there was no need to repeat the grade. Afterwards, this student has been in the top few in her class. When she graduated from high school this year, her teacher mobilized her to enter Peking University. This proves that there is no contradiction between protecting their language and promoting Putonghua, and it also ensures the quality of teaching. Lei Rikun and Lai Jinxin of the village committee were trained by the She Primary School, and they not only speak their own language fluently, but also speak Mandarin very well. A few days of interaction, often use Mandarin to talk to us.
Second, the unique age of marriage and burial customs
The so-called unique, mainly in comparison with the Han Chinese.
(1) Yearly Customs:
Entering the New Year's Boundary The New Year's Boundary begins on December 24th of the lunar calendar, and every family is cleaned. Sweeping the roof, sweeping the house, washing quilts, bedpans, tables and stools, etc. is the same as the Han Chinese Hakka and local (Cantonese-speaking populations), but there is no Zaojun's ritual of going to heaven.
New Year's Eve Every family puts up couplets and door gods, puts the word "Daji" on the wall of the stove, slaughters chickens and geese, buys pork, cooks it, cuts it into pieces (which is obviously different from the Han Chinese), and pairs it with jinshi to pay for the bamboo to worship the rent clan. Before liberation, they worshiped at the ancestral hall, but now they worship at the dinner table at home (they only say they worship the ancestors, not the gods), while burning incense at the entrance of the house, in front of the house, and in front of the Zugongtang, Pangu Wang, and Dibogong, etc. The whole family has a reunion dinner that night. That night the whole family has a reunion dinner. There are chicken, goose, pork, squid, jinshi, celery, green onions and garlic, not limited to a few dishes. However, ducks are not eaten and are never used in ancestor worship (ducks are considered to have flat beaks and are unlucky). In the evening, children and adults bathe in water boiled with calamus and wear new clothes. There were gongs and drums in the village (lost after the land reform), and the young people beat the gongs and drums, and every family set off firecrackers (which they called "Bao Cang"). In the past, because they were poor, they never gave red envelopes to their children; now that life has improved, especially since the 1980s, life is getting better and better, so they give red envelopes to their children every year. The lights are kept on all night until dawn (oil lamps were used in the past, but electric lamps have been used since the 1980s).
On the first day of the year, you wake up at dawn and set off firecrackers. All day fasting, do not eat meat, do not kill. Offerings to ancestors with Jinshi, Fuzhu, Daji, mochi, cakes, etc., but also available salted fish, squid. On this day, there are activities such as paying homage to the ancestors, looking at the ancestral map, paying homage to the King of Pangu, and burning natural gas, all of which are very solemn. In the past, there was also a certain ceremony for ancestor worship. First, an elder, wearing a long shirt, played a flute in the Zugong Hall, and the sound of the flute was clear and melodious. When they heard the sound of the flute, the male members of the three surnames of Panlai Lai brought their own offerings to the Zugong Hall to pay homage to their ancestors, and they also brought mats so that they could kneel down and pay homage three times. The elder in charge of keeping the ancestral map brought it to the Zugong Hall and spread it out for the whole village to admire. After paying homage to the ancestor and admiring the ancestral map, the men go out to pay homage to the king of Pangu, and then they have an event to conserve natural gas. This is a large-scale event that is popular among the elderly, and the whole village gathers in the open space in front of Pangu Wang, with the men in the front and the women in the back. "To conserve natural disasters, three coins are fixed in a bamboo tube with a firecracker fuse, placed in the bamboo tube, surrounded by fire powder, and pounded to make it firm, then the fuse is ignited to make it burn and expand, and the coins are sent high up in the air, and whoever falls in front of the coins is the lucky winner of the event. Whoever falls in front of the coin is the one who is "rich", sometimes falling in the middle of two people, use a ruler to measure to see who is the closest. The lucky one, lighting three joss sticks, goes to the incense burner of Pangu King to take the red packet. On the first day of the following year, the lucky person organizes the natural scenery event of that year. On the night of the 30th day of the new year, the lucky person has to make a natural gas pound, and on the first day of the new year, he/she puts the red packet in the incense burner of the Pangu King to make the natural gas pounded. The red packet will increase in value every year. "Horizontal wealth in hand" is a symbol of good luck, [FS:PAGE]the whole family see it as a great thing, happy. Come to bright old man recalled sixteen years old that year "horizontal wealth to hand" scene, still excited. That year, his father helped him to make natural gas and prepare the red packets. The event of natural disasters continued until the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, but the elderly still yearn for it, and some people hope that it can be resumed. The worship of Zu Gong and the viewing of Zu Tu were resumed after the Cultural Revolution, and they were held every year.
On the second day of the Lunar New Year, incense is usually burned only in front of the house, at the Zugong Hall, the Pangu King, and the Dibogong, and there are no worship activities. New daughters-in-law and grooms go to their mother's home to visit their relatives. Young people go hunting in the mountains in groups.
On the third day of the new year, there are no family visits or visits to the house, but hunting is allowed.
On the fourth day of the new year, hunting is allowed. If a newly married man or woman visits his or her mother's family, the groom must return home on this day in order to prepare for the start of the New Year on the fifth day of the year. The bride continues to stay until the tenth day of the year.
Opening the New Year on the fifth day of the Lunar New Year, the bridegroom pays homage to his ancestors at home and burns incense in front of his house, at Pangu and Bogong, etc., and feasts his relatives and friends. This day is the culmination of the entire Spring Festival activities, the whole village bustling, lively. Some people say it is similar to the local people's "do shang". All relatives and friends come to visit on this day. In addition to in-laws aunts and aunts table, and now also more classmates, colleagues and friends, etc., each family has a number of round table (feast), can not be set up, take turns to eat. The principal of the disk chapter has a family, in recent years, friends and relatives have more than ten round table.
The sixth day of the year hunting and chatting.
The seventh day of the year, hunting, chatting, without the concept of "human day".
On the eighth and ninth days of the year, the festive atmosphere faded.
On the tenth day of the first month of the year, there were no more family visits, but hunting was allowed. Brides visiting relatives outside their homes are sent home on this day by their families, with chickens, rice crackers, round rice cakes and glutinous rice cakes as gifts.
On the 15th day of the first month there is no chandelier event.
The twentieth day of the first lunar month is the day of the "forbidden day". It is a day when the mouth of the god of the door is sealed with rice cake in water, and it is called "the day of the sky". The "forbidden day", ancestral tradition can not use the knife and axe on this day, otherwise it will cause a big storm. Legend has it that a person who was fighting with wood in the hall on this day was caught in a storm and the tiles were torn off. Therefore, no one dares to take offense.
The twenty-first day of the year was the beginning of cultivation, plowing, harrowing, making pei, catching up with the water in the fields, and soaking the rice grains. Because the land was barren, each piece of paddy field had to be ploughed and harrowed several times, and the farm work was very tiring.
February No activities, do not worship the mountain in this month.
March Ching Ming Make mochi, split chickens with vegetables, and burn incense.
April 8 No concept of festivals, no habit of eating sesame paste.
May Festival Wrapping rice dumplings, adding vegetables, and some people worship their ancestors.
July 7th Before the sun comes up, women go out to pick July 7th water and put it in a jar for reserve. It is said that the July 7th water will not give birth to worms for several years, and that picking and chopping up the piu ma (Hakka people call it Qingteng Zai, and locals call it Jiugancai) grown on the mountains and mixing it with the July 7th water, and then removing the dregs and drinking the water, can cure colds and fevers. In addition, on this day, with the July 7 water soaked rice, until the frost, fishing up and washed into powder, sun-dried, can also be used to cure sore throat and other fever. This is no different from the Han Chinese, but they do not have the activity of worshipping the seventh sister and the concept of the seventh sister.
July 14th There is no concept of "Ghost Festival", but it is a big festival, is to worship Pangu Wang. There is a custom of "seeing the living" in the worship, to sub-divide pigs in front of Pangu Wang, therefore, the councilors have to order pigs in the village beforehand, and negotiate a good price. It is said that the seller cannot renege and "break the contract", otherwise the pig will die. Legend has it that someone once went back on his promise, and the pig died as a result. Therefore, there is no one who can go back on his promise. July 14 this day, the first big thing is first subdivided pigs, the pig's head, pig feet, pig tail cut off, boiled, with a tray, led by the old man to worship Pangu, the men lined up, take turns to go to burn incense, worship, that is, in front of the king of the Pangu under the tree set up a cauldron, the pork boiled, * * * with food. Sometimes cows are also slaughtered, but they are slaughtered only for meat and not for worship. When slaughtering a cow, the person watching should cross his hands behind his back to show that he has nothing to do with it. Elderly people generally do not eat beef. Only men, not women, participate in the worship of Pangu. People do not bring chopsticks and bowls, but use bamboo branches and twigs as chopsticks, and eat meat without food.
The moon hangs in the sky, and the people are quiet at the beginning of the day. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to get a good deal on this one. The first time I saw it, I was in the middle of the night, and I was in the middle of the night. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do this, but I'm going to be able to do it," he said. Su Shi "Bu San Zi - Huangzhou Dinghui Yuan Residence"
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