Abstracts are also known as summaries and executive summaries. Abstract is a short text that aims to provide a synopsis of the contents of the literature, without comments and additional explanations, and briefly and accurately recounts the important contents of the literature. Its basic elements include research objectives, methods, results and conclusions. Specifically, the main object and scope of the research work, the means and methods used, the results and important conclusions, sometimes including other important information with intelligence value. The abstract should be independent and self-explanatory and have the same amount of primary information as the literature, i.e. the necessary information can be obtained without reading the whole text. For a complete paper are required to write with the abstract, the main functions of the abstract are:
1) let the reader as soon as possible to understand the main content of the paper to supplement the title. Modern scientific and technological literature information is as vast as a sea of smoke, readers retrieve the title of the paper will read the full text, mainly through the reading of the abstract to determine; therefore, the abstract is responsible for attracting readers and the main content of the article introduced to the reader's task.
2) To facilitate the construction and maintenance of scientific and technological intelligence literature retrieval database. After the publication of the paper, abstract magazines or various databases on the abstract can be directly utilized without modification or slight modification, thus avoiding the misunderstanding, lack or even error that may arise from the preparation of abstracts by others. With the rapid development of electronic computer technology and Internet network, online query, retrieval and download of professional data has become an important means of scientific and technological information intelligence retrieval, online full-text databases of various types of databases, abstract databases, more and more shows the level of information exchange in modern society and the development trend. At the same time, the index of the dissertation abstract is an important tool for readers to retrieve literature. Therefore, the quality of abstracts directly affects the retrieval rate and citation frequency of the paper.
2 Classification of Abstracts
Divided according to the different functions of abstracts, there are roughly 3 types as follows.
2.1 Reporting Abstracts
Reporting Abstracts are concise summaries that indicate the scope of the subject matter of a document and the content of the summary, which is equivalent to a brief introduction. It is generally used to reflect the purpose, methodology, and main results and conclusions of a scientific paper, to provide the reader with as much qualitative or quantitative information as possible in a limited number of words, and to fully reflect the innovation of the study. If there is no innovative content in the scientific and technical papers, if there is no distinctive methodology or conclusion that can stand the test, it will not arouse the readers' interest in reading; therefore, it is suggested that academic journals (or thesis collections) should use more reportable abstracts, and introduce the main content of the papers to the readers with slightly more words than other types of abstracts. The author's main research results and more complete quantitative and qualitative information are reported in the form of "excerpts". It should be about 300 words in length.
2.2 Indicative summary
The indicative summary is a summary that identifies the topic of the primary literature and the nature and level of the results achieved, and is intended to give the reader an outline of the main content of the study (i.e. what the authors have done). Less innovative content of the paper, the abstract can be written as an indicative summary, generally applicable to academic journals, such as briefings, discussion of issues and technical journals, etc. only a general introduction to the thesis of the paper, so that readers have a general understanding of the main content of the paper. The length of about 100 words is appropriate.
2.3 Reported-Indicative Abstracts
Reported-Indicative Abstracts are the most valuable parts of the paper expressed in the form of reported abstracts, and the rest of the paper is expressed in the form of Indicative Abstracts. The length should be 100 to 200 words.
The above three forms of abstract categorization are all available to authors. Generally speaking, when submitting a paper to a scholarly journal, the reportable abstract form should be chosen; only papers with less innovative content can have their abstracts written as reportable-indicative or indicative abstracts. The ultimate goal of a published paper is to be utilized. If the abstract is not well written, in today's age of information proliferation paper into the abstract journal, search database, the chance of being read and cited will be much less, or even lost. A paper of high value with a lot of innovative content may lose a larger number of readers if it is written as an indicative abstract. In this case, if the author's abstract is written too briefly, the editor should remind him or her to revise it during the retreat.
3 Notes on the writing of abstracts
1) Abstracts should exclude content that has become common knowledge in the subject area; never include in the abstract content that should be in the introduction; and generally do not interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).
2) Do not simply repeat information already in the title. For example, if the title of an article is "A study of rhizogenesis in test tube culture of several Chinese orchid seeds", the abstract should not begin with, "In order ...... to study rhizogenesis in test tube culture of several Chinese orchid seeds".
3) Rigorous structure, concise expression, semantic precision. The abstract should be organized in a logical order of what to write first and what to write after. Sentences should be coherent between the top and bottom, echoing each other. Abstracts should be careful to use long sentences, sentence type should strive for simplicity. Each sentence should be expressed clearly, no vague, general, ambiguous words, but the abstract is after all a complete short essay, telegraphic writing style is not desirable. Abstract not subparagraphs.
4) Use the third person. Suggested use of "conducted a study of ......", "reported on the status of ......", "A survey of ...... was conducted" and other notations to indicate the nature of the primary literature and the subject of the literature, do not need to use "this paper", "the author", etc. as the subject. "and so on as the subject.
5) To use standardized nomenclature, do not use non-public symbols and terms. New terminology or there is no suitable Chinese terminology, can be used in the original language or translated with brackets to indicate the original language.
6) Except for the unavoidable, mathematical formulas and chemical structure formulas are not used, and illustrations and tables are not shown.
7) Do not use citations, unless the literature confirms or denies the published works of others.
8) Abbreviations, abbreviations, and code words must be stated when they first appear, except for those that can be clearly understood by readers of neighboring disciplines. Science and technology paper writing should pay attention to other matters, such as the use of legal units of measurement, the correct use of language and punctuation, etc., also applies to the preparation of the abstract. At present, the main problems in the preparation of the abstract are: incomplete elements, or lack of purpose, or lack of methodology; the emergence of citations, no independence and self-explanatory; complexity and simplicity is not appropriate.
4 English abstract
The main discussion here is the Chinese scientific and technological papers attached to the English abstract, the contents of which contain the title, summary and keywords. GB 7713-87 provides that, for the purpose of international exchange, scientific and technological reports, dissertations and theses should be accompanied by a foreign language (mostly in English) abstract. In principle, the above notes on the preparation of Chinese abstracts are applicable to English abstracts, but English has its own way of expression, language habits, should pay special attention to the writing of English abstracts.
4.1 Title in English
1) Structure of the title. English title to phrase as the main form, especially the noun phrase (noun phrase) is the most common, that is, the title basically consists of a noun or several nouns plus its predicate and (or) postpositional determiners. For example: The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan (贺兰山习见苔藓植物); Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heattreated Wood(热处理木材的水分 Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heattreated Wood) Phrase-based question titles should identify the center word and then modify it before and after. The order of the words is important; improper word order can lead to inaccurate expressions. The title should not be a declarative sentence, because the title of the main role as a label, and declarative sentences tend to make the title of the semantics of the judgmental; in addition, the declarative sentence is not concise and eye-catching, the focus is not easy to highlight. In a few cases (commentary, synthesis and refutation), you can use the question sentence as the title, because the question sentence can have exploratory tone, easy to arouse the reader's interest. For example: Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?
2)
2) The word count of the title. The title should not be too long. Foreign scientific and technical journals generally have a limit on the number of words in the title. For example, the American Medical Association stipulates that the title is no more than 2 lines, each line is no more than 42 printed symbols and spaces; the National Cancer Institute journal J Nat Cancer Inst requires that the title is no more than 14 words; the British Mathematical Society requires that the title is no more than 12 words. These regulations can be used for our reference. The general principle is that the title should be precise, concise and eye-catching, and the fewer the number of words in the title, the better, under the premise that it can accurately reflect the specific content of the paper.
3) Consistency of Chinese and English titles. The English title and Chinese title of the same paper should be consistent in content, but it is not the same as saying that the words should correspond to each other. In many cases, individual non-substantive words can be omitted or changed. For example: the direct heat calculation of industrial wet steam, The Direct Measurement of Heat Transmitted Wet Steam, the English title of the direct translation of the Chinese translation is "by the direct measurement of heat transmitted by wet steam", compared with the Chinese title, the two words although there are differences The content is consistent.
4) The article in the title. In the early years, the title of the scientific and technical papers in the title of the article with more, in recent years there is a tendency to simplify, where available can not use the article can not be used. For example: The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality. two of the articles the can not be used.
5) Case in the title. There are three types of case in the title.
All letters are capitalized. For example, OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE
The first letter of each word is capitalized, but articles, conjunctions, and prepositions of 3 or less letters are all lowercase. For example: The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects
The first letter of the 1st word of the title is capitalized, and the rest of the letters are lowercase. For example: Topographic inversion of interval velocities.
Currently the b. format is the most used, while the use of the c. format tends to increase.
6) Abbreviated phrases in the title. Acronyms that have been recognized by the scientific and technical community as a whole or by scientific and technical personnel in the industry can be used in the title, otherwise they should not be used lightly.
4.2 English Translation of Authors and Author Units
1) Authors. Chinese names are spelled in Hanyu Pinyin; names of other non-English speakers are spelled in the Roman alphabet provided by the authors themselves.
2) Unit. The name of the unit should be written in full (from small to large), with address and postal code to ensure easy contact. Some time ago, some organizations have taken the English translation of abbreviations, outsiders do not know, resulting in confusion. FAO, WHO, MIT is well known, and BFU is Beijing Forestry University, I'm afraid that only the "circle" people know. In addition, the unit of English translation must be used in the unit of unified translation (i.e., the standard translation of the unit), do not start another stove.
4.3 English Abstract
1) Tense of English Abstract. The use of English abstract tenses is also better to be concise, commonly used general present tense, general past tense, less use of present perfect tense, past perfect tense, progressive tense and other compound tenses basically do not use.
General present tense. It is used to explain the purpose of the study, describe the content of the study, describe the results, draw conclusions, make recommendations or discussions. Examples are as follows: This study(investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to...The anatomy of secondary xylem(secondary xylem) in stem of Davidia involucrata ( The anatomy of secondary xylem in stem of Davidia involucrata ( dove tree) and Camptotheca acuminata (hippocastanum) is compared. The result shows(reveals)..., It is found that...The conclusions are ...The author suggests.... When it comes to recognized facts, natural laws, eternal truths, etc., of course, the general present tense should also be used.
General past tense. It is used to describe a discovery, a research process (experiment, observation, investigation, medical treatment, etc.) at a certain moment in the past. For example: The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow (trunk sap flow) of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and August,1996.It should be pointed out that the general past tense is used to describe a discovery, a phenomenon, a phenomenon, a discovery, a phenomenon, a phenomenon, a phenomenon, a phenomenon, a phenomenon, or a phenomenon. It should be noted that the discoveries and phenomena described in the general past tense are often not recognized as laws of nature or eternal truths, but only as how they were at the time; and the process of the research described also clearly bears traces of past time.
Present perfect and past perfect. The perfect tense is used sparingly, but not unused. The present perfect connects something that happened in the past or was done in the past with the present, while the past perfect can be used to indicate something that was done before a certain time in the past, or another past action that was done before a past thing was done. For example: Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.?
2) Morphology of the English summary. What kind of morphology to use, both to consider the characteristics of the summary, but also to meet the needs of expression. A summary is very short, try not to mix and match, not to mention in a sentence.
Active voice. The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar than The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar. The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar than The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically. If necessary, The author systematically can be dropped and begin with Introduces.
Passive voice. In the past, it was emphasized that the passive voice should be used more often, on the grounds that scientific and technical papers are mainly concerned with stating what happened, and that it is not necessary to prove who did that thing. In fact, in the indicative abstract, in order to emphasize the action bearer, it is better to use the passive voice. Even in reportative summaries, where the passive is irrelevant in some cases, the emphasized thing must be used as the subject. For example: In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.? 3) Personality in English summaries. Originally, the first sentence of an abstract was often started with the third person This paper...etc. Nowadays, the tendency is to start with a more concise passive voice or original verb. For example: To describe..., To study..., To investigate..., To assess..., To determine..., The torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system. It is best not to use the first person in the line, in order to facilitate the editor of the digest publication.
4) Notes. Some common mistakes should be avoided.
Coronals. The definite article the is easy to be missed. the used to indicate the whole group, classification, time, unique things other than place names, adjectives, such as the highest level is easier to grasp, for the special reference is often missed. There is a principle here that when we use the, the listener or reader already knows what we are referring to. For example: The author designed a new machine.The machine is operated with solar energy. As there are more and more abbreviations nowadays, be careful to distinguish between a and an, such as an X ray.
Number words. Avoid using Arabic numerals as initials, e.g. Three hundred in Three hundred Dendrolimus tabulaeformis larvae are collected...Don't write three hundred as 300. singular and plural. The singular and plural forms of some nouns are not easy to recognize, thus causing errors in the form of the predicate.
Try to use short sentences. Because, long sentences are easy to cause semantic ambiguity; but to avoid monotony and repetition. Scientific and technical journals involve many specialties, the English language is even more difficult to master, and there are even differences in expressions and phrases in various industries. If you have the opportunity, you should have more contact with your counterparts in English-speaking countries, and ask them to change the abstracts or papers written by some nationals, so as to accumulate experience and find out the rules. If there is a lack of such opportunities, reading more English literature will also help us improve our English writing and level.
.... In order to realize the ethnicity search from the disciplinary attributes of the journal literature and to create conditions for the classification statistics of the articles, the papers published in academic journals are required to be labeled with the classification number. Authors of scientific and technical papers should actively cooperate with the editorial department to do this work. At present, there are several classifications commonly used in the world as follows:
1) The Chinese Library Classification (formerly known as the Chinese Library Book Classification, hereinafter referred to as the "Zhongtu Fa") is a comprehensive classification commonly used by libraries and intelligence units in China. By 1999, the "Chinese Map Law" has been revised four times (on the F economy, TN radio electronics, telecommunications technology, TP automation technology, computer technology and other three categories for the focus of the revision of the major categories).
2) In addition to the "China National Chart Act", China's common use of the "Chinese Classification of Library Materials" (referred to as the "Data Act"), "Data Act" is based on the "China National Chart Act", by the China Institute of Scientific and Technological Information in conjunction with the relevant units, according to the needs of scientific and technological literature, to add details and appropriate revisions into. The Data Law is consistent with the Chinese Graphic Law in terms of system structure, category setting and marking symbols.
3) There are many types of foreign literature classification, including the main large-scale comprehensive book classification for the International Decimal Classification ( UDC for short). The International Decimal Classification
was first published in 1905, has been revised by the International Federation of Literature is responsible for its focus on science and technology of all kinds, purposefully expanding the category by category, independent sub-books for specialized libraries and scientific and technological intelligence departments. China's scientific and technological intelligence community had in the 1950s to 1960s
promote the use of UDC.
Currently, China's major literature databases, "China Science Citation Database", "China Academic Journals Comprehensive Evaluation Database", as well as digital libraries, the China Periodicals Network, etc., are required to academic papers according to the "China Diagram Method" labeled with the Chinese graphical classification number.
China Map Classification Number - refers to the classification code obtained by using the Chinese Library Classification Law to analyze scientific and technological literature on the subject matter and organize the literature into categories according to the disciplinary attributes and characteristics of the literature content. The CCL*** is divided into 5 basic categories and 22 major categories. A mixed number combining Hanyu Pinyin letters and Arabic numerals is used, with one letter representing a major category, the order of the letters reflecting the order of the major categories, and numbers are used as markers after the letters. In order to adapt to the development of industrial technology and the categorization of this type of literature, double letters are used for the secondary categories of industrial technology. The names of the categories are as follows:
Marxism, Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought .........A Marxism, Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought?
Philosophy ..................B Philosophy
Social Sciences ...... ......C General Social Sciences
D Politics, Law
Natural Sciences ............N General Natural Sciences?
O Mathematical Sciences and Chemistry?
P Astronomy, earth sciences
Q Biological sciences
R Medicine, health
S Agricultural sciences
T Industrial technology
U Transportation
V Aviation, aerospace
X Environmental sciences, labor protection sciences
Integrated Books .........Z Comprehensive Books
1 General Requirements for the Classification of Natural Science Literature
Natural science is the science of studying the material forms, structures, properties and laws of motion in nature. On the basis of production practice and scientific experiments, human beings have deepened their understanding of nature from the macroscopic world to the microscopic world. Natural science literature includes not only the basic sciences that study the laws of natural development, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth sciences, biological sciences, etc., but also the applied sciences in which people utilize knowledge about the natural world to enhance, improve, and enrich their material lives, such as medicine, agronomy, and engineering ....... The general issues to be noted in the categorization and citation of the natural science literature in the CCTO are as follows .
1) In the relationship between the content and form of the literature should be based mainly on the content.
2) The relationship between basic and applied sciences should be based on the focus of the content, the author's intention, and the needs of the readers.
3) In the relationship between general and monograph, the class number of the monograph position should be given as far as possible.
4) In the relationship between general and specific, the class number should be given to the special specific position as far as possible.
5) In the relationship between disciplines, specialties and themes, disciplines and specialties should be the main basis for classification and landing place.
6) In dealing with the relationship between the object of study and the region involved in the literature, the disciplinary attributes of the object of study should be taken as the main classification criteria, and the region involved in this way as a secondary criterion.
7) When it comes to the relationship between application and application in the content of the literature, it is generally categorized according to the disciplines and specialties to which it is applied.
8) The relationship between manufacture and use, depending on the weight of the content of the literature should be categorized in its own category, and sometimes for the convenience of readers to retrieve, but also to give the two category number.
9) In the process, method and equipment, product relationship depends on the specific circumstances.
10) In the differentiation of disciplines and fringe disciplines, cross-disciplinary relationship, if the emerging discipline is differentiated from a discipline should be classified as a discipline.
2 literature classification procedures and methods
Literature classification procedures - according to the classification of work in the order of the work steps. This is the people through the long-term work of the practice summarized, if not according to the procedure of literature classification work, will cause duplication of efforts, and prone to errors. Literature classification process is: analysis of the subject of literature → categorization → give number → check.
2.1 analysis of the theme
Theme analysis of the content of the literature, is the object of the literature, the research angle and the purpose of the literature to make a correct judgment, in order to be classified into the appropriate category in the classification system. Errors in judgment will result in incorrect categorization. First of all, we should find out what the object of the literature is, such as "Rabbit Cancer Cell Transplantation Test Observation Report", the object of the literature is cancer cells, not rabbits, rabbits are only used as a kind of experimental items, and the literature study is oncology. Another example is "Development of Laser Small Angle Measuring Instrument" which discusses the object of angle measuring instrument, not laser. Therefore, when we judge the object of the literature, we must grasp the main problem, that is, the author wants to illustrate the problem, and exclude those secondary components. Secondly, the literature should be clear from what disciplinary point of view to study the object of discussion. The same subject can often be studied from different angles, and most of these different angles can be used as the basis for categorization. For example, the above "Rabbit Cancer Cell Transplantation Experimental Observation Report" is an experimental study from the perspective of medical research on oncology, not from the perspective of veterinary medicine to study the rabbit tumor disease. Therefore, it should be categorized as medical oncology experimental research. Finally, the purpose of the author's writing should also be clarified.
2.2 Categorization
Categorization is the process of placing literature into the most appropriate category of the classification system used, based on the disciplinary nature of its content. After identifying the main content of a document and its disciplinary properties, it is possible to look up the appropriate class in the taxonomy and place the document in this category. At the same time, you can also use the index of the classification used as a reference to find the appropriate category, and then compare the main table and the index, which can also be categorized into the appropriate category. In the categorization should pay attention to the following two points:
1) should first determine the literature belongs to the major categories, and then from the basic categories under the major categories step by step detailed investigation, until you find the most appropriate category.
For example, "metal materials" appears as a category in both "TG Metallurgy, Metal Technology" and "TU Building Science", but the meaning of the categories is very different. The meaning of the categories is very different.
TG14 Metals
TU51 Metallic materials
141 Ferrous materials
511 Ferrous materials
146 Non-ferrous metals and their alloys
512 Non-ferrous and rare metals and their alloys
Another example is: "Earthworks "At the same time in the" TU75 construction work "," U215 railroad line construction "," U445 highway bridge
construction ", "U455 Highway Tunnel Construction", "U615 Waterway Engineering Construction" and "U665 Port Engineering Construction" appear in six places. Therefore, we must pay attention to the full meaning of the class when categorizing.
2) The so-called most appropriate class is to comply with the provisions of the database. From the point of view of the depth of classification, is relative, not absolute. That is, the so-called most appropriate, not necessarily the lowest level class, but should be in accordance with the provisions of the norms and classifications. Such as a database, "U Transportation" category is only used to the third level of class, then, "ship refrigeration and air-conditioning
Ships and air-conditioning units" divided into "U66 ship engineering" on the use of U66, is inappropriate, it should be divided into U664.8.< /p>
2. /p>
2.3 Labeling
After determining the category in which a document should be classified, the classification number representing the category can be transcribed on the document. In practice
In practice, this process is carried out at the same time as the previous process. In giving the number should pay attention to the completeness and accuracy of the class number. The "Chinese Figure Law" class number often need to be combined in segments, or use a variety of double points table and imitation points, there is a deletion of the meaning of duplicate numbers and add "0" problem, a little inattention will occur with the number of errors; second copying to be careful, the handwriting should be correct and clear
Sometimes, due to carelessness and copying the wrong class number. For example, if "TP2" is copied as "TP1", the former stands for "Automation Technology
Equipment" and the latter stands for "Basic Theory of Automation". Basic Theory of Automation". This mistake should also be avoided. Specialized libraries are proofread by classification staff.
3 imitation of the double points of the approach
For the class with ****, try to use the imitation of the double points of the approach. In order to make the classification systematic, concise, but also
to achieve the purpose of the detailed classification, the classification system appears in the category of ****, the development of the following different forms of imitation reclassification approach.
1) For the classification of various types of common sub-tables are: general theory of sub-tables; world region table; China's regional table; international time table; China's time table; China's national table.
The general re-scoring table summarizes the re-scoring questions that may arise in each category. For the content of the general re-scoring, it is stipulated that it should be used up to the second and third levels of the
categories, or should be emphasized under some of the categories; alternatively, only some of the categories in the table may be used as needed. The world and Chinese
"Area Tables", "Times Tables" and "Chinese Nationality Tables" are only applicable to the categories specified in the classification table to be used for subdividing, and may be used only for some of the categories in the table as required. p>The categories to be reclassified are annotated with "reclassified in accordance with ......").
Specialty **** distinction, the preparation of "special category re-subdivision table" for the need to re-subdivision of the various types of imitation re-subdivision. For example, under the category of literature of various countries, there is a "special reclassification table for literary works" for reclassification of literature of various countries.
In the upper and lower categories, both appear to have a **** problem, then in the upper category, listed under the **** category, summarized as "general issues", and indicate "the following types of replication of the repetition of points".
In the more proximate classes, the emergence of the **** sex differentiation of the problem, then in the previous class, a detailed list of subheadings, and in the back of the need for the same re-subdivision of the class, indicating that the copy of the re-subdivision.
When classifying according to the above three kinds of reclassification methods, the class number of reclassification will be added directly to the class number of detailed classification. For example, the number of Modern History of the Netherlands is
K563.4, and the number of Field Management of Barley is S512.305. However, for the reclassification of its upper class (the generalized class that needs to be reclassified), "zero" should be added in front of the reclassification number to distinguish it from other classes. Example: Modern European History is K504.