Personal defense works can be categorized by form of construction into underground works, tunnels, stacked works and excavation works.
Underground construction
Underground construction is a concealed excavation in which most of the main floor is below the lowest entrance, mostly built on flat ground.
Trenching
Trenching is a concealed excavation in which most of the main floor is above the lowest entrance, mostly in mountainous or hilly areas.
Stacked works
Stacked works are works in which most of the structure is above the original ground surface and covered by backfill.
Excavated works
Excavated works are works constructed by open cut method and most of the structures are below the original ground surface, including single construction and attached construction. Single-construction project is generally not directly associated with the upper part of the building; attached to the upper part of the project has a solid building, also known as air defense basement. Early human defense projects are mostly tunnel projects. Since the 80's, the construction of human defense has implemented a strategic change in the guiding ideology, emphasizing the integration of peace and war, for the economic construction and urban construction services, the new human defense projects are mostly excavation projects, location is better, higher quality. At the same time, in order to attract people to the ground down, to provide people with a more comfortable environment, some of the human defense project decoration grade is generally higher than the ground building.
Edit this paragraph by wartime function classification
Human defense projects according to wartime function is divided into command and communication engineering, medical rescue engineering, air defense engineering, personnel sheltering engineering and other ancillary works of five categories.
Command and communication engineering
Command and communication engineering refers to all levels of human defense command post and its communications, power, water and other ancillary projects;
Medical rescue project
Medical rescue project is to provide medical care in wartime underground central hospitals, underground emergency hospitals, medical rescue points of the general term;
Air defense team project
Air defense team project
Air defense team project
The project is divided into five major categories. p>
Specialized air defense team project refers to all levels of emergency rescue and repair, rescue, firefighting, chemical defense, communications, transportation, security professional team project and the corresponding ancillary works;
Personnel shelter project
Personnel shelter project refers to all levels of the party, government and military organs, as well as groups, enterprises and public institutions, residential shelter project and its ancillary supporting works;
Other Supporting works
Other supporting works refer to underground hospitals, various warehouses, production workshops, evacuation of motorized arteries, connecting corridors, regional power stations, water supply stations, nuclear and chemical monitoring stations, sound alarm stations and so on. Human defense projects are divided into underground hotels (guest houses), underground shopping malls (stores), underground restaurants (hotels, restaurants, bars, cafes), underground arts and cultural activities (including dance halls, movie theaters, exhibition rooms, video screening halls, karaoke halls, shooting ranges, amusement parks, billiard rooms, swimming pools, etc.), underground classrooms, offices, auditoriums (meeting rooms), test (experimental) rooms, underground hospitals (operating rooms, first aid stations, etc.). Hospitals (operating rooms, first aid stations, medical stations), underground workshops, warehouses, power stations, reservoirs, underground streets, underground parking lots, underground garages and so on.
Edit section of the early human defense project
In the late 60s and early 70s, China's cities and towns had set off a "deep digging hole" mass movement. Units, street residents in the house under the hole, and then connected to each other, forming a network of tunnels in all directions. Due to the lack of unified planning, lack of experience, coupled with insufficient technical force, these projects are generally smaller, poorer quality, now collectively referred to as the early works. With the passage of time, the construction of human defense projects gradually embarked on a formalized, scientific track, China has built a large number of high quality, large area, good efficiency of the dual-use projects, the types of human defense projects are complete, formed a certain scale. However, because of the past mass movement to build the early project has left a deep impression in people's minds, so many people do not understand the current situation of the construction of human defense projects. Recognition remains at the level of the 1970s, thinking that the human defense project is an air-raid shelter. In fact, this view is very one-sided. After more than 20 years of development, the human defense project has changed the face and image of the past.
Edit this section of the modern human defense projects
Now, the new human defense projects in the construction of the pre-feasibility study, taking into account the wartime air defense needs, but also take into account the economic construction, urban construction and people's lives in the weekdays, with the dual function of peace and war. At the same time. Human defense projects in strict accordance with the construction procedures, from civil engineering to decoration are focused on quality. After the completion and put into use, has achieved significant combat readiness benefits, social benefits and economic benefits. Many large and medium-sized human defense projects have become the city's key projects, such as Harbin Struggle Road underground commercial street, Shenyang North New Passenger Station underground city, Shanghai People's Square underground parking lot, Zhengzhou Railway Station Plaza underground shopping malls, etc., in the community has had a great impact. Many leaders and the masses in the visit to the civil defense project, all for the grand and majestic momentum of the civil defense project, brilliant and dazzling decorations, the general reaction and the original imagination is very different, summed up in 6 can not be: First, the construction of the civil defense project is so important, did not think of it; the second is the construction of the civil defense project is so good, did not think of it; the third is the construction of the civil defense project so much, did not think of it; the fourth is the construction of the civil defense project is so big, did not think of it! Fifth, the civil defense project is so strong, did not think; Sixth, the civil defense project can be used for production, life services, did not think. Many people use "underground wonderland", "heavenly paradise" to praise the human defense project, which is the highest award for the human defense project. As we all know, the human defense project is a special underground construction with protection requirements, its common classification has the following types: according to the division of resistance level, the project can be directly known as a level of human defense project; according to the division of wartime use, can be divided into the command and communication, personnel shelter, hospitals, ambulance stations, warehouses, garages, etc.; according to the use of the weekdays can be divided into shopping malls, amusement parks, hotels, theaters (auditoriums) and so on; from the engineering construction Divided by the way, and is divided into two categories of excavation works and pits and tunnels. In order to reasonably reflect the cost of the project, the budget quota and the project budget is usually categorized by the way the project is constructed.
Edit this paragraph a, digging open-type civil defense project
Digging open-type civil defense project, refers to the use of the first excavation project pit earth and stone to the design elevation, and then poured the project, and then backfill the method of construction of the civil defense project. For the use of excavation method constructed in peacetime and wartime use for underground passages that is tunnel, should also be categorized into the category of excavation works; for the pit tunnels engineering cuts to the long time to use the construction of the excavation part, from the perspective of the implementation of the pricing quota, in addition to the cuts in the earth and stone, should also be included in the corresponding quota of the scope of the implementation of the excavation works. Excavation type civil defense project, according to the project on the ground whether there is ground construction, and is divided into a single construction type civil defense project and attached construction type civil defense project. Single-type civil defense and attached to the construction of the project in the construction method is no difference, only in the engineering design to determine the load when considering the factors are different. Attached to the construction of human defense works and ground building boundaries of the division, generally to the top surface of the top plate of human defense works for the boundary, the top surface of the top plate above the part should be included in the ground building calculations. Due to the construction period limitations or due to other requirements, the construction of the project using the reverse method, that is, the first excavation of the project roof parts of the earth, drilling and filling columns, and then poured the roof, restore the ground traffic, and then in the roof under the cover of concealed excavation of the earth, pouring the base plate, the wall and so on to complete the project structure, according to the reverse method of construction of the construction of the project from the construction method, between the excavation type and the pit and the ground tunnel project, but from the force structure In terms of type, it is completely different from the pit tunnel project, and is only a slightly different way of constructing the excavation project.
Edit paragraph two, pit tunnel civil defense project
Pit tunnel civil defense project from the construction method, refers to the use of concealed excavation (digging and blasting) construction of civil defense projects. Structurally speaking, the pit tunnel project is the use of engineering upper cover layer and engineering support (being compound) structure **** with the composition of the bearing structure of the project. Pit tunnel project according to the construction of different types of mouth and is divided into the pit project and tunnel project. Pit project refers to the use of higher than the ground of the mountains, hills, terraces from the natural ground or natural ground above the part of the incision, digging horizontal inclination 5o) and is divided into vertical shaft project and inclined shaft project. According to the geological conditions of the pit tunnel project construction area, and is divided into soil engineering and stone engineering.
Edit this section of the use of methods and requirements
People with good protective performance of the project, but to play its due role, but also must master the correct use of methods and requirements, in order to achieve the purpose of protection. To stay sheltered personnel, should pay attention to the following aspects. 1. after getting the warning order to turn to the wartime state, we should keep calm and quiet, obey the unified command of the city's human defense headquarters, quickly and orderly to do protection preparation. 2. Prepare to enter the human defense project shelter should carry items: including closed storage of non-perishable food and drinking water, personal medicine, flashlight, can be used as a personal anti-drug equipment, personal necessities and documents. Don't bring any smelly, flammable or explosive items. Packages must not be too large and must be easy to enter and exit the project. 3. 3. You should know all kinds of air-raid siren signals and their corresponding actions, and be familiar with the location of your sheltered works, the shortest route to the works, and the daytime and nighttime identification signs of the entrances to the human defense works. 4. When you hear the air-raid siren, you should enter the nearby civil defense project as quickly as possible. When entering the civil defense project, keep calm and obey the organization and command of the civil defense staff, and do not cause confusion and crowding at the entrance of the project, which will affect the speed of entering the project. 5, in the human defense project is strictly prohibited the use of open flames, do not smoke, drink less water, do not urinate and defecate, food and drink residues, garbage should be concentrated and closed storage. 6. When waiting for the shelter to sit quietly, lying down, less activity, do not fool around, to maintain physical strength, reduce the consumption of oxygen in the project. Don't move all kinds of equipment in the project. 7. 7. When the project local collapse, leakage of poison and other accidents, to be sheltered personnel to use simple protective equipment for personal protection, and follow the command, orderly transfer or isolation protection work, do not produce confusion. 8. Before the air raid warning is lifted, the personnel to be sheltered shall not open the door to leave the project, to prevent the surrounding contaminated air and radioactive substances are brought into the project. After the alarm is lifted, to prevent people from suddenly crowded out of the civil defense works, resulting in confusion and congestion.
Edit paragraph open hole door
People for the benefit of the people around the combination of peace and war for the benefit of the people of the chronicle of air-raid shelters is a modern three-dimensional war products, is the people to deal with the air attack this "spear" and find one of the "shield". In wartime, people use it to protect their lives; how to do in peacetime, is the air-raid shelter closed door idle, or open the door to serve the community? Since the reform and opening up, China's human defense sector for the future characteristics of the war, according to the country's economic and social development, the direction of the development of human defense construction has been explored in many ways.
Edit this section of the hole door why open
Comrade Deng Xiaoping as early as 1978 pointed out that: "human defense fortifications should be combined with the combination of peace and war, combined with the combination of peace and war to rely on." In October of that year, the Third National People's Air Defense Conference, in accordance with Comrade Deng Xiaoping's series of instructions on the construction of human defense, formulated a "comprehensive planning, highlighting the key points, the integration of peace and war, quality first" construction policy (later changed to "long-term preparation, focus on the construction of the integration of peace and war (later changed to "long-term preparation, key construction, combination of peace and war"). General Secretary Jiang Zemin, working in Shanghai, also pointed out that the construction of human defense should be "combined with peace and war, for the benefit of the people". Adjustment of the strategic policy of China's human defense construction, adapted to today's world, "confrontation and dialogue, cooperation and competition, peace and development, opportunities and challenges" co-existing characteristics, for the construction of human defense throughout the country to point out the direction. Centering on the "combination of peace and war", China's human defense department has established such a viewpoint: "Human defense should not be far away from the times, and cannot be far away from life." Over the years, under the unremitting efforts of the majority of cadres of human defense, most of the construction of human defense projects around China embodies the principle of "a project for multiple purposes", so that not only can the air defense project, but also in the city to ease the land, traffic tension and resettlement of laid-off workers to play an active role in employment and so on. The kind of "air-raid shelter is a bottomless pit, throw how much money can not be seen" argument, was "investing in a project, to achieve three benefits (war preparations, the economy, society)" the fact of the overthrow of the combination of war and peace in large and medium-sized cities across the country to quickly spread the practice.
Edit this section of the hole door open to where
From the outer steel city of Baotou, nine dynasties of the ancient capital of Luoyang, to the southwestern town of Chongqing, the economic center of Shanghai ...... wherever you can find: air-raid shelters, one by one, to the market to open the door to the hole in the former life insurance space has now become a source of wealth into the blessing of the cave days! The former life insurance space has now become a blessed cave of wealth and prosperity, a unique way to return to the society, the people and the country. If the 60s and 70s of "digging deep holes" is China's human defense "a venture", then, since the 80s, "open the door to serve the community" is undoubtedly our country's human security "second venture". In this regard, the capital city of Beijing to walk in the forefront of the country. At present, Beijing has formed a subway as the backbone of the subway shopping malls, warehouses, parking lots, etc. as the main combination of civil defense engineering system. According to incomplete statistics, China's use of human defense projects opened more than 14,700 underground hotels, underground shopping malls, stores, restaurants more than 11,200, more than 6,600 underground cultural and sports activities, more than 9,500 underground production workshops, more than 13,300 underground warehouses, more than 7,300 underground parking lots. During the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, more than one million people were employed in the integration of human defense, the cumulative output value was more than 60 billion yuan, and the annual tax paid to the state was nearly 3 billion yuan, which exceeded the national investment in the construction of human defense. After the opening of the hole door, the human defense department from completely "eat the emperor's food" into a revenue-generating units. In 1999, Heilongjiang Province, the human defense system to realize the output value of 2.5 billion yuan, profits and taxes of 3.67 billion yuan. In 1999, the western province of sichuan province human defense system also realized output value of more than 400 million yuan, profit tax of more than 5 million yuan. To reach and exceed the level of Heilongjiang Province, Sichuan Province, human defense revenue generation level in the country there are more than 20 provinces and cities.
Edit this section of the open door for "raising holes"
The development of the human defense economy, not only to create a good social and economic benefits, but also for the strengthening of the human defense construction of war preparedness to create the conditions. Since the reform and opening up, especially in the past decade, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Harbin and other cities have built a number of large and medium-sized human defense projects, investment in the construction of human defense command center and command automation system. Heilongjiang Province, the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period to build eleven large and medium-sized human defense projects, a total investment of more than 600 million yuan. Liaoning Province has invested nearly 200 million yuan in the construction of human defense command sites and communication and command means. Since the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", the investment in human defense command and communication construction alone is three times of the total investment in the previous fifteen years. Relying on a solid financial foundation, the local human defense departments have been accelerating the modernization of human defense construction. Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, in view of the characteristics of modern high-tech local wars, have formulated a development plan for the construction of human defense command automation. Jiangsu has established provincial and municipal human defense command LAN and developed human defense command application software. Shenyang, Changchun and other key human defense cities have undertaken the pilot task of human defense command automation construction, providing experience for the national human defense command automation construction. Nanjing, Shenzhen, Shenyang and other cities to achieve program-controlled human defense communications, human defense communications with mobile communication systems, satellite and maritime satellite communication systems, digital UHF systems, short-wave communication systems and Internet communications and other world's more advanced technology and equipment, so that the construction of human defense communications gradually embarked on a multi-means, multi-network supporting the development of the road. In the 1990s, human defense projects were encouraged to use From the 1980s, Beijing combined with the ground building to establish a large number of underground human defense projects, but many of them are in a state of idleness. Due to the lack of special funds for maintenance, and the lack of specialized management, many of the underground human defense works are full of garbage, and are becoming more and more dilapidated. In order to change the underground human defense works this dirty and poor condition, in the 1990s, the government put forward "to use to promote the management, hole to hole" policy, to encourage people to use the human defense works, and charge a certain amount of user fees. At that time, lessees started to use the human defense works to open underground hotels, but the number of them was not large. By the end of the 1990s, with the influx of foreigners, the situation became very different. By 2004, Beijing had formed a peak in the rental of human defense works, and the number increased year by year.
Edit this section of the classification of human defense works
According to the division of resistance level, can be divided into 1, 2, 2b, 3, 4, 4b, 5, 6 and so on 8 levels, the project can be directly referred to as a certain level of human defense works; according to the division of wartime use, can be divided into the command and communication, personnel shelter, hospitals, ambulance stations, warehouses, garages, etc.; according to the usual use can be divided into shopping malls, amusement parks, museums, cinemas (halls), etc.; according to the division of defense works, can be divided into the command and communications, personnel shelters, hospitals, rescue station, warehouse, garage, etc. (Hall), etc.; can be divided into A, B, C, D four levels according to the level of chemical defense.