The main nutritional problems of Chinese people can be attributed to the two seemingly contradictory causes of nutritional deficiencies and over-nutrition, and the first of the ten major nutritional problems is obesity, with the overweight rate of adults in Beijing having reached 37.15 percent. The incidence of overweight and obesity is greater in the north than in the south, and greater in the cities than in the countryside. As a result of excess calories, overweight and obesity rate has increased significantly, leading to a significant rise in chronic diseases related to nutritional imbalance. So that obesity is the 21st century harm to human health of the enemy. Obesity itself is a chronic disease...
Abstract: Obesity is a common problem faced by modern people, this paper first discusses the relationship between nutrition and obesity, and argues that it is unhealthy and unscientific to slim down and lose weight simply by dieting and reducing nutritional intake. And pointed out that obesity is not simply a problem of excess nutrition, weight loss can not be at the expense of health. And put forward some both help to lose weight and slimming, but also to ensure that the body nutritional balance of the diet.
Keywords: nutritional balance, weight loss
In a nationwide large-scale survey titled "Ten Nutritional Problems of the Chinese People", the main nutritional problems of the Chinese people can be attributed to the lack of nutrition and nutritional excess of these two seemingly contradictory reasons, the first of the ten nutritional problems is obesity, Beijing adult Beijing adult overweight rate has reached 37.15%. The incidence of overweight and obesity is greater in the north than in the south, and greater in the cities than in the countryside. As a result of excess calories, overweight and obesity rates have increased significantly, leading to a significant rise in chronic diseases related to nutritional imbalance. So it is said that obesity is the 21st century to jeopardize human health of the enemy. Obesity itself is a chronic disease, and at the same time is a contributing factor to many chronic diseases such as the cause of diabetes, gallbladder disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, osteoarthritis and so on. Therefore, controlling overweight and obesity is an urgent task facing us. To cause obesity, congenital factors (genetic) account for about 30%, and acquired factors (environmental) account for about 7O%. At present, we can not change the genetic factors, but through the environmental factors to influence it, environmental factors in the reasonable diet is to prevent obesity decisive factors. How to healthy, scientific weight loss and slimming, is a wide range of people are very concerned about the issue.
One of the nutritional problems of obesity
According to nutritional experts, obesity is a very important cause of unbalanced diet, or excess nutrition, or nutritional deficiencies. First of all, over-nutrition can lead to obesity, the two fundamental factors affecting body weight is the caloric intake and caloric consumption, when the energy intake is equal to the consumption of energy is called energy balance; when the energy intake is greater than the consumption of energy is called the positive energy balance, excess energy in the form of fat stored in the body, thus creating obesity; when the energy intake is less than the consumption of energy is called the negative energy balance, the weight loss. Weight loss. Obviously obesity is in a positive energy balance state, this person generally have a very strong appetite, and favor eating high sugar and high fat food, excess energy into fat, thus leading to obesity.
But obese people may also be undernourished. Many people may find it strange that obesity is due to over-nutrition easy to understand, because the body absorbs too much nutrients, so that excess fat growth, accumulation leads to body shape expansion. But many obese people go to the hospital checkup was found that the body of its nutritional deficiencies, this is because some people's obesity diet is not good, preferring high-fat high-calorie food, so that the body of certain nutrients too much, and some of the nutrients that must be absorbed too little. Too much nutrition makes the body obese, must have too few nutrients and make the body weak, more problems. Therefore, nutrition experts believe that the most important thing to lose weight and healthy body is balanced nutrition.
Two, weight loss need to pay attention to nutritional balance
Many people through starvation. The first thing you need to do is to take drugs. Taking diuretics． Taking stimulants. Less sleep and other methods to lose weight, which can not be long-term persistence, but also damage their health, so these methods should not be used. Our body needs balanced nutrition to maintain the basic metabolism, if you only eat fruit and do not eat food containing fat and protein, there will be a stunted development of the situation, the small intestine of the resistance to disease will also be reduced. In addition, the lack of fat, it is not easy to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, such an unbalanced diet, will inevitably make the physical strength of the unsustainable, damage to health.
Many people think that obesity through dieting, take the starvation method to reduce the absorption of nutrients can be thin down the body. But in fact this is very undesirable. Because when you are dieting, in reducing the supply of nutrients when the body can not get some of the daily essential nutrients. Over time, your body on the one hand can not absorb the same essential nutrients, on the one hand, but also can not reduce the excess nutrients in the body, not only can not lose weight, but also endanger the health. The fact is that the body's health is the price to lose weight, is it worth it?
Nutrition experts after years of research, put forward a new concept of health: weight loss and slimming should start with balanced nutrition. When the body's nutrition is balanced, excess nutrients are consumed, excluded from the body, the lack of nutrients daily to get the right amount of supplementation, obesity naturally disappeared and maintain good health. To achieve nutritional balance, the daily diet needs to pay more attention to all aspects of daily food intake should be diversified, balanced, the right amount.
Healthy weight loss is to limit the total dietary energy, not only to limit the intake of fat, weight loss period should be appropriate to increase protein, low sugar and moderate fat. Normally, the proportion of carbohydrates is 55-6O%, fat is 2O-25%, and protein is about 15-20%, with a volume ratio of 4:1:1. The literature (2) suggests that nutrient intake ratios should also be maintained during weight loss. Reducing carbohydrate intake leads to incomplete metabolism in the body and the production of a certain amount of ketone bodies can suppress hunger, in addition to the breakdown of ketone bodies will also consume energy. Reducing sugar intake can reduce insulin secretion, thereby reducing fat synthesis, reducing glycogen storage, promoting exercise fat mobilization and reducing fat storage. A moderate intake of fat can inhibit the secretion of insulin and glucagon and promote fat utilization in the body. Fat also produces a feeling of satiety, making it easy for dieters to accept low-calorie meals without feeling hungry. Reduced food intake will lead to a variety of vitamins and trace elements of insufficient intake, this also consume a certain amount of fruit to supplement the body of essential vitamins and trace elements.
Three, scientific, reasonable diet
(1) eat some of the role of not much or have side effects of food, eat some of the nutritional value of high and no side effects of food.
(2) Eat less animal fat and greasy food. Long-term intake of high-fat food and little exercise may cause high blood fat and increase the incidence of coronary heart disease.
(3) Eat vegetable oil instead of animal oil (big oil). Vegetable oil although 1OO% contains fat, but it contains a lot of unsaturated fatty acids, can scrape off the saturated fatty acids in a large number of oil. In addition, vegetable oil contains VE, which is to maintain youthfulness and fitness and longevity of vitamins.
(4) Eat less or do not eat high cholesterol food.
(5) Eat less sugar. Many studies, especially in epidemiology, have shown that high body weight (lipofatty disease)． Diabetes. Dental caries, there may be atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, etc. and sugar consumption. Consumption of large quantities of low molecular sugar is harmful, should be based on high molecular sugar to meet the need for sugar, put forward "quit sugar" slogan is not comprehensive, because the sugar-free diet will lead to serious metabolic disorders, hypoglycemia and other conditions.
(6) Eat less salt. Because salt contains sodium, the body contains too much sodium prone to hypertension and other diseases. Eskimos who live in the Arctic eat less than 5 grams of salt a day, they rarely get high blood pressure.
(7) Eat more fruits and vegetables. Because eating fruits and vegetables in the fat content is very little, but contains a lot of vitamins and proteins, and a lot of plant fiber and water, physiological value is very high.
(8) dieters also need to consume enough protein and carbohydrates (into the rice． Noodles and other staple foods). This is because we need energy and stamina to support while reducing excess fat, should also increase muscle. Adult muscle protein content of about 19 to 2O%, protein accounted for 45% of the body's total weight, and protein has muscle contraction. Energy supply and other seven functions. Special attention should be paid to the use of soybeans, its protein content than chicken. Fish. Beef to be high, 12 times higher than milk, and inexpensive, has now been made of instant soybean milk crystal, its protein content is much higher than milk.
(9)Eat more hawthorn or hawthorn products. Hawthorn is medicine and food elimination. It has the function of losing weight and lowering blood pressure. The function of lowering pressure.
(1O)Usually pay attention to proper drinking water. Because a large amount of drinking water is caused by the body flaccid obesity of a factor; In addition to the accumulation of urine will increase the bladder with the carcinogenic substances in the urine contact time, may lead to the occurrence of bladder cancer. Thirsty people should drink water, including during training, but in moderation. It is best to slowly ingest a small amount of water one hour after training, which not only avoids overburdening the heart, but also allows the body to slowly replenish water. Usually it is best to drink more oolong tea or green tea, because it can both quench your thirst and quench your weight loss.
(11) Moderate drinking. White wine is very high in calories, drink more and obesity. Beer is the best drink, commonly known as liquid bread, appropriate drinking can be appetizing. Thirst to summer, beer contains a variety of B vitamins and a variety of amino acids, only 4 to 5% alcohol. Containing calories is not high, but the bitter hops can promote the secretion of digestive juices, to help digestion and absorption, so a lot of drinking beer and the ensuing feast is easy to get fat, so drinking beer must also be moderate.
A few thoughts on the legalization of the status of dietitians in China Nutrition, as an independent discipline, originated in chemistry, and its development process benefited from the progress of epidemiology, infectious diseases, especially cytology and molecular biology technology. In the late 1980s, the international nutritional science community has established the definition of nutrition: the sum of the processes related to the growth, maintenance and repair of the entire living organism or a part of it. Foreign countries, especially Japan's rapid development of nutrition, nutrition legislation is relatively perfect. In China, nutritionist as a new profession has just been born. The legalization of the status of dietitian refers to the dietitian as a profession recognized by law, that is, the dietitian enjoys the same equal legal status as other industry practitioners, the law clearly defines the rights and obligations of the dietitian, and regulates the process of practice of the dietitian. First, the background of the legalization of the status of dietitians 1, the nutritional status of our residents is not optimistic. In recent years, with the development of the economy and people's living standards continue to improve, China's urban and rural residents of the dietary nutritional status compared with more than a decade ago has improved significantly, but is faced with nutritional deficiencies and nutritional excess of the double challenge. Nutritional deficiencies are caused by insufficient eating or eating that cannot be fully absorbed and utilized or consumed by chronic diseases. The typical nutritional deficiency is protein-energy malnutrition. Overnutrition is when energy intake exceeds the body's consumption. Diseases often caused by obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebral thrombosis, fatty liver and diabetes mellitus. Nutritional deficiencies and over-nutrition are both malnutrition, which can cause damage to the body. Researcher Zhai Fengying, secretary-general of the Chinese Nutrition Society, said that at present, China's undernourished population is one of the largest in the world, and the annual loss thus brought about is about 300 billion to 500 billion yuan. The Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the National Bureau of Statistics jointly issued a survey report shows that the incidence of hypertension, high blood pressure and other chronic diseases caused by over-nutrition is increasing year by year, and the age of the patients is becoming younger and younger. There are 160 million adults with dyslipidemia, 160 million adults with hypertension, and more than 20 million people with diabetes. In large cities, 30 out of every 100 adults are overweight. The health condition of Chinese residents is not optimistic. 2, the current situation of China's dietitians (1) a serious lack of dietitians According to the Ministry of Health and other investigations, the main reason for the over-nutrition of urban residents is the lack of the necessary nutritional knowledge and skills. At the same time, the general shortage of nutritionists, especially the lack of highly skilled public **** nutritionists, the number of which is seriously unbalanced in proportion to the population. China's population of 1.3 billion only more than 3,000 dietitians, and basically distributed inside the hospital, community kindergartens and other institutions are difficult to find dietitians. 2003 National Food and Nutrition Advisory Committee had a national clinical hospitals to do a survey, surveyed 403 hospitals, only a small number of large hospitals are equipped with two or three dietitians, most of the hospitals because they can not find the relevant talent, it is not equipped. (2) Professional qualification standards vary, training in a variety of names, the quality of dietitians is a concern. Recently, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security to the health manager, public **** nutritionist as the fourth batch of new occupations announced to the community, marking the beginning of China's nutritionist career development on track. However, the recent reporter in the dietitian qualification, the current situation and service content of the survey, found that there are many imperfections. Nutrition training and certification in society in a variety of names. The face of the reporter about which name is the authentic nutritionist's question, different training leaders have their own views, self-explanatory, but the same is that they are committed to training and certification after the national validity of the certificate. Experts told reporters that all of these various training and certification certificates, are not part of the country's official certification of the profession. In other words, the existing public **** nutritionist certificate is only "job training" certificate, and nutritional health is only the Association of certification. The reporter also found that some training courses threshold is very low, the training time is very short, an elementary school graduate training two weeks to become a nutritionist. How to ensure the quality of such a quick-fix nutritionist? China Elderly Healthcare Medical Research Association's deputy secretary-general Yifei, is this time to the Ministry of Labor and Social Security to provide approval of public **** nutritionist subject of the main person in charge of the research report. For the public **** nutritionist training and quality issues, she said, now the Ministry of Labor and Social Security is the occupation of national standards, national teaching materials, national accreditation and other issues for further discussion, once the national standards have been determined, the public **** dietitian this emerging profession will have a scientific trajectory of development. Second, the development of the legalization process of the status of nutritionist This year, "two sessions" before the 46 well-known experts in China jointly called for nutrition legislation to improve national life and health. The Ministry of Health held a special seminar on China's nutrition improvement legislation, the State Council Legislative Affairs Office listened carefully to the views of experts, said that the necessity of nutrition legislation is very clear, which creates a supportive environment for nutrition legislation. In order to solve the most urgent problems in dietary nutrition in China at present, the Chinese Nutrition Society was commissioned by the Ministry of Health to draft the National Nutrition Regulations was completed in March, May submitted to the Ministry of Health and the relevant state ministries and commissions for further discussion, is expected to be introduced in recent years. The forthcoming National Nutrition Regulations (for Trial Implementation) will focus on the following issues: nutritional surveys and monitoring, nutritional content must be indicated on food labels, and nutrition for infants, young children, women and other special populations. The Regulations also stipulate that restaurants with a seating capacity of 100 must have a nutritional dispenser, and restaurants with a seating capacity of 300 or more must have a nutritional manager. Meanwhile, all kindergartens and schools are required to have a professional nutritionist. The feasibility of the Regulations, especially the practicability of having nutritionists, is questionable. It is difficult to implement it in rural areas where there are no kindergartens. In addition, according to the estimation of the number of people provided for in the Regulation, there is currently a shortage of about 4 million nutritionists in China. In sharp contrast, China's food and beverage consumption level is growing rapidly. Statistics from the China Cuisine Association show that in 1991, the total turnover of the national food and beverage outlets for only 49.2 billion yuan, to 2004, this figure rose to 748.6 billion yuan, China Cuisine Association, deputy secretary-general of the border, said this year this figure is expected to exceed 880 billion yuan. There is therefore an irreconcilable contradiction between the number of nutritionists and the feasibility of the Regulations. Preparations for legislation on nutrition have been underway for many years, and the Regulations on Nutritional Work and the Law on Nutritionists have been in the process of drafting and discussion. Third, the process of professional legalization of the practice of dietitians and explore Nutrition in China relative to other industries so far does not have a very perfect, ideal legal, policy environment, there is no effective intervention in the management system, the existing legislation in this area is still a blank, all the problems in the field of nutrition can only be measured through the industry self-regulation and ethical norms to be resolved. So, what will be the basis for future nutrition practitioners, especially those who have obtained or are trying to obtain the professional qualification of dietitian, to practice in their future work? How to protect their own interests through effective means? Receive nutrition services to the demand for (customers / helpers) and what will rely on to ensure their legitimate rights and interests? 1, the legal status of the nutritionist from the essence of jurisprudence, "nutritionist" as a new concept of the profession, as with other industries, should be a professional subject of the image of the face of social needs. From the above classification, it can be seen that Chinese dietitians mainly exist in two major fields: one is the internal organization of relevant medical, education, catering and other units, who, as the employees of the above units, provide services for the demand groups in the name of the units; and the other is the establishment or formation of unincorporated nutritional service organizations in the capacity of a natural person, who provide services to the society in the name of the individual or the organization directly. Nutritionist's individual practice is the main body of the "natural person" (i.e., the concept of "citizen"), the main body of its legal responsibility is also a natural person. Of course, with the development of society, we do not rule out the possibility of the emergence of such diversified forms as cooperation, partnership (lawyers, certified public accountants, foreign psychologists) and even corporations. In contrast, medical, education, catering units within the nutritionist, although the actual provider of nutrition services, but does not have and the demand for people between the kind of contractual relationship or service consumption relationship in the status of one of the main parties, the bearer of its legal responsibilities and the enjoyment of the rights of the (i.e.: the legal subject) should be the unit in which they are located, and they are only in the name of the "unit" in the performance of their duties. The name of the "unit" in the performance of duties. 2, the legitimacy of the nutritionist service behavior According to the civil legal action "legal, from the law; not statutory, from the agreement" principle, in the current industry is still no special laws (special law) regulations to bind the premise of the nutritionist and its customers between the agreement and behavior, such as not violating the "General Principles of the Civil Law" (General Law) Article 55 The provisions of the General Principles of Civil Law (General Law): that is: to meet ① actor has the corresponding civil capacity; ② meaning true; ③ "does not violate the law, administrative regulations and social public **** interest" three conditions, the two sides of the agreement between the written, verbal or other forms of behavior, should be regarded as a valid civil legal act. In short, at this time the counselor's services are legal. 3, the legal protection of the practice of dietitians to obtain a nutritionist certificate of qualification according to the different levels of nutrition services in line with their capabilities. Then, in the end, how should be practiced? At present, the industry regulations have not been issued, because physicians, lawyers and the nature of the process of practicing dietitians have many similarities with the practice, we may wish to draw on, but also for the future of nutrition legislation to do some useful exploration. (1) the management of dietitians ① licensing (practice registration system); ② industry authorities; ③ the following conditions are not qualified to practice: a not fully civil capacity; b has been subjected to criminal penalties; c has been canceled dietitian qualifications; d is not suitable to engage in the practice of other circumstances. (2) Counselor practice conditions In accordance with the nutrition services business (a service industry) related to the legal provisions of several other industries (such as the "Practicing Physicians Law", "Certified Public Accountants Law", "Lawyers Law" practice procedures) and practices, the author believes that dietitian practice should have the following conditions: ① with a number of practitioners in line with the occupational standards and years of experience (with the qualification to practise); ② have a (ii) a suitable name, organization and place; (iii) funds (at least = 10,000 yuan) and equipment and instruments appropriate to its business; (iv) appropriate rules and regulations; (v) the ability to independently assume civil liability. (3) Nutrition service organization opening procedures ① application for establishment; ② approval; ③ opening. (4) nutritionist practice content and legal form ① practice content: according to the division of occupational function, the content of its work are: a nutrition survey b nutrition measurement c nutrition management d nutrition consultation and guidance e nutrition education, etc. ② legal form of service: "service contract" of the main content: 1) the two parties; Party A (dietitian and his organization) Party B (customers / helpers / demanders) 2) the subject matter of the contract: nutritional health services; 3) fees : Nutritional health services; 3) Charged price/remuneration; 4) Time (cycle) and location of the service (professional location - Nutritional Studio); 5) Treatment program: 6) Rights and obligations of the two parties: A Party A's rights a Provide nutritional services in accordance with the professional standards and industry norms; b Implement the service according to the established dietary program, and Party A has the right to terminate the contract in case of the seeker's unprovoked obstruction; c B. Party A's obligations: a. Provide nutrition services according to professional standards and industry norms; b. Combine the actual situation of the help-seeker, designate scientific dietary programs and implement them; c. Protect Party B's right to health and life; d. Protect Party B's right to privacy. D. Party B's obligations: a To state his/her true situation so that Party A can make accurate judgment; b To accept Party A's meal plan and try to cooperate with it; c To deliver remuneration according to the agreement; 7) Liability for breach of contract; 8) Privacy protection, confidentiality clause; 9) Other agreements. 4, the rights and obligations of the dietitian (1) rights ① within the scope of laws and regulations, professional standards and industry practices allow, specialized nutrition services, choose a reasonable dietary program; ② engaged in nutrition research, academic exchanges, participate in professional academic groups; ③ to participate in professional training, continuing education in nutrition; ④ on the nutrition of the organization and the relevant departments of the work of the comments and suggestions, according to law; participate in the democratic management of the organization; ④ to participate in the nutrition of the organization and the work of the relevant departments of the views and suggestions, according to law (iv) To give opinions and suggestions on the nutrition work of the organization and the work of related departments, and to participate in the democratic management of the organization in accordance with the law; (v) To be free from any infringement of human dignity and personal safety in the practice of the profession; (vi) To receive wages, remuneration or allowances, and to enjoy the welfare benefits stipulated by the state; (vii) Others. (2) Obligations ① Comply with laws, regulations and policy provisions; ② Comply with the rules of the trade (industry practices, trading rules ......) and industry service practices; ③ Establish a spirit of dedication, abide by professional ethics, fulfill the duties of dietitians, and dedication to customer service; ④ Respect for the personality of the client, care for the client, love the client, and to protect the client's right to privacy; ⑤ Promote nutritional health knowledge and provide nutritional health education to the whole society including the community; ⑥ Be liable for compensation in accordance with the law if the interests of the clients are damaged due to intentional or gross negligence. 5, legal responsibility (1) the main body of responsibility: ① dietitians to perform their duties in the unit (hospitals, schools, catering units, etc.) is the main body of responsibility; the unit's own property to assume civil liability. ② individual practicing dietitians as a service subject in their own name and personal property to assume legal responsibility. If the family **** have property investment, or the main part of the proceeds for the enjoyment of family members, the family property to assume civil liability. In addition, individual practicing dietitians can operate in partnership or start a name, called a personal partnership. The partners are jointly and severally liable externally, and internally, they share the liability and distribute the surplus in accordance with the proportion of capital contribution or mutual agreement. (2) Possible damages: ① Damage to the demander's right to body, health and life; ② Damage to the demander's and his/her close relatives' right to property; ③ Mental damage to the demander and his/her close relatives; ④ Damage to the demander's right to reputation and right to privacy. These damages generally occur at the same time, but sometimes only one or several of them occur. (3) Ways of assuming legal responsibility According to Article 143 of the General Principles of Civil Law, if a dietitian has a dispute with a client/needer/helper due to his/her duties, the ways of assuming legal responsibility are as follows according to the possible damages: (1) stopping the infringement; (2) eliminating the dangers; (3) returning the property; (4) restoring the original state; (5) compensating for the damages; (6) paying the breach of contract damages; (7) eliminating the influence and restoring the reputation; (8) apologizing for the damages. The above ways of assuming civil liability can be applied individually or in combination. If litigation is involved, the person may also be admonished, ordered to make a statement of repentance, seized property and illegal gains from illegal activities, and fined or detained in accordance with the law. The consequences of what kind of behavior should be determined on a case-by-case basis. We, as future practicing dietitians, will be united in confidence in the cause of nutrition.
Fourth, conclusion
In summary, the core principle of healthy weight loss is to adjust the dietary structure and emphasize balanced diet. It is unhealthy and unscientific to slim down and lose weight through dieting alone. Because obesity is not simply a problem of excess nutrition, weight loss can not be at the expense of health. Pay attention to reasonable, balanced diet nutrition, can also achieve the effect of healthy weight loss.