Key review materials for the 2007 Customs Declarer Examination
Demurrage and despatch charges
If all goods cannot be loaded and unloaded within the specified loading and unloading time , causing the ship to continue to be berthed in the port, causing the shipowner to increase the port expenses and suffer loss of shipping schedule, then from the end of the permitted loading and unloading time to the completion of loading and unloading of all cargo, compensation (penalty) will be paid to the shipowner based on the actual delay time ), which is demurrage or demurrage. On the contrary, if the charterer completes the loading and unloading operations in advance within the specified loading and unloading time, the ship can leave the port in advance, allowing the ship owner to save port costs and obtain shipping schedule benefits. The ship owner must pay the charterer a fee for the time saved. A certain amount of reward is stipulated to be paid. This is Dispatch Money. Voyage charter contracts usually stipulate a certain amount per day for these two types of expenses, and calculate them on a pro-rata basis for less than one day. The specific amount depends on the operating cost of the ship. The despatch fee is customarily half of the demurrage fee.
Liner Transport
Liner Transport (Liner Transport), also known as regular shipping liner (liner), refers to ships transporting goods according to fixed routes, ports and in advance. Sailing on a published sailing schedule to engage in passenger and cargo transport business and charge freight at pre-announced rates. Liner shipping is more suitable for the transportation of general groceries and small quantities of goods. in the international shipping business. Except for bulk commodities, which are transported by chartered ships, most of them are transported by liner. For goods with sporadic transactions, large batches, and dispersed arrivals at the port, liner companies are usually willing to carry them as long as the liner has space, regardless of the quantity, direct arrival or transshipment. In addition, liner transportation procedures are simple, bringing convenience to shippers and providing better transportation quality. Therefore, the use of liner transportation is conducive to the development of international trade.
Liner shipping has the following three characteristics:
1. "Four certainties". That is, fixed routes, fixed ports, fixed shipping schedules and relatively fixed freight rates.
2. “One responsibility”. That is, the carrier is responsible for loading, loading and unloading the goods, and the freight includes loading and unloading costs. The carrier and the shipper do not calculate demurrage and despatch charges.
3. The rights, obligations and liability exemptions of both the carrier and the shipper, as well as the terms of the issued bill of lading.
Among them, "four must be responsible and one is responsible" is the basic feature of liner shipping.
Liner freight
Liner freight (Liner freight) is the fee charged by the liner company to the cargo owner for transporting goods. It includes the handling charges of the goods and the transportation charges and additional charges of the goods from the port of shipment to the port of destination.
The basic freight rate of liner freight includes the loading cost of the goods at the loading port and the unloading cost at the destination port, as well as the transportation cost from the loading port to the destination port. The calculation standards mainly include the following:
1. Calculated based on the gross weight of the goods, which is represented by the letter "W" in the freight rate list. Generally, the billing unit is metric tons, and also long tons or long tons. Those charged in short tons are called weight tons.
2. It is charged according to the volume of the goods, which is represented by the letter "M" in the freight rate list. Generally, it is billed in 1 cubic meter, and it is also billed in 40 cubic feet, which is called " Tons of sizes”. The size tons and the above-mentioned weight tons are collectively referred to as Freight tons.
3. Charge based on the price of the goods, also known as ad valorem freight. It is represented by "A.V." or "Ad Valoerm" in the freight rate list, and is generally charged at a certain percentage of the FOB price.
4. The gross weight or volume of the goods will be charged from the highest, which will be expressed by the letters "W/M" in the freight rate list. That is, if the volume of a weight ton of cargo exceeds 1 cubic meter or 40 cubic feet, it will be charged as a size ton; if the volume is less than 1 cubic meter or 40 cubic feet, it will be charged as a weight ton.
The freight rate list is also marked with the letters "W/M or A.V." and "W/M plus; A.A.". The former means that the freight is calculated based on the weight or volume of the goods or the ad valorem, whichever is higher; The buyer stated that the goods would be collected based on the highest gross weight or volume, and then a certain percentage of ad valorem freight would be added.
5. Collection is based on the number of pieces of goods. For example, cars are classified as units, and live animals are classified as heads.
6. Temporary agreement (open rate). It is suitable for agricultural and sideline mineral products such as grain, beans, coal, ore, which have large transportation volumes, low cargo prices, and fast loading and unloading speeds. The cargo owner and the shipping company can temporarily negotiate.
The surcharges in liner freight mainly include Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF), Heavy Lift Additional, Over Length Additional, Tank Cleaning Charge), Direct Additional, Optional Additional, Port Additional, Port Congestion Surcharge, Devaluation Surcharge, etc. Since there are many types of surcharges and they account for a large proportion in liner freight, more attention should be paid to specific operations to prevent missed stitches or miscalculations.
Calculation method of liner freight
To calculate liner freight, you should usually first find out the grade and charge of the goods in the cargo classification table in English alphabetical order based on the English name of the goods. standard. Accordingly, find out the basic rates and relevant additional rates for the routes and ports in the route rate table. The sum of the basic rate and surcharge rate for a certain cargo is the unit freight rate per freight ton of the cargo, and then multiplied by the billing weight or volume size of the batch of goods is the total freight rate. As for goods billed ad valorem, the total freight rate shall be calculated by multiplying the total FOB value of the batch of goods by the percentage rate specified by the freight performance. For goods subject to provisional negotiated freight rates, charges will be calculated based on the agreed rates between the cargo owner and the shipping company.
It is worth noting that according to the provisions of the general rate schedule, if different commodities are mixed in one package (excluding containers). Then all goods will be charged according to the higher-priced product; the same kind of goods will have different charging standards due to different packaging. If the specific packaging form is not declared at the time of consignment, all goods will be charged according to the higher-priced package; If there are two or more goods with different pricing standards in the same bill of lading, if the name and quantity of the goods are not specified when shipping, the charging standard and freight rate will be calculated based on the higher one.
In addition, there are minimum freight provisions in the liner rate schedule. The minimum freight for each bill of lading is determined according to different regions, whether to transship, etc. However, if the volume of all cargo does not exceed 0.2 cubic meters and the weight does not exceed 50 kilograms, you can ask the shipping company to transport it free of charge.
International railway waybill
The international railway waybill and its copy are the main transport documents for international railway transport. It is a transportation contract between the consignor and the railway of the sending country. Both shippers and railroads have legal effect. When the consignor submits all the goods to the originating station and pays all fees payable by the consignor, and the originating station stamps a date stamp on the waybill and a copy of the waybill to prove that the goods have been accepted for carriage, it is deemed that the contract of carriage is Already effective. The waybill is transported along with the goods from the originating station to the final destination station. Finally, after the consignee pays the freight and miscellaneous charges payable by the consignee at the final destination station, the goods are handed over to the consignee by the railway along with the goods. A copy of the waybill is the main document used by the shipper to settle the bill with the bank. The railway waybill is not a document of property rights and therefore cannot be transferred by endorsement.
Air transportation
Air transportation has many advantages: rapid delivery; saving on packaging, insurance and storage costs; can be shipped to all parts of the world without restrictions on rivers, seas and roads; safe and punctual; therefore , is particularly suitable for transporting perishable, fresh, highly seasonal, and urgently needed commodities. There are many ways to transport air cargo, including flights, charter flights, centralized consignment, and air emergency delivery. Air emergency delivery is currently the fastest mode of transportation in international air transportation. This method is different from general air mail and air freight. Instead, an organization specializing in this business cooperates with the airline to transmit the goods between the shipper, the airport and the consignee as quickly as possible. It is particularly beneficial for transporting urgently needed medicines, medical equipment, valuables, drawings, samples, documents, etc. It is called "desk to desk express service".
Air freight is generally calculated based on weight or volume, whichever is higher. However, the calculation method for converting volume into kilograms or pounds varies from airline to airline. Some are converted into one kilogram based on 6000 cubic centimeters or 365 cubic inches; some are converted into one kilogram based on 7000 cubic centimeters or 427 cubic inches; there are also those converted into one pound based on 166 cubic inches or 194 cubic inches. As for the mantissa, rounding is generally used.
Air waybill (Air waybill) is the official document of air transportation and a receipt for the goods issued by the carrier after receiving the goods. After the goods arrive at the destination, the carrier issues an "arrival notice" to the consignee, and the consignee picks up the goods based on the "arrival notice" and signs for receipt on the freight bill. Therefore, the air waybill is not a document of property rights and is non-transferable.
Postal transportation
International postal transportation needs to pass through one or several countries, so it is widely international, and it usually needs to go through the post offices of two or more countries. The joint operation of two or more different modes of transportation can be completed, and the sender only needs to go through the consignment procedures once with the post office, pay enough postage at once and obtain a postal parcel receipt (Parcel Post Receipt) as the post office receives the parcel. This is the basis for claiming compensation from the post office when the voucher and parcel are lost or damaged. All other matters will be handled by the post offices of each country. When the mail arrives at its destination, the recipient can pick up the mail with the post office arrival notification. Therefore, international postal transportation is of the nature of international multimodal transport.
Post offices are located all over the country. Mail can generally be posted at the nearest local post office. After the mail reaches the destination, the recipient can also pick it up at the local post office. It can be seen that postal transportation is also a kind of "door-to-door" transportation, which brings convenience to senders and recipients. However, international postal transportation is different from the large-volume cargo transportation business in international trade. International postal transportation has restrictions on the weight and volume of mail. Generally, it is stipulated that the weight of each piece should not exceed 20 kilograms and the length should not exceed 1 meter. Therefore, postal parcel transportation is only suitable for light and small commodities, such as precision instruments, tools, machine parts, medicines, samples and various scattered items that are urgently needed for production.
Our country has signed postal parcel agreements and postal and telecommunications agreements with many countries. Postal transportation to these countries can be handled according to the agreement or agreement. Our country also restored and joined the Universal Postal Union in 1972. The Universal Postal Union is referred to as the "Postal Union". Its purpose is to: form an international postal field to facilitate mutual exchange of mail; organize and improve international postal services to facilitate the development of international cooperation; promote advanced experience and provide postal technical assistance to member states.
Container transportation (1)
Container (Container) is an auxiliary equipment for cargo transportation. According to international regulations, containers should meet the following conditions: they can be used repeatedly for a long time and have sufficient strength; they can be transferred during transit without moving the goods in the container; they can be loaded and unloaded quickly, and can be transported directly and conveniently from one means of transport; Change to another means of transport; facilitate filling and emptying of goods; have a volume of one cubic meter or more.
Container transportation is the transportation of a certain number of single items of goods packed into a specific box as a transportation unit. In order to adapt to the needs of different goods, containers are designed into various types. Such as dry cargo containers, refrigerated containers; hanging containers, open-top containers; frame containers, livestock containers, tank containers and platform containers, etc. There are two packing methods for goods transported in containers: full container load (FCL) and less than container load (LCL). FCL can be packed by the shipper himself in the factory or warehouse; or The carrier can pack the containers for you and send them directly to the container yard (CY) to wait for shipment. Carriers can also pick up boxes at inland depots. For LCL cargo, the shipper will deliver the goods to a container freight station (CFS) or an inland freight station outside the port, and the carrier will be responsible for packing. After arriving at the destination port, the full container goods are picked up directly by the consignee, while the consolidated goods are unpacked by the carrier at the container freight station at the destination port or at the inland freight station outside the port and distributed to each consignee. The handover of container transportation goods can be carried out between the port of departure and the port of destination, that is, the "port to port" method; it can also be carried out between the shipper and the consignee's factory or warehouse, that is, the "port to port" method. "Door to door" method.
Container transportation (2)
To date, container transportation has formed a worldwide transportation system and has become the dominant mode of transportation on major international liner routes. To sum up, container transportation mainly has the following advantages: (1) Improve cargo loading and unloading speed; (2) Improve port throughput capacity; (3) Accelerate ship turnover; (4) Reduce cargo damage and cargo difference; (5) Save packaging materials and packaging (6) Reduce transportation expenses and operating costs; (7) Simplify freight procedures and facilitate cargo transportation; (8) Promote the development of international multimodal transport, etc.
Currently, most of the container specifications adopted by countries around the world are based on the specifications formulated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). There are 13 general container standardized specifications formulated by the "International Organization for Standardization" in 1970, of which the four most widely used internationally are: 8 feet × 8.8 feet × 40 feet; 8 feet × 8 feet × 40 feet; 8 feet x 8 feet x 20 feet; 8 feet x 8.6 feet x 20 feet. In actual use, dedicated terminals and venues are required; mechanized loading and unloading equipment and ships, and they are usually multimodal transportation.
Container transportation (3)
There are several different methods for calculating container transportation costs: some charge a surcharge per freight ton; some charge a surcharge based on the box rate. Some of the box rates are regardless of the type of goods and the utilization level of the box capacity, some stipulate the minimum number of boxes, and some also stipulate the grade line of the goods to be loaded. If the goods exceed the specified grade, they will be charged according to the actual grade. Those that are below the specified level will be charged according to the specified level; some shipping companies operating container transportation also have minimum freight regulations. The minimum freight regulations for consolidated cargo are basically the same as those for liner transport. For full container cargo, if the cargo owner packs the container himself and the goods in the container do not meet the minimum billing standard, the cargo owner shall be responsible for the loss. When each shipping company sets standards for different types and uses based on weight tons and size tons, the cargo owner will bear the loss. Each shipping company stipulates a minimum packing tonnage for containers of different types and uses based on weight tons and size tons, and the higher of the two is used as the minimum freight tonnage for containerized goods. Therefore, in actual operation, it is crucial to improve container stowage technology and make full use of container volume space to save transportation costs.
International multimodal transport
International multimodal transport (international combined transport) developed with the occurrence and development of container transport. In order to promote the development of international multimodal transport, the International Chamber of Commerce promulgated the Uniform Rules for Combined Transport Documents (ICC Publication No. 298) in 1975. Provisions are made for the recognition of multimodal transport documents, and it is clearly stated that if there are no special provisions in the letter of credit, banks can accept multimodal transport documents issued by multimodal transport operators, thus providing favorable conditions for the development of multimodal transport. At the Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods held in Geneva in September 1980, the United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods (United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods) was discussed and unanimously adopted by 84 UNCTAD member states participating in the meeting. Transport of Goods). Detailed provisions are made on the responsibilities, claims and litigation of multimodal transport operators and consignors, as well as the scope of application of multimodal transport documents and the convention and the management authority of relevant countries. The Convention defines international multimodal transport as follows: “International multimodal transport is the transport of goods by a multimodal transport operator from the place where the goods are received in a country to A designated place in another country for delivery of the goods”.
According to the above definition, the following six conditions must be met to constitute international multimodal transport:
1. There must be a multimodal transport contract;
2. A multimodal transport document covering the entire journey must be used;
3. It must be a continuous transport of at least two different modes of transport;
4. It must be international Transportation of goods between;
5. A multimodal transport operator (MTO) must be responsible for the entire transportation;
6. It must be a single transport throughout the entire journey Freight rate (single factor rate).
International multimodal transport generally uses containers for transportation, which is conducive to handover and continuous transportation between different modes of transportation. When the consignor consigns the goods to the multimodal transport operator, the multimodal transport operator is responsible for arranging the transportation no matter how many modes of transportation are used, and agrees to be responsible to the consignor. This creates a problem for the consignor and the consignee. People provide many conveniences. The international multimodal transport operator may be the actual carrier, or it may not be the actual carrier, but may entrust the means of transportation to other carriers or entrust sub-carriers to complete the tasks in stages. Therefore, this kind of intermodal transport operator is often called a "non-vessel operating common (NOCC)". The cargo owner only needs to apply for the entrustment once and pay a fee. The procedure is very simple. Therefore, the advantages of international multimodal transport are manifold.
Delivery time (1)
In international trade, there are two different terms: "delivery" and "shipment"; therefore, there is also " There are two different formulations: "time of delivery" and "time of shipment". But in a strict sense, "delivery" and "shipment" have different concepts. The original meaning of "shipment" refers to the act of handing over the goods to the ship for transportation to the agreed destination, which is what is called shipping in general practice; while "delivery" refers to the seller's voluntary transfer of possession of the goods to the buyer. behavior. In a sales contract involving transportation, the seller hands the goods to the carrier or, in the case of transhipment or continuous transportation, to a second carrier for shipment to the buyer, which is also delivery.
Modern international trade mostly uses Group F and Group C trade terms. The goods sales contract using these terms is a shipment contract. In this type of transaction, the seller is at the port of shipment or place of departure. The delivery obligation is fulfilled when the goods are loaded on the means of transportation or delivered to the carrier or first carrier for delivery to the buyer. In this case, "delivery" and "shipment" are identical. Therefore, in practice, these two words are often used together, and "delivery time" and "shipping time" become synonymous. The International Chamber of Commerce's Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits also stipulates this. Publication No. 500 clearly states in Article 46a: "Unless otherwise provided in the letter of credit, the word 'shipment' used to specify the earliest and/or latest shipment date will be understood to mean ' Loading on board vessel, dispatch, dispatch, date of pick up, etc. and similar words are also included in the multimodal transport document required by the letter of credit "taking in charge" (taking in charge). "However, it should be noted that under a shipment contract using terms in Groups F and C, the "delivery" of the goods to the "carrier" shall not occur before the transfer of the transport document. , especially when CIF, CFR, etc. are transported by ocean, the ownership of the goods has not been transferred to the buyer, so this "delivery" is only "constructive delivery". In this sense, "delivery" and "shipment" are different. Therefore, even "shipping contract" should not be used interchangeably. When stipulating the delivery time clause in a sales contract, it seems appropriate to use "shipping time" to avoid misunderstandings.
Delivery time (2)
In actual business, delivery time generally specifies a deadline rather than a specific date. The term can be long or short, it can be delivery within two weeks, three weeks, or one month, or it can be two months, one quarter, or longer. Currently, the following stipulation methods are commonly used:
Stipulate that shipment be shipped within a certain month. For example: Shipment during Jan. According to this regulation, all goods can be shipped on any day within the period from January 1 to January 31.
Specifies shipment on or before the end of a certain month. For example: Shipment at or before the end of June (Shipment at or before the end of June), that is, from the date of signing the contract, the shipment will be no later than June 30.
Specifies shipment on or before the end of a certain month. For example: Shipment on or before July 15th (Shipment on or before July 15th), that is, from the date of entering into the contract, shipment will be no later than July 15th.
Multi-month shipment means shipment within a certain two, three or several months. For example: January/February shipment or January/February/March shipment (Shipment during Jan/Feb. or Jan/Feb/March shipment), which means that the goods can be shipped from January 1 to February 28 or January respectively. Shipment on any day within this period from 1st to March 31st.
The above four methods all clearly stipulate specific deadlines and are widely used in international trade. This stipulates that the seller can have a certain amount of time to prepare goods and arrange transportation, and the buyer can also make preparations in advance to pay for the goods and receive the goods.
Port of shipment or place of dispatch
The delivery place and delivery time of the goods also vary with the different trade terms used in the contract.
In a shipment contract using Group F and Group C trade terms, when the seller loads the goods on a ship bound for the port of destination at the agreed port of shipment or delivers the goods to the carrier or the first carrier at the agreed place according to the contract, The delivery obligation is fulfilled when the goods are delivered to the buyer. Therefore, the delivery obligation is fulfilled when the goods with such conditions are handed over to the carrier or the first carrier for shipment to the buyer. Therefore, in the goods sales contract with such conditions, the delivery obligation is fulfilled. The port of destination or place of departure should usually be clearly specified.
Generally speaking, the port of shipment or place of dispatch is proposed by the seller based on the conditions to facilitate the shipment and export of goods and determined with the consent of the buyer. In the export business, a transaction contract usually stipulates only one port of shipment or place of shipment. For example: Tianjin and Shanghai (Tiantsin and Shanghai); Tianjin/Shanghai/Dalian (Tiantsin/Shanghai/Dalian). If the specific port of shipment or place of delivery cannot be determined at the time of transaction, China Ports (China Ports) can also be specified.
Port of destination or destination
In order to facilitate transportation arrangements, CIF and CFR contracts must specify the port of destination (Port of destination), while in CIP and CPT contracts, the purpose must be specified place of destination. Although the buyer arranges the transportation for export contracts concluded on FOB and FCA terms, in order to prevent the buyer from shipping the goods to countries or regions that are not allowed by policy, or we have an underwriting or exclusive agency agreement with other customers in that country or region. or there are other business reasons (such as different practices in different regions). In order to prevent situations that conflict with policies or franchises or are inconsistent with our business intentions, it is also necessary to clearly specify the destination port or destination. If necessary, stipulations can be clearly stated in the contract as to where the goods can only be sold or where they cannot be sold. In practice, the port of destination or destination is usually proposed by the buyer and determined with the consent of the seller.
The export contract generally stipulates one destination port or destination, and sometimes two or more destinations may be specified based on actual business needs. The buyer shall confirm before shipment and notify the seller accordingly to arrange transportation. For example: London/Liverpool; London/Liverpool/Manchester.
When determining the port of destination or destination, the following issues should be paid attention to:
1. It must be clear and specific. Generally, do not use "European Main Ports" (EMP). ), “African Main Ports” (AMP) and other general provisions. Because there is no unified explanation for this internationally, and the loading and unloading conditions and transportation costs of different ports or locations may also be very different; some ports may not be the ports where liners frequently call, and it may be difficult to send a dedicated ship, or it may be difficult to send a ship specifically. It is not economically worthwhile; some destinations may not have the necessary transportation conditions or poor facilities, or the cost may be too expensive. This may cause economic losses, and even cause difficulties in contract performance and unnecessary disputes and controversies.
2. If the contract stipulates that the goods will be transported by sea and there is no direct liner to the port of destination or there are few voyages, the contract should stipulate the terms that allow transshipment.
3. The destination port must be a port where the ship can safely berth.
4. For trade with landlocked countries that adopt CIF or CFR conditions, the port closest to the country where we can arrange ships should generally be selected as the destination port. In the case of multi-modal transport, unless the intermodal carrier can indeed accept the entire transportation, inland cities are generally not accepted as the destination.
In addition, when specifying the port of destination, attention should also be paid to the problem of duplicate names. Many cities around the world have the same names.
For example, there are 12 Victoria ports in the world. There is one Port in Tripoli in Libya and Lebanon, two coastal countries on the Mediterranean. There is also one Port in Sydney in Australia and Canada. Portland and Boston have ports with the same name in the United States and other countries. Therefore, in order to prevent misunderstandings and wrong shipments, any port or city with the same name should be added with the name of the country. If there is a port or city with the same name in the same country, the location of the country must also be added.
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