Potato planting Solanaceae annual herbs. Scientific name potato, taro, yam egg, yam boy (Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao region customary name), ground beans, ground egg (Shandong people customary name), groundnut (Jiangsu Xuzhou since Lianyungang area, especially in the middle of Xinyi and other cities and counties of the customary name). The tubers are edible, and are an important food, vegetable and dual-purpose crop.
The main ways of selection and breeding are: ① the use of diploid hybrids producing 2n gametes and ordinary cultivars. ② use of new cultivars and ordinary cultivated species hybridization. Potatoes have high nutritional and medicinal value. General fresh potatoes contain ingredients: starch 9 ~ 20%, protein 1.5 ~ 2.3%, fat 0.1 ~ 1.1%, crude fiber 0.6 ~ 0.8%. 100g of potatoes contain nutrients: 66 ~ 113J, calcium 11 ~ 60mg, phosphorus 15 ~ 68mg, iron 0.4 ~ 4.8mg, thiamine 0.03 ~ 0.07mg, riboflavin 0.03 ~ 0.11mg, niacin 0.03 ~ 0.11mg. ～0.03-0.07mg of thiamin, 0.03-0.11mg of riboflavin, 0.4-1.1mg of niacin. In addition, potato tubers also contain carotene and ascorbic acid, which are not found in cereal grains. From a nutritional point of view, it has more advantages than rice, flour, can supply the body with a large number of calories, can be called "ten perfect food". A person can maintain his life and health with only potatoes and whole milk. Because the potato nutrient composition is very comprehensive, the nutritional structure is also more reasonable, but the amount of protein, calcium and vitamin A is a little low; and this is exactly with whole milk to supplement. Potato tubers have more water, less fat, calories per unit volume is quite low, the vitamin C contained is 10 times that of apples, B vitamins is 4 times that of apples, a variety of minerals is a few times that of apples to dozens of times ranging from eating a very good feeling of satiety. Potato fresh potatoes can be boiled for food or vegetables. But the fresh potato tuber volume, high water content, transportation and long-term storage difficulties. For this reason, countries all over the world pay much attention to the production of processed foods of potato, such as French frozen fried strips, fried pieces, instant powder, starch, and a wide variety of cakes, egg rolls and so on, for the number of more than 100 kinds. The fresh stems and leaves of potatoes can be used as fodder through silage, but they contain lobelia alkaloids, which must be prevented from causing livestock poisoning. Some areas of China use potato stems and leaves to do green manure, its fertilizer effect is similar to the purple yunnying.
Potato, also known as yams, potatoes, yam eggs, is the world is one of the major food crops. Second only to rice, wheat and corn. In our country potato planting area in recent years about 45 million mu, ranking first in the world. Potato in the country's provinces (cities) are cultivated, especially in the northern cold areas and southwest mountainous areas more widely planted. Sichuan is the largest province of potato cultivation area, the area of 2 million mu from the 1950s to the current 4.5 million mu (including spring and fall, excluding Chongqing Municipality), its large-area mu yield is generally in the 1000 kilograms or so. Potato nutrition comprehensive, high value, storage and storage time is long, is the rural people to improve the food structure, residents for health care of good food. In recent years with the development of the potato processing industry and the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, potato between sets, autumn and winter crop and replanting area is expanding, potato industry has become increasingly important in Sichuan Province, food, vegetables, feed and processing raw materials and other important crops.
Section I. Potato growth and environmental conditions
I. Temperature
Potato growth and development requires cooler climatic conditions, because it is native to the high Andes mountains in South America, the average annual temperature of 5 degrees -10 degrees, the highest average temperature of 24 degrees or so. China's southwestern mountainous areas, northwestern and some areas in the north, close to the climate conditions of the origin of the potato. However, potato planting after many years of artificial selection, there have been early, medium and late maturity period of different types of varieties, in a variety of climatic conditions can be planted. But after all, potato plants and tubers have their natural characteristics in terms of their biological response to temperature, so it is very important to understand these conditions when cultivating potatoes.
1, the plant's response to temperature
Sowed potato tubers in the ground 10 centimeters below the soil temperature of 7 degrees ~ 8 degrees, the young shoots can grow, 10 degrees ~ 20 degrees when the young shoots thrive and soon out of the ground. Sowing early potato seedlings often encountered late frost, the general temperature fell to -0.8 degrees when the seedlings are cold. Temperature drops to -2 degrees when the seedlings by frost damage, part of the stem and leaves withered, black, but in the temperature rise can also be issued from the node of the new stem and leaves, continue to grow. The optimal temperature for plant growth is about 21 degrees Celsius, at a high temperature of 42 degrees Celsius, the stem and leaves stop growing, when the temperature is -1.5 degrees Celsius, the stems are damaged by freezing, -3 degrees Celsius when the stems and leaves are all dead. The optimal temperature for flowering is 15 degrees to 17 degrees, below 5 degrees or above 38 degrees will not flower. Flowering period to -0.5 degrees low temperature is flower damage, -1 degrees so that the flowers die. Of course, the response to temperature varies depending on the cold resistance of the variety. But after understanding the relationship between potato plant growth and temperature, to strengthen the management of the field, to ensure that the potato to obtain high yield, has a vital significance.
2, tuber response to temperature
Potato tuber growth and development of the optimal temperature of 17 degrees to 19 degrees, the temperature is lower than 2 degrees and higher than 29 degrees, the tuber stops growing. In production practice often encounter two kinds of tuber growth anomaly.
The first phenomenon is sowing fast stem on the young shoots into a tuber, also known as boring potato or dream potato. This phenomenon is due to the tuber storage conditions before sowing is not good, the cellar temperature is high. Cellar temperature above 4 degrees, tuber dormancy period after the start of germination. Some cellar temperatures above 10 degrees, the tuber buds grow long, the tuber buds removed after sowing, nutrients within the tuber to the young shoots to move the transfer encountered low temperatures, the young shoots do not have the conditions for growth, so the nutrients stored up to form a new small tubers. If the tuber does not germinate when sowing or just start sprouting without growth, to be normal growth after the temperature rises, so it will not produce tubers.
The second phenomenon is in the tuber encountered a long period of high temperature that is to stop growing, to be watered after the rainfall of soil temperature drop, the tuber began to grow, that is, the second growth. Under these conditions some tubers are like dumbbells, some are like rosary beads, there are a variety of deformities. Of course, this phenomenon has a lot to do with whether the variety is heat-resistant. High-temperature sensitive varieties encountered drought and water shortage, soil temperature increases, the second growth tuber especially, while heat-resistant varieties may not appear or rarely appear on the ground into the branches, which will seriously affect the yield or reduce the quality of tubers. Such varieties should be timely irrigation to reduce soil temperature.
Two, water
Potato growth process must supply enough water to get high yield. Potato water demand and environmental conditions of the relationship between close and complex. Especially with the photosynthesis and transpiration of potato leaves, plants in the climatic conditions, soil type, soil organic matter content, the type and amount of fertilizer applied and field management, planting varieties, etc., have a great relationship. Research results show that potato plants consume about 708 liters of water per 1 kg of dry matter produced. When planting potatoes on loamy soil, the production of 1 kg of dry matter requires a minimum of 666 liters of water, a maximum of 1068 liters, while planting potatoes in sandy soil requires 1046-1228 liters of water. Generally 2000 kg of tubers are produced per acre, and the water requirement per acre is about 280 tons according to the weight of the above and below-ground parts of 1:1 and 20% of the dry matter. The period of the potato growth process that requires the most water is the period from bud to flower, and the growth of stems and leaves reaches its peak during the bloom period. Insufficient water during this time will affect plant development and yield. From flowering to stem and leaf growth stops, this period of time in the city stem growth is the largest, plant water needs are also very large, if insufficient water will prevent nutrient delivery to the tuber.
On the other hand, all the inorganic elements needed for potato growth must be dissolved in water before they can all be absorbed. If there is a lack of water in the soil, the plant will not be able to utilize even more nutrients. Similarly, plant photosynthesis and respiration can not be separated from water for a moment, such as insufficient water, only affects the manufacture and operation of nutrients, and will cause the stem and leaves to wilt, tuber yield reduction. Therefore, often keep the soil has enough water is an important condition of high potato yield. Normally, soil moisture is maintained at 60%-80%. Soil moisture more than 80% of the plant growth will also have a negative impact, especially in the late stage of excessive soil moisture or waterlogged for more than 24 hours, tubers are easy to rot. Waterlogged for more than 30 hours tubers rot in large quantities, and after more than 42 hours will be all rotten. Therefore, planting potatoes in low-lying areas should pay attention to drainage and the implementation of high ridge cultivation.
Three, soil
Potato on the soil to adapt to a wide range, the most suitable soil for potato growth is light loam. Because the tuber grows in the soil, there is enough air, respiration can be carried out successfully. Light loam is more fertile and not sticky, good permeability, not only on the tuber and root growth is favorable, but also increase the role of starch content. With this type of soil planting potatoes, generally fast germination, seedling neat, growing tubers smooth skin, potato shape normal, and easy to harvest.
Sticky soil planting potatoes, the best for high ridge cultivation. This kind of soil aeration is poor, flat planting or small ridge cultivation, often due to poor drainage caused by late rotten potatoes. The soil is sticky and heavy easy to knot, often make the tuber growth deformation or irregular tuber shape. But this kind of soil as long as the drainage is smooth, its soil water retention, fertilizer retention, planting potato is often very high yield. Management of such soils, mastering plowing, weeding and soil moisture is very important, once the soil is hardened, field management is very inconvenient, especially difficult to cultivate, such as tuber exposure will affect the quality. This type of soil production of potato tubers starch content is generally low.
Sandy soil planting potato should pay special attention to increase fertilizer. Because this type of soil water retention, fertilizer retention is the worst. Planting should be appropriate deep sowing, because once the rain is a little big to wash away the sand, it is easy to reveal stolons and tubers, is not conducive to the growth of potatoes, but to increase the management of the cause of difficulty. Sandy soil growing potatoes, tubers especially neat, smooth skin, normal shape, high starch content, easy to harvest.
Potato is more like acidic soil crops, soil hydrogen ion concentration of 100~1580 nmol/liter (PH4.8~7.0) potato growth are relatively normal. Hydrogen ion concentration of 897.1 ~ 2305.2 nmol / liter (PH5.64 ~ 6.05) when there is a tendency to increase the tuber starch content, but the hydrogen ion concentration of 15,850 nmol / liter above (PH4.8 the following) the soil is close to a strong acid is the plant foliage color pale showing early decline, yield loss; hydrogen ion concentration of 100 nmol / liter below (PH7.0) above the majority of non-tolerant varieties yield declined significantly. Alkali-resistant varieties yield a substantial decline; soil hydrogen ion concentration of 15.58 nmol / liter below (PH7.8 above) is not suitable for planting potatoes. Planting potatoes on this type of soil is not only low yield, but also alkali-intolerant varieties after sowing the tuber buds can not grow or even die.
Additionally high lime content of soil planting potatoes, prone to scab disease. Because this kind of soil actinomycetes especially active, often make potato tuber epidermis love serious damage. So encounter this situation, should choose to use disease-resistant varieties and application of acidic fertilizer.
Four, fertilizer
Fertilizer is the crop of food. There is no harvest in the water, harvest more or less in the fertilizer. Insufficient fertilizer or hunger during growth, it is impossible to high yield. Potato is a high-yield crop, need more fertilizer. When fertilizer is sufficient, the plant can reach the highest growth, and the corresponding tuber yield is also the highest. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium three elements in the potato needs the most fertilizer, followed by nitrogen fertilizer, need less phosphorus fertilizer.
1, nitrogen fertilizer
Nitrogen fertilizer on potato plant stem elongation and leaf area increase has an important role. Appropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer can promote potato branches and leaves, leaf color green, conducive to photosynthesis and the accumulation of nutrients to improve tuber yield and protein accountant has a great role. Nitrogen fertilizer is an important fertilizer for healthy growth and high yield of potato, but over-application will cause the plant to grow so that the delay in potato production, affecting the yield. Moreover, the branches and leaves are also susceptible to diseases, which will cause greater yield losses. On the contrary, if the nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient, the potato plant growth is poor, short stalks, leaf blade small leaf color light green or gray-green branching less, early flowering, the lower part of the plant leaf signs early withered, etc., and finally because of the plant growth potential is weak, the yield is very low. Early discovery of plant nitrogen deficiency timely fertilizer, can become low yield for high yield. Practice has proved that it is more difficult to control over-application of nitrogen fertilizer than under-application of nitrogen fertilizer. Because of the success of the seedling period found that nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient, can be applied to supplement the nitrogen fertilizer, and found that too much nitrogen fertilizer in addition to the control of irrigation, other methods are difficult to achieve results. And control of irrigation often cause stem and leaf withering, affecting normal growth. Therefore, the application of nitrogen fertilizer to pay attention to the right amount, not sure, rather than seedling fertilizer can not be too much base fertilizer.
2, phosphorus fertilizer
Phosphorus fertilizer, although less needed in the growth process of potato, but it is an indispensable important fertilizer for the healthy development of the plant. Especially phosphorus fertilizer can promote potato root development, so it is very important fertilizer. Phosphorus fertilizer filling seedling development, and promote early maturity, improve tuber quality and improve the role of storage.
Phosphorus fertilizer is insufficient when the potato plant growth and development is slow, stalk short leaf area is small, photosynthesis poor growth potential is weak. Phosphorus deficiency tuber appearance no special symptoms cut potato flesh often appear brown rust spot. With the increase in the degree of phosphorus deficiency, the rust spots expand accordingly, and the potato flesh rust spots are crispy and not soft when boiled, seriously affecting the quality.
3, potash
Potassium is an important element of potato seedling growth and development. Potassium fertilizer sufficient plant growth, solid stalks, leaf thickening, dense tissue, strong disease resistance. Potassium also plays an important role in promoting photosynthesis and starch formation, potassium fertilizer tends to make the maturity period is extended, but the tuber is large, high yield.
Deficiency of potassium potato plant internode shortening, delayed development, leaves become smaller, in the late leaf bronze-colored spots, leaves downward bending, plant lower leaves withered early, underdeveloped root system, stolon shortening, tuber small, low yield, poor quality, cooking potato flesh is easy to be gray-black.
In addition, the potato also needs calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc, molybdenum, iron, manganese and other trace elements, the lack of these elements, can also cause disease, reduce yield. But the vast majority of soil these elements are not deficient, so not generally do not need to apply.
Five, light
Potato is a light-loving crop, long hours of sunlight during the growth period, light intensity,
Favorable photosynthesis. Cultivated potato varieties, basically are long sunlight type. Sufficient light when the branches and leaves luxuriant, robust growth, easy to blossom and fruit, tuber large yield high especially in the plateau and high latitude areas, strong light, temperature difference is suitable for the growth of potato and nutrient accumulation, generally can get high yield. On the contrary, in the shade or with maize and other crops between sets, such as spacing distance is small **** life time is long, maize shading, and shorter plants of potato light shortage, less nutrient accumulation, stem and leaf tender and weak, do not blossom, small tubers, low yield. It is the conditions of potato monoculture, such as the use of plant tall varieties, density, row spacing hours, also often crowded with each other, the lower branches and leaves intertwined, ventilation, poor light penetration, will also affect photosynthesis and yield.
Light can significantly inhibit the growth of buds on the tubers. Cellar storage tubers in the absence of light conditions can be over the dormant period due to the cellar temperature is high, and grow white and long sprouts, such as the sprouting tubers in the diffused light, even at a temperature of 15 degrees ~ 18 degrees, the buds grow very slowly, China's southern shelves to hide the seed potatoes (taro) and the north before sowing germination, are used to inhibit the overgrowth of the buds. And in the diffused light on seed potato catalyzing large buds, is an important yield increase measures.
Potato generally in mu yield 1330 ~ 1650 kg of about 6.65 ~ 11.65 kg of nitrogen absorption, phosphoric acid 2.8 ~ 3.3 kg and potassium oxide 9.3 ~ 15.3 kg. Although potatoes can adapt to a variety of soils, but to loose and rich in organic matter (pH5.5-6.0) black soil is the most ideal. The density of seedlings per mu should not be less than 4000.
Experts remind: eat potatoes must be peeled .
Note: The source of potatoes is Lake Titicaca.
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Growing Techniques
The cultivation of potatoes varies around the world, depending on geographical and climatic conditions. The main use of tubers for asexual reproduction. In order to avoid cutter-transmitted viruses (fusiform tuber, X and S mosaic viruses) and ring rot, healthy seed potatoes with a diameter of 3 to 3.5 cm should be used for whole potato sowing. Potatoes are most susceptible to diseases. Fungal diseases include late blight, scab and early blight. Bacterial diseases include ring rot and green blight. Viral diseases include leaf leaf disease, leaf curl disease, virus-like diseases, and mycoplasma diseases. Insect pests include tuber moths, nematodes, tigresses, and grubs. Most cultivars are selected through crossbreeding. In view of the paucity of common cultivars of potato varieties, in recent years, special attention has been paid to synthesizing the chromosome sets of potato's close cultivars, including common cultivars and diploid cultivars, in order to facilitate the selection and breeding of new varieties with high yields, high resistance and high starch and protein content. The main ways of selection and breeding are: ① using diploid hybrids producing 2n gametes to cross with common cultivars. ②Use new cultivars to cross with common cultivars. Potato yield is high, strong adaptability to the environment, the main production areas of potato in China are southwest mountainous areas, northwest, Inner Mongolia and northeast. Among them, the southwestern mountainous area has the largest sowing area, accounting for about 1/3 of the country's total area. heilongjiang province is the country's largest potato growing base.
When utilizing asexual reproduction of tubers, seed potatoes can sprout and grow under the condition of soil temperature of 5～8℃, and the optimum temperature is 15～20℃. Suitable for plant stem and leaf growth and flowering temperature of 16 to 22 ℃. The most suitable temperature for tuber formation at night is 10～13℃ (soil temperature 16～18℃), and the formation is slow when it is higher than 20℃. Soil and seedling stage in the temperature fell to -2 ℃ that is frozen.
Flowering and tuber formation for the whole life cycle in the period of maximum water demand, in case of drought, each irrigation 15 to 20 tons per mu is to ensure that the key technical measures to ensure high and stable yield of potato.
Potato generally in mu yield 1330 ~ 1650 kg of nitrogen absorption of about 6.65 ~ 11.65 kg, phosphoric acid 2.8 ~ 3.3 kg and potassium oxide 9.3 ~ 15.3 kg. Although potatoes can adapt to a variety of soils, but to loose and rich in organic matter (pH5.5-6.0) black soil is the most ideal. Density should not be less than 4000 seedlings per mu.
Atlantic potatoes introduced from the United States, high yield, good quality and significant returns. Its planting technology is:
1. Preparation before sowing Deep turning the land 24 to 25 centimeters, and then leveling. If there is insufficient moisture before sowing, you should irrigate 10 days in advance to make up for the moisture.
2. Fertilizer preparation 20 days in advance about 300-500 kg per mu of stable fertilizer evenly added to 25-50 kg of ammonium bicarbonate in the sunny sealed heap, fully rotted and mixed, deep turning the land into the soil and turned into the soil.
3. Seed potato pre-sowing treatment
①Sanitization. Use 120 kg of seed per mu, the original seed with Ruiduo mold 400 to 500 times liquid spray wet.
② Cutting. Cut each seed potato into more than 8 pieces. Because of its apical dominance, try to cut as many pieces as possible at the top of the shoots, and then use 10 mg / kg gibberellin 1 packet with 10 kg of water to soak the seed for 5 minutes or 75 kg of water to spray the seed pieces.
③Sprouting. The potato block flat on the moisture net soil, so that the potato buds upward, lay 2 cm of soil and then lay a layer of seed potato, repeated 3 layers ~ 4 layers and then lay 5 cm thick soil, stacked in the back of the sun, with a tight cover, 15 days after the seed can be sown.
The above work should generally be done before the middle of January, because the potatoes in the expansion period, such as outside temperatures exceeding 25 ℃, the tubers will stop growing, the vines are growing vigorously, so there must be 90 to 100 days of suitable growth period, sowing should not be delayed.
4. Sowing requirements according to row spacing of 70 cm, 20 cm plant spacing ditch to one side of the soil, ditch depth of 6 to 8 cm, put the seed potatoes so that potato buds upward, and then mulch up 10 to 15 cm high. After compaction, cover the film, after the buds top film, break the film mulch.
5. Field management When the seedling grows 3~5 leaves, pay attention to the prevention and control of aphids. Show bud early and full bloom period of fertilizer 1 time, generally Shi Ruifeng mold 500 times liquid plus urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1% plus expansion of vegetative. Potato expansion period attention to strengthen the field irrigation, in order to improve the yield.
6. Timely harvest in mid-June potato quality is best, should be harvested in time. From: 2002, No. 11 "rural practical science and technology"
Pest control
Potato disease is mainly late blight, control measures, first of all, strict quarantine, do not transfer seed from the diseased area; second, to do a good job of seed potato treatment, the implementation of the whole potato whole seed, the need to cut, pay attention to the cutter disinfection; third, in the growing period, such as late blight disease is found on the plant, it should be timely spraying prevention and treatment, the use of 50% of the chlorine can be used to prevent and control the disease. Third, in the growing period, if you find late blight plants, should be sprayed in time to prevent and control, available 50% of dicenmanganese zinc wettable powder 1000 times or 25% Ruifengmu wettable powder 800 times liquid for prevention and control. Every 7 days 1 time, even spray 3 - 4 times.
Potato pests are mainly aphids, 28 star ladybug beetles and underground pests, the main control methods are: aphid control with 40% of oxidized lego 800 times liquid or 10% aphids once a net (anticloprid) wettable powder 1,000 times for prevention and control; 28 star ladybug beetles with 80% of trichlorfon 500 times liquid or lego 1,000 times liquid spray prevention and control, found that the adult insects that start prevention and control; underground pests mainly are mole crickets, grubs and other pests. is mole crickets, grubs and tigers, with 80% trichlorfon wettable powder 500 grams of water dissolved and fried cotton-cake or vegetable cake or wheat bran 20 kilograms of mixed for bait, in the evening sprinkled on the ground near the seedling root baiting, or with phoxim granules 812 powder, with the sowing of seed applied to the soil for prevention and control.
The potato, also known as potatoes, ground beans, etc., native to the Andean region of South America, Peru and Chile. In the middle of the sixteenth century, the potato was brought to Europe by a Spaniard from South America. At that time, people always appreciated the beauty of its flowers and took it as a decoration. Later, a French agronomist, Ann B. Obamanzi in the long-term observation and personal practice, found that the potato can not only eat, but also can make bread and so on. Since then, French farmers began to plant potatoes on a large scale. In the early nineteenth century, the Russian Peter the Great traveled in Europe, to buy a bag of potatoes, planted in the palace garden, and then gradually developed to folk planting.
Storage
Potatoes after harvest can be stored until the next fall, generally to be covered with straw, sheltered from light, cold, dry conditions for storage, winter to prevent freezing, spring to avoid sprouting, if you want to sprouting must be dried or exposure to dry.
Peppermint oil on the outside of potatoes can prolong the sprouting time of potatoes.
Potato processing
Potatoes, in addition to direct consumption, is the main raw material for starch processing. Large potato starch production process and small production process is basically similar to the process : Potato - hydraulic conveying - cleaning and conveying - secondary cleaning - cleaning and de-stoning elevation - crushing, separating -Desanding - Concentration and refining - Vacuum dehydration - Air drying - Finished product packaging.
1, cleaning process and equipment
Mainly to remove the material appearance of the skin layer of sand, and wash to remove the skin of the material tuberous roots, de-stoning cleaning machine is to remove the hard impurities in the material. Cleaning of raw materials for starch production is the basis for ensuring the quality of starch, the cleaner the cleaning, the better the quality of starch. Conveying is to pass the material to the next process, often conveying also has the function of cleaning. Commonly used conveying, cleaning, de-stoning equipment are: hydraulic flow tank, screw cleaner, inclined squirrel cage cleaner, slurry leaf cleaner, de-stoning on the cleaning machine, (flat) squirrel cage cleaner, rotary cleaner, scraper conveyor and so on. According to the soil and material characteristics can choose some of these combinations, to achieve the high degree of cleaning and conveying convenient requirements.
2, raw material crushing and equipment
The purpose of crushing is to destroy the organizational structure of the material, so that tiny starch particles can be successfully disintegrated from the tuber to separate. Crushing requirements are:
1. As far as possible to make the material cell rupture, release more free starch particles;
2. easy to separate. Do not want the skin residue is too fine, the skin residue is too fine is not conducive to the separation of starch and other ingredients, and increase the difficulty of separating the fine residue.
3, screening process and equipment
Starch extraction, also known as slurry residue separation or separation, is a key link in starch processing, directly affecting the starch extraction rate and starch quality. Crushed materials are fine fibers, the volume is larger than the starch particles, the expansion coefficient is also larger than the starch particles, the specific gravity is lighter than the starch particles, will be crushed materials, water as a medium, so that the starch and fibers are separated from each other.
4, washing process and equipment
Starch washing and concentration is dependent on the starch cyclone to complete, the cyclone is divided into concentration cyclone and washing and refining cyclone. The starch slurry after passing through the sieve firstly passes through the thickening cyclone, and the underflow enters into the washing and refining cyclone, and finally reaches the product quality requirement. The equipment is equipped with a full set of automatic control system, using high-quality cyclone tube and optimized discharge scheme, can make the last cyclone excluded starch milk concentration of 23Be', is the ideal choice for starch washing equipment.
5, starch dewatering
Potato starch is often used vacuum suction filter dewatering machine. It can realize automatic feeding, automatic dehydration and automatic cleaning.
6, starch drying
Air dryer is the use of high-speed flow of hot air so that the wet starch suspended in it, drying in the air flow process. It is characterized by high heat transfer coefficient, large heat transfer area and short drying time.
7, starch cooling and sieving packaging
The temperature of starch is high after drying, in order to ensure the viscosity of starch, it is necessary to cool down the starch rapidly after drying. The cooled starch enters into the finished product sieve, and enters into the last packing process under the premise of ensuring the fineness and yield of the product.
Buying Methods
There are many ways to classify the types of potatoes, according to the use of potatoes can be divided into four categories: baked potatoes, boiled potatoes, general-purpose potatoes and new potatoes.
Universal potatoes: Between the first two, they are the most common potatoes we eat, both long and round, all year round. General purpose potatoes are higher in moisture than baked potatoes and can still be boiled in water to form chunks. As the name suggests, all-purpose potatoes can be used for boiling, frying, baking, making casseroles, soups, and many other uses. They can also be used for baking, mashed potatoes, and frying, but the results are not as good as baked potatoes.
New potatoes: New potatoes are not freshly dug potatoes but rather potatoes that are not fully ripe, are relatively small, and are usually harvested before the skin has grown to maturity. Because they are not yet ripe, new potatoes are often partially peeled off or have thin skins that are sticking up during processing.
New potatoes are found in many types of potatoes, especially red potatoes. New potatoes are good for soups, stews and casseroles. A small amount of peeling is normal for "new potatoes". In addition, red potatoes have more water and less starch, which makes them suitable for boiling and easy to cook.
Baked potatoes: generally long in appearance, rough skin and cork-like surface, usually sold in bags, in some domestic supermarkets selling new vegetables and imported foods are sold. This is also the variety of potato mainly used for fried potato fries and baked potatoes. This potato has a higher starch content, a drier, more powdery texture, lighter and fluffier after baking, lighter, smoother and creamier after mashing, and is a special potato for french fries.
Boiled potatoes: boiled potatoes, also known as wax potatoes, come in all shapes and sizes, with thin, smooth skins and waxy flesh. Boiled potatoes are high in moisture and sugar, but low in starch and are branched-chain starch. It is due to this branched chain starch structure.
Makes this potato more gelatinous and still form chunks when boiled, so it is suitable for soups and stews and roasted dishes, and ideal for casserole dishes, potato salad, barbecue and so on. Of course you can also mash them to make mashed potatoes, but they will be more sticky and lumpy.
Peeling skills
1. Skinning potatoes: The skin of new potatoes is thin and soft, so it's time-consuming to use a knife to peel or scrape the skin, but it will also remove the flesh from the potatoes. The easier way is: put the potatoes into a cotton bag tight mouth, like washing clothes with a hand rub, it is very simple to remove the potato skin, and finally with a knife to pick off the buds can be part.
2. Potato peeling should not be thick, the thinner the better, because the potato skin is rich in nutrients. After the potato peeling, if not used for a while, can be put into cold water, and then to the water a few drops of vinegar, can make the potato white.
[edit]Functional utility
Nutritional analysis
1. Harmonization of the stomach, spleen and dampness: potatoes contain a large amount of starch, as well as proteins, B vitamins, vitamin C, etc., can promote the digestive function of the spleen and stomach.
2. Wide bowel laxative: potatoes contain a lot of dietary fiber, can be wide bowel laxative, help the body to excrete metabolic toxins in a timely manner, to prevent constipation, to prevent intestinal disorders;
3. Lowering of glucose and lipids, beauty and skin care: potatoes can supply the human body a large number of mucus proteins with a special protective effect. It can promote the lubrication of the digestive tract, respiratory tract and joint cavity, plasma membrane cavity, prevent cardiovascular and systemic fat deposition, maintain the elasticity of blood vessels, and help prevent the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Potato at the same time is an alkaline vegetable, is conducive to the body's acid-base balance, and the body after metabolism of the acidic substances, so that there is a certain beauty, anti-aging effect;
4. Supplementary nutrients, water swelling: potatoes are rich in vitamins and calcium, potassium and other trace elements, and is easy to digest and assimilate, nutrient-rich, in Europe and the United States, especially in North America, potatoes have long been the second staple food. Potato is conducive to the recovery of patients with hypertension and nephritis edema.
5, antihypertensive effect: potatoes have weight loss, maintain vascular elasticity, sodium potassium and other effects on hypertensive patients. Consumption method: early in the morning, the potatoes washed, peeled, rubbed with a vegetable wipe board into the juice, and then add yogurt mixed with an empty stomach to drink. Reminder: do not choose the skin green, sprouting potatoes.
The balance of potassium and calcium in potatoes has a significant effect on the contraction of the heart muscle, preventing high blood pressure and maintaining the health of the heart muscle. Potatoes can supply the body with a large number of mucus protein with a special protective effect, prevent the cardiovascular system fat deposition, maintain the elasticity of blood vessels, is conducive to the prevention of atherosclerosis. Potatoes contain potassium can replace the body's sodium, while sodium can be discharged from the body, is conducive to the recovery of hypertension and nephritis edema patients. [1]