Launch time:
November 20, 1999, 6:30:7
Launch rocket:
A new type of Long March 2F strap-on rocket, this launch, the 59th flight of the Long March series of carrier rockets, and 17 consecutive successes in the last 3 years.
Flight time required for the spacecraft to enter orbit:
The rocket took off in about 10 minutes, and the spacecraft separated from the rocket and entered a predetermined orbit.
Return time:
November 21, 1999, 3:41 p.m.
Launch site:
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing site:
Central part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Flight time/laps:
21 hours, 11 minutes, 14 laps
Flight time/laps:
21 hours, 11 minutes, 14 laps
Technology application:
For the first time in the technical plant on the spacecraft, the rocket combine vertical assembly and testing, the overall vertical transportation to the launch site for long-distance testing and launch control of the new model. China in the original spaceflight measurement and control network on the basis of the new international standards in line with the system of land and sea-based spaceflight measurement and control network, also in this launch test for the first time into use. During the orbital operation of the spacecraft, the ground measurement and control system and the four "Yuanwang" measurement ships distributed in the open sea tracked and measured and controlled it, and successfully carried out a series of scientific experiments.
Commentary Reaction:
The commentary here highly praised the first flight test of China's manned space program, saying it marks an important step in China's space industry, and is of great significance to the breakthrough of manned space technology, and is an important milestone in the history of China's spaceflight.
[Edit] Shenzhou II
Launch time:
January 10, 2001, 1:0:3
Launch rocket:
The launch was the 65th flight of the Long March series of launch vehicles.
The launch was the 65th flight of the Long March series of carrier rockets, and the 23rd consecutive successful Chinese space launch since October 1996.
Flight time to orbit:
Thirteen minutes after takeoff, the spacecraft entered a predetermined orbit
Return time:
19:22 on January 16, 2001
Launch site:
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing site:
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Central region
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Landing site. Central Region
Flight Time/Laps:
6 days and 18 hours/108 laps
Test Item: China's first positive sample unmanned spacecraft. The spacecraft consists of three modules: the orbital module, the return module and the propulsion module. Compared with the "Shenzhou" first test airship, "Shenzhou" No. 2 airship system structure has a new expansion, new improvements in technical performance, airship technology status and manned airship is basically the same. According to the introduction, China for the first time in the spacecraft in the microgravity environment of the space life sciences, space materials, space astronomy and physics and other fields of experiments, including: semiconductor optoelectronic materials, oxide crystals, metal alloys, and other materials such as crystal growth, proteins and other biomolecules in space crystal growth, and plants, animals, aquatic organisms, microorganisms, as well as isolated cells and cellular tissues, etc. The experiments of space environment effect, etc.
Comments and reactions:
The launch of the spacecraft, the second flight test of China's manned spaceflight project, marks a new progress in China's manned spaceflight industry and a welcome step toward realizing manned spaceflight.
[edit]Shenzhou III
Launch time:
22:15 on March 25, 2002
Launch rocket:
The new Long March 2F strapped rocket, this launch is the 66th flight of the Long March series of launch vehicles, since October 1996, China's launch of launch vehicles has been 24 consecutive times successful. The launch was the 66th flight of the Long March series of launch vehicles.
Flight time for the spacecraft to enter orbit:
Ten minutes after the rocket ignited and lifted off, the spacecraft successfully entered the predefined orbit .
Return time:
April 1, 2002 .
Launch Location:
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center .
Landing site:
Central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region .
Flight time/laps:
6 days and 18 hours/108 laps.
Carrying items:
Dormant eggs; space test payload utility equipment ten, 44 pieces of equipment, including: cirrus cloud detector, medium resolution imaging spectrometer, Earth radiation receivers, solar ultraviolet spectral monitoring instrument, solar constant monitor, atmospheric density detector, atmospheric composition detector, the spacecraft Orbital Module Window Component, the cellular Bioreactor, Multi-mission Space Crystal Growth Furnace, Space Protein Crystallization Device, Solid Trail Detector, Microgravity Measuring Instrument, Payload Utilities. According to reports, the microgravity meter, the return module payload utility equipment is the third time to participate in the spacecraft test; space protein crystallization device, multi-mission space crystal growth furnace and orbital module payload utility equipment is the second time to participate in the spacecraft test; the rest of the equipment is the first time to test in space.
The test program: "Shenzhou" No. 3 is a positive sample of unmanned spacecraft, spacecraft technology state and manned state is completely consistent. The launch test, the launch vehicle, spaceship and measurement and control launch system to further improve the safety and reliability of manned spaceflight. The spacecraft is equipped with human metabolism simulation devices, anthropomorphic physiological signal equipment and body dummies, which are capable of quantitatively simulating the important physiological activity parameters of astronauts in space. For this launch, work was also carried out on the Escape Life-Saving System. This system is the main measure to ensure the safety of astronauts in emergency situations. The physiological signals and metabolic indicators provided by the spacecraft's anthropomorphic payload were normal, verifying the in-cockpit environmental control and life-support systems directly related to manned spaceflight.
[edit]Shenzhou IV
Launch Time: 0:40 on December 30, 2002
Launch Rocket: The new Long March 2F strapped rocket, this is the 69th flight of the Long March series of carrier rockets, and since October 1996, China's 27th consecutive successful space launch.
Flight time for the spacecraft to enter orbit: Ten minutes after the rocket ignited and lifted off, the spacecraft successfully entered the scheduled orbit
Return time: 19:16 on January 5, 2003
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing site: Central region of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Flight time/laps: 6 days and 18 hours/108 laps
Flight time/laps: 6 days and 18 hours/108 laps. 18 hours / 108 laps
Carrying items: In addition to the atmospheric composition detector and other 19 pieces of equipment have participated in the previous flight test, the other 33 pieces of scientific research equipment, such as the space cell fusion instrument will be the first time "in the sky". A 10-year preparation for the two pairs of "cell space wedding" will also be held on the spacecraft, a pair of animal cells "newcomers" are B lymphocytes and myeloma cells, another pair of plant cells "newcomers! " --- yellow tobacco protoplasts and innovation one tobacco protoplasts. Experts said that in microgravity conditions, cells in the fusion of liquid gravity settlement phenomenon will disappear, more conducive to inter-cell pairing and fusion of these "affectionate action", this research will explore new methods for space pharmaceuticals.
[edit]Shenzhou V
Launch time: 9:00 on October 15, 2003
Launch rocket: the new Long March 2F strapped rocket, this is the 71st flight of the Long March series of carrier rockets, but also following the October 1996, China's 29th consecutive successful space launch.
Flight time to orbit: At 09:10, the ship and arrow separated, and the Shenzhou V manned spacecraft accurately entered the intended orbit.
Return time: 6:28 pm on October 16, 2003
Long, heavy "Shenzhou" manned spacecraft length of 8.86 meters, the largest diameter of 2.8 meters, the total weight of 7790 kilograms.
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing site: Amu Gulang Grassland area in central Inner Mongolia
Flight time/laps: 21 hours/14 laps
Astronauts: Yang Liwei
Carrying items: In addition to China's first person to fly the sky, in addition to Yang Liwei, the Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft.
Experimental projects: Shenzhou 5 will minimize the experimental projects and instruments in the cabin to make more space for astronauts to move around and perform scientific observation tasks, and it can be said that this time the mission is mainly to examine the adaptability of astronauts in the space environment.
New technology applications: For the first time, the automatic fault detection system and escape system were added. Which set hundreds of failure modes, once the danger occurs immediately automatic alarm. Even after the spacecraft has been in the air for some time, it can get out of danger by escaping the rocket.
[edit]Shenzhou VI
Launch time: October 12, 2005, 9:0:00 hours and 0 seconds
Launch rocket: the new Long March 2F strapped rocket
The spacecraft into orbit the flight time required: 584 seconds
Return time: 4:32 a.m. on October 17
Launch location. Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing site: Siziwang Grassland Autumn Rhythm
Flight time/laps: 115 hours and 32 minutes/77 laps
Astronauts: Fei Junlong Nie Haisheng
Carrying items: *** There are 8 categories and 64 kinds of carrying items, including Hong Kong Jinlilai, the Chah Group and other well-known enterprises logo, carrying biological strains, plant group culture seedlings and crops, and the biological species. , plant histoculture seedlings and crop, plant and flower seeds are used for space breeding experiments. At the opening ceremony, six special "passengers" had the opportunity to make a wonderful appearance, they are the Chinese flag used during the polar expedition, the five rings of the IOC flag, the flag of the Shanghai World Expo, the centennial commemorative special issue of the Declaration, the painting and calligraphy "Six Cycles" and 10 space paintings by young pioneers. Shenzhou VI return capsule carrying the goods and "I write a letter to the 'Shenzhou' No. 6 astronauts essay activities" the special prize essay, *** and the country marshal special stamps and Shenzhou VI personalized stamps and other stamps, as well as calligraphy and painting works of famous artists.
Technical applications: the types of spaceships are very many, but the most commonly used is the satellite manned spaceship. This kind of spaceship like a satellite in a few hundred kilometers from the ground in near-Earth orbit, flying at an altitude of about 300 kilometers. There are single-cabin, double-cabin and triple-cabin spaceships, and at present, the spaceships of mature spacefaring countries are all triple-cabin, and Shenzhou VI is a triple-cabin spaceship, which shows that China's spaceflight technology has initially reached the international level.
Shenzhou VI spacecraft has the following characteristics: first, the starting point is very high, the spacecraft has the ability to carry three astronauts;
Secondly, the ship is a multi-purpose, the astronauts returned to the orbital silo can be unmanned state, as a satellite to continue to use for half a year, and even in the future to carry out the rendezvous and docking experiments; the third is the return capsule's diameter is large, the diameter of Russia's 2.2 meters, China's is 2.5 meters. Our country's is 2.5 meters. Finally, the return of the spacecraft is very safe, and comprehensive tests have been conducted in this regard. Overall, the technical progress of Shenzhou VI is huge.
Technological progress is mainly reflected in: first, the field of new materials, it is reported that in recent years China has made progress in the field of new materials, there are more than 2,000 from the aerospace field; second is the field of telecommunication, there are advances in hardware equipment, there are advances in the field of software, for example, coding technology ensures that the quality of the voice and the clarity of the image; the third is the image of the technology, the technology can be used in the military field, can also be used in the civilian field. The fourth is special food, and the development of food for astronauts is very complicated; the fifth is special textile materials, and space suits are a system that is the crystallization of high technology; the sixth is the progress of electronic control systems, and the spacecraft is a complex system that involves a variety of complex sub-systems, and all the systems need to be controlled by electronic control systems; and the seventh is the progress of biomedical systems, and the human spaceflight and unmanned spaceflight are essentially the same as the human spaceflight, and the human spaceflight is the same. Spaceflight and unmanned spaceflight are fundamentally different, the complexity and reliability of the system is very different, the success of Shenzhou VI, indicating that China's related biomedical has made great progress.
The Shenzhou VI spacecraft is still a three-compartment structure with a propulsion module, a return module, and an orbital module, and the entire ship's shape and structure are the same as the original, with the weight basically remaining at about 8 tons. After the spacecraft entered the orbit, it first ran 5 times on the elliptical orbit with a perigee of 200 kilometers and an apogee of 350 kilometers, and then changed its orbit to the circular orbit 343 kilometers away from the ground, and it took 90 minutes to fly around the earth, and the flight track projected to the ground was a sinusoidal curve that continuously pushed to the east. The orbital characteristics are the same as those of Shenzhou V.
Because there is no rendezvous and docking task in this flight, Shenzhou VI canceled the additional segment used for this function. In addition, the spacecraft added more than 40 new devices and 6 software, making the spacecraft's equipment reach more than 600, 82 software, and more than 100,000 components.
The improvements of Shenzhou VI can be roughly summarized into four aspects:
First, the improvements around the two multi-day flight mission. First, a sufficient amount or even a surplus of astronauts' consumables were prepared, including food, water, sleeping bags, etc. The food cabinet was placed in the orbital module. Food cabinets are placed in the orbital module, previously in a vacant state. Astronaut water was prepared both in tanks and in individual soft packs, based on one and a half thermos of water per person per day. Second, the environmental control of the cockpit was improved. One person exhales nearly a liter of water a day. Shenzhou VI has improved its ability to condense water vapor, enlarged the condensate tank, and plastered all exposed piping with water-absorbent materials to ensure that the spacecraft's humidity is controlled at less than 80 percent. The oxygen, temperature and humidity in the cabin can be automatically sensed and adjusted.
Second, the orbital module function of the use of the improvement. A lot of necessities for astronauts' life are placed, such as food heating devices and tableware. There is a sleeping bag hanging in the orbital module for two astronauts to take turns resting. Under weightlessness, a person can actually float in the air and sleep, but considering the habits that people have developed on the ground, the sleeping bag is used to artificially create a feeling of "bed", otherwise the astronauts may have the illusion of falling into the abyss when they sleep. The orbital module also has a special cleaning supplies cabinet, astronauts can use the wipes and other items for cleaning. The urine and feces collection device is also used for the first time this time.
Third, the improvement of astronaut safety. The return capsule astronauts' chairs are designed with a landing buffer function, which is designed to ensure the safety of astronauts in the event of a failure of the thrust reversal rocket. Shenzhou V spacecraft, only Yang Liwei riding in the chair with landing buffer function, and there is a small defect, is to return to the chair before lifting the astronauts difficult to see the situation outside the porthole. Shenzhou VI has redesigned the buffer and combined it with the whole ship for repeated tests, and the three tests thrown down from high towers and airplanes have been successful each time. The hatch between the return module and the orbital module will threaten the safety of the astronauts if it is not closed tightly when returning. Three Russian astronauts have died as a result. Shenzhou VI researchers developed a successful hatch closure rapid automatic detection device, and spent months developing a special rag, this cloth does not produce fibers, static electricity, odor, specifically for cleaning the hatch.
Fourth, continuous improvement. China's manned spaceflight project was officially launched in 1992, so far, 13 years have passed, the spacecraft on the initial use of components and raw materials, some of which are no longer in production, the individual technology has been slightly outdated. Shenzhou VI has made some daily continuous improvements. For example, the "black box" on Shenzhou I to V was developed in 1994, with a storage capacity of only 10 megabytes. Now the black box is not only 100 times larger than the original storage capacity, and data writing and reading speed has increased by more than 10 times, but the volume is less than half of the original.
[edit]Shenzhou VII
"Shenzhou VII" successfully lifted off at 21:10:04 on September 25, 2008
"Shenzhou VII" pilots: Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming, Jing Haipeng.
"Shenzhou V", "Shenzhou VI" launch time in mid to late October, while the launch of Shenzhou VII will be advanced to the end of September liftoff. Relevant experts revealed that September and October are more suitable for the launch window, but because of the "Shenzhou" will perform spacewalk tasks, the end of September when the lift-off angle of the sun is more suitable for astronauts out of the capsule activities, can make the spacecraft in the shortest possible time to see the sun, to ensure that the astronauts out of the capsule operation with sunlight.
The best meteorological conditions for launching manned spaceflight mainly include: no precipitation, ground wind speed less than 8 meters per second, horizontal visibility greater than 20 kilometers; 8 hours before the launch to 1 hour after the launch, the field area of 30 kilometers to 40 kilometers within the scope of no lightning activity; ship and arrow launch through the airspace 3 kilometers to 18 kilometers of the maximum wind speed at high altitude of less than 70 meters per second, in addition to the launch of the front and rear 9 hours can not have The first time I saw the ship, I saw the lightning and the thunder.
Huang Chunping said, whether the launch as scheduled, mainly depends on the launch site at the time of the weather and other conditions. Light rain and temperature generally do not affect the normal launch of the ship, but the wind may lead to delay the launch of the ship, because the wind speed exceeds the capacity of the rocket, it will be possible to change the direction of its flight.
Huang Chunping also revealed that the astronauts spacewalk will then be carried out after the spacecraft enters orbit operation and orbits the Earth more than five times.
"Shenzhou" after landing search and rescue
"Shenzhou" return capsule in Inner Mongolia, the main landing site of the medical team leader, the PLA 306th Hospital, President Zou Dewei said, "Shenzhou" and "Shenzhou" are the same as "Shenzhou".
The PLA 306 Hospital has been serving as the main landing site for China's manned spaceflight astronauts during the "Shenwu" and "Shenzhou" periods, and on August 29th, the 306 Hospital's expert medical team for the "Shenzhou" mission was sent to the main landing site. On August 29, the 306 Hospital's expert medical team for the "Shenzhou VII" mission went to Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia. At present, this medical rescue team, which consists of 16 top experts, is conducting medical rescue drills near the main landing site.
In addition, the main landing site of "Shenzhou" medical rescue and "Shenzhou", "Shenzhou", "Shenzhou" is the biggest difference, is to take the helicopter group of air search and rescue platforms, and no longer use the ground platform. The most important difference is that the helicopter fleet will be used as the main air search and rescue platform, and no longer use the ground platform.
According to President Zou's introduction, the main landing site of "Shenzhou" near Siziwangqi in Inner Mongolia is a latitude and longitude coordinate range of more than 100 kilometers long and more than 80 kilometers wide with the theoretical landing point as the center. If ground vehicles are used for search and rescue, the speed will be relatively slow, so the search and rescue mission of "Shenzhou VII" will be mainly accomplished by helicopters. This year, the implementation of search and rescue, medical mission of the helicopter has more than 10, in addition to the command aircraft, there are 6 as a search and rescue mission, 1 as a medical supervision and medical insurance tasks, and medical ambulance team will use three helicopters.
Academician Qi Fahrenheit believes that people on the sky is not tourism, is to complete the research, development, and utilization of the space environment. Previously, Yang Liwei just the first step to try, to complete this task must be more people more days, let's say to assemble a space station or repair a satellite, people have to come out of the cabin, out of the cabin at least two people. Later to go to the space station to take the transportation vehicle to go to the space station to docking, open the door after the people inside to pick up out. From abroad, they spent a lot of tests to do this thing, and now according to our plan, "God seven" hope that people can go out of the cabin, the people called space walking. "Of course, how far away from the capsule? Can also be a little closer, can also be a little farther away." Academician Qi Fahrenheit said that the next step in our country is to solve the rendezvous and docking, rendezvous and docking at least three people. So our spacecraft should have this ability: three people in the sky for seven days, go up with 300 kilograms of stuff, come back with a hundred kilograms of stuff. If this time is very successful, there is no need to try two more people for more than one day, then we will go out of the capsule next time. Academician Qi bremsstrahlung believes that the "Shenzhou VII" which is going to leave the capsule must solve two big problems on the basis of Shenzhou VI. Now the astronauts have a sealed capsule in which they wear space suits. When they leave the capsule, there is no more air, so the space suit itself must be able to supply oxygen. The second is that when there is no temperature control, the space suit can ensure his normal temperature, so this space suit is equivalent to a small sealed cabin, this aspect is quite complicated. More advanced space suits can also be installed on the engine, a little fire on the go, equivalent to a small spaceship, to get out of the cabin to have these conditions. Academician Qi Fahrenheit said that in the future we have to have an airlock cabin on board, people wear space suits into the door, close the door, open the door outside to go out, if you open the door to the gas will be released, so there is an airlock cabin. "I'm just talking about the two main ones, as the astronauts have an extravehicular space suit, as our ship to speak, there has to be an airlock cabin, to ensure that the original cabin to ensure that there is an atmospheric pressure."