A: management tactics a variety of
B: public transport priority have high tactics
C: the management of traffic congestion in accordance with the local conditions
in fact, the construction of urban transportation is a global problem, through active exploration, at present, many countries and cities around the world have accumulated useful experience, in accordance with the local conditions, people-oriented guiding ideology using relatively successful traffic congestion. Most of the world's many countries and cities have accumulated useful experience, in accordance with the guiding ideology of local conditions, people-oriented adopted a relatively successful traffic congestion management program, to a certain extent, to solve or alleviate the problem of inconvenient transportation.
Part A: a variety of management tricks
San Diego: control and tolls and the use of
San Diego, California, the city of San Diego tried control and tolls and the use of the method, in the ordinary highway next to the construction of fast lanes for public **** car use, but also allows cars to pay to enter. The Dynamic Road Pricing system uses microwave radar to constantly monitor the amount of traffic on the road and adjusts the tolls accordingly, which change every six minutes depending on traffic conditions, ranging from about 50 cents to $8. Drivers can choose to tolerate the more congested roads or pay for their time.
Tokyo: Traffic management "people-oriented"
Living and working in Tokyo, one of the most profound feelings is the city's busy but convenient and orderly traffic. In this international metropolis, you simply will not be difficult to use or find some kind of transportation, and do not need to be anxious about traffic jams, because the "people-oriented" traffic management has won the praise of all those who live here. The smoothness of the roads is of course due to the strict adherence to traffic rules by pedestrians and drivers. Even though there is a lot of traffic on the roads in Tokyo, there are not many police officers on duty. Even so, all vehicles strictly follow the prescribed lanes and speeds, because if you break the rules, you will be fined severely. Japanese people must also cross the street from the signalized crosswalk, and wait until the green light allows pedestrians to cross before passing. In addition, traffic control authorities have introduced many user-friendly facilities for the convenience of the public. For example, in order to facilitate the blind to cross the road, some intersections are equipped with specific music, when the green light allowing pedestrians to cross the road at the same time, the specific music will also play, the blind hear the music can cross the road. These subtle measures all reflect the concept of people-oriented traffic management, so that pedestrians and drivers feel safe, convenient and comfortable.
London: enter the city center need to pay another tax
In order to solve the problem of traffic congestion, the London municipal authorities from February 17, 2003, to enter the city center within 8 square miles of the vehicle, from 7:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. to collect 5 pounds of "into the city fee". In addition, the increase in fuel duty is also one of the important measures to restrict the use of cars in the United Kingdom. In addition, in order to alleviate traffic congestion during the morning rush hour, the British government is prepared to take measures to restrict parents from using private cars to take their children to school every day. In the United Kingdom, many parents use private cars to send their children to and from school, and some students, whose homes are only about 1 kilometer away from their schools, have to be driven to and from school by their parents. Not long ago, statistics show that every school vacation, the number of traffic jams in the main streets of Britain during rush hour is reduced by one-fifth. Experts pointed out that parents using private cars to pick up their children is one of the causes of rush hour traffic jams.
Lisbon: car into the city center to pay congestion tax
Portuguese capital Lisbon from the second half of 2004, like London, to enter the city center of the vehicle congestion tax. The areas covered by the congestion tax include the city center's riverfront area and the luxury stores and restaurants, and vehicles entering these areas will be required to put an annual tax sticker on their windshields. This comes after two other old areas of Lisbon's city center were already closed to cars other than those of local residents. Some businesses have complained of a drop in their turnover. However many residents welcomed the move.
Singapore: city tolls and car purchase applications
Singapore has taken a variety of measures to combat urban traffic congestion. There are about 800,000 vehicles in Singapore, of which about 500,000 are small cars. For this reason, Singapore has also taken the initiative to discourage private transportation and actively develop public **** transportation, and the government's continuous improvement of the highly developed three-dimensional land transportation network has also effectively encouraged people to abandon private transportation and enjoy the convenience and comfort of public **** transportation. In addition, due to the extremely limited space in the city, the local government has been implementing urban road pricing since as early as 1975. Short-wave radio transmitters mounted on the front of cars exchange information with the electronic toll collection system and then charge the money directly to the car owner's credit card. Depending on the car model and time of day, the charge ranges from about S$0.5 to S$3 (about US$1) to ensure that vehicles in the city can reach speeds of about 35 to 65 kilometers per hour. Third, in order to limit the growth in the number of cars, Singapore instead has a quota allocation system for vehicles. According to this rule, when individuals buy a new car, they must first apply to the government to tender for a "car ownership license" valid for 10 years, after which motorists must pay another fee whether they continue to use the car or buy a new one.
Seoul: Economic leverage to ease traffic
In late 1996, Seoul doubled its gasoline tax and imposed road user fees. First, a "traffic congestion fee" of 2,000 won per vehicle was imposed. The second was a free toll for vehicles with three or more occupants. After the introduction of this regulation, the number of cars passing through the city was reduced by 9%, including 53% of small cars, and the speed of passing through the city was doubled. In addition, last year, Seoul piloted a self-regulatory mass movement in which private cars were shut down for one day a week, and participants were given preferential treatment in the form of reduced car taxes. Currently, more than 1.8 million of the city's more than 2.1 million private cars have voluntarily signed a self-regulation pact with the government. It is estimated that the movement will save 2.52 trillion won in fuel costs and 346.3 billion won in environmental improvement costs every year.
To ensure smooth traffic flow, Seoul is relentless in imposing heavy fines on vehicles and pedestrians who violate traffic laws. An unmanned surveillance system has been installed at all important locations on Seoul's main roads, and cameras are turned on 24 hours a day. Vehicles violating the "special lane" are fined 60,000 won for large and medium-sized vehicles and 50,000 won for small cars; 40,000 won for speeding up to 20 kilometers over the speed limit and 110,000 won for speeding up to 40 kilometers over the speed limit; 70,000 won for violating signals; 90,000 won for crossing the center line or going against the flow of traffic; and 15 to 30 demerit points are deducted from the penalty list. If you drive under the influence of alcohol, not only will your license be revoked, but you will also have to go to a study class to learn and reflect. Due to the installation of advanced testing and camera equipment on Korean roads, every offending car can't be relied upon. At that time, a printed license plate number as well as violations of the fine notice will be sent to the hands of the violator, do not pay the fine will be more serious punishment. Two years ago, South Korea also hired traffic monitors to maintain and monitor traffic order. Many of the monitors, who carry cameras, are on the roadside every day, specializing in taking pictures of illegal vehicles. This evidence is sent to the traffic police department after identification and confirmation, immediately issued a fine. Traffic monitors can also be paid accordingly.
Israel: banning new drivers on the road alone
In Israel, the biggest threat to people's lives is neither the Israeli-Palestinian conflict nor diseases such as heart disease and cancer, but traffic accidents. According to statistics, since the founding of the state in 1948 to date, the number of people killed in traffic accidents in Israel has been close to 22,000; while in the five Middle East wars and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict killed less than 21,000 people. For this reason, the Israeli government recently prepared to adopt mandatory measures to reduce the number of traffic accidents, one of which is to prohibit novice drivers from driving alone on the road, as accidents on the road caused by unskilled novices not only result in the loss of life, but also seriously affect the flow of traffic every time. The program suggests that unless accompanied by a veteran driver, new drivers are not allowed to drive alone on the road within six months after receiving a driver's license, otherwise it will be treated as a violation of traffic regulations and subject to relevant penalties. The plan also calls for more difficult training and testing for new drivers and strict limits on the licensing process to avoid more "road kills".
Part B: public transport priority has its own tricks
In order to effectively deal with urban traffic congestion, traffic congestion phenomenon is becoming increasingly serious big city disease, in addition to taking some special measures, many governments around the world have attached great importance to the development of the city's public **** transportation, and strive to establish the city's rail transit as the backbone of the public **** car, tram as the main body of cabs and other transport capacity. As a supplement to the urban public **** transportation system. And, in constant practice, many cities have worked out a number of effective ways, quite worthy of our reference.
The United States: bus vehicle priority
The United States in a large number of rail transit system investment at the same time, efforts to improve the quality of public **** bus service, improve the operating speed and comfort, in order to attract more passengers, improve the urban transportation environment. In recent years, in the United States, some large cities to implement the rapid public **** car traffic (BRT) is the United States to improve the quality of public **** bus service quality of the large-scale work. U.S. large and medium-sized cities Boston, Charlotte, Denver, Hartford, Honolulu, Miami, Albany, Chicago, Los Angeles, Louisville, Pittsburgh and other places have begun to implement this program. Because public ****cars transport more passengers than other road vehicles, a central concept in BRT planning is to give priority to transit vehicles, with the goal of maximizing per-passenger volume capacity, rather than vehicle volume capacity. One form of priority is dedicated right-turn lanes for transit buses or bus-only lanes on expressways. These measures are primarily larger reductions in travel time consumed by passengers in their cars. Another form of priority is the provision of bus-only lanes on arterials, where providing signal priority for transit vehicles can increase the speed at which they operate on the roadway. Reducing the number of stops, providing service with limited stops, or relocating stops with little blockage to speed up service, although it potentially has the disadvantage of increasing walking time.
For specific cities, the New York transit system carries 2.4 billion passengers annually, making it the largest transit system in North America. Currently, 80% of people who work in Manhattan's central business district choose public **** transportation as their primary means of travel. San Francisco city government also as early as 1973 in the public **** transportation priority policy (TransitFirstPolicy), currently into downtown San Francisco to work, 20% of people are using public **** transportation, which in the United States of the same size city has been the highest level.
Paris: the construction of bus rapid special lanes
Paris city government in order to improve the urban traffic environment, the long-term implementation of public transport priority, especially for public **** traffic operation to build special lanes. Paris bus company public **** car operations company manager Foliv Malte said, public **** car special lanes effect is obvious, according to the survey, in the 36 kilometers of buses that have been constructed on the closed special lanes, public **** car operation quality of service has been significantly improved, the operation of the speed of 20% to 30%, to ensure that the operation of the punctual. As a result of the increased speed, fuel consumption is saved by 6% to 7% and exhaust pollution is reduced by 20% to 40%.
Seoul: Prioritizing Public **** Transportation
Seoul is an international metropolis with a population of 12 million and 2.76 million vehicles. The metropolitan area centered on Seoul, on the other hand, has a population of as many as 27 million and 5.7 million vehicles, accounting for almost half of the country's population and vehicles, and the pressure on traffic can be imagined. However, anyone who has been to Seoul has the same feeling: although the traffic is flowing like water, it is well-connected, and the roads are smooth and fast except for certain times such as the commute rush hour and weekends when traffic jams occur. One of the most fundamental reasons to ensure smooth traffic is to link traffic with the overall layout of the city, planning, and give priority to the development of public **** transportation. The "1988 Olympics" was an opportunity for Seoul to make a big change in transportation. In anticipation of the Olympics being held in Seoul, the city of Seoul combined transportation with urban planning and general layout, and carried out the first large-scale surgery on urban transportation. Public **** transportation as a priority object of development, the expansion of public transport roads and vigorously develop urban rail transit, and achieved good results, when the construction of the Han River side of the "88 Road" and other trunk roads are still playing a backbone role. Seoul subway almost the same time as the Beijing subway construction, but the Seoul subway is with the city development plan to go, every development or transformation of a new area, the subway is listed as one of the key projects. Currently, it has opened 8 lines with a total length of 287 kilometers and 45 interchange stations, forming a crisscrossing network that carries 5 million passengers per day and greatly relieves traffic pressure. Seoul's bus network is so robust that it carries 27.6% of the city's passenger traffic, and there are 64 intervals with a total length of 219.10 kilometers of bus "special lines" alone. For Seoul citizens, commuting to and from work by public transportation, weekend recreation and driving a private car has become a typical mode of travel.
Another notable difference from China is that there are very few "official cars" in Seoul. South Korea's government departments at all levels have very few buses and no shuttle buses. According to statistics, although Seoul is South Korea's political, economic and cultural center, but less than 200 people take the "official car" to and from work. Officials going out to work often use public **** transportation. Reception of foreign delegations to visit, in addition to state guests, almost all units use rental cars. The Seoul Metropolitan Government has only four "official cars". Seoul Assistant Mayor Shin Dong-yu said that the principle of solving traffic congestion is to strongly promote and encourage people to use mass transportation, more use of buses or subways, and minimize the use of private cars.
Ottawa: City buses take dedicated highways
Canada's capital, Ottawa, is a beautiful city with a population of less than a million. Travel in this city, take the public **** car is very convenient, fast, and attentive service, which is very much related to the municipal authorities attach great importance to the development of urban transportation, has established a relatively complete public transport network.
In the seventies of the last century, due to the rapid development of urban construction, the population grew very quickly, the authorities immediately recognized the importance of the development of urban transport system with foresight. Experts proposed two sets of solutions to this problem: one was the development of an urban light-rail railroad system; the other was the development of special corridors for public **** cars. The advantages of the former are safety, less pollution and high capacity; after repeated arguments by experts organized by the Government, the latter was finally decided on, on the grounds that, firstly, the construction cost of the bus-only corridor was lower, the budget of the light-rail railroad at the time being 300 million Canadian dollars, while the bus corridor could save a lot of money; secondly, it was of a wide radial area, so that the passengers didn't need to make too many transfers; and, thirdly, it was conducive to gradual complementary development. In terms of transportation capacity, the public **** car-only system is not much different from the railroad, and can transport more than 9,000 people per hour, which can fully meet the needs of the city's medium- and long-term development.
In the construction steps of the bus-only road, they take the city's outer areas first construction, the dense areas in the middle of the city with planned demolition and set aside, so as to avoid some unnecessary duplication of construction and waste. They have also borrowed the shoulders of highways in some sections in the outskirts of the city to serve as bus-only roads, which has achieved very good results. In order to encourage and facilitate those who live in the suburbs to take bus**** cars, they built four parking lots with more than 2,000 parking spaces in several terminals of bus suburbs. The construction of bus-only roads has made it possible for buses to operate at a much higher speed, free from the interference of other vehicles and pedestrians. On the special road, the speed of the car can reach more than 80 kilometers per hour, thus increasing people's motivation to take the public **** car. It is reported that the average occupancy rate of the buses on weekdays is 70%. In the minds of Ottawa citizens, taking public **** car is both comfortable and worry-free, and can save time. Driving into the city by yourself is not only congested, but also a series of problems such as finding a place to park. The principle of bus priority is also fully realized on non-exclusive roads. All other vehicles automatically give way to buses, and there is usually a device at traffic lights that tells the control center to ensure that bus***es are given priority.
Tokyo: public transit carries 80% of capacity
Tokyo, with a population of about 12 million, has been vigorously developing rail-based public **** transportation for many years. Tokyoites travel mainly by public **** transportation, and Tokyo's underground transportation carries 80% of the city's traffic. Of the 23 wards in the Tokyo metropolitan area, public **** transportation carries 70% of the trips, the highest in the world. Currently, the city of Tokyo has a 400-kilometer subway network, and even if surface transportation is completely paralyzed, rail transportation is fully capable of carrying traffic.
Germany: Encourage the use of public **** transportation
In Germany, almost every two people own a car. 2003 July, Germany promulgated the "Federal Transportation Route Plan", to promote the harmonious combination of all modes of transportation as the goal. The government encourages the use of public **** transportation, in a slightly larger city, streetcars, light rail and subway, buses and other crisscrossing, easy to connect with each other. 2003 Germany enacted the "Federal Transportation Route Plan", by 2015, the government wants to invest 150 billion euros for road construction, which is used for track construction of funds than for ordinary road construction. The funds are higher than those used for ordinary road construction.
Part C: the management of traffic congestion according to local conditions
In the development of urban public **** transportation on the basis of cities in different countries, according to their own characteristics, the development of the corresponding traffic diversion and diversion measures.
New York: motorists have a variety of options for routes
New York City has a long history, the city's financial, commercial, entertainment, and other basic functional areas of the layout has long been formed, it is difficult to adjust. Many of New York's streets are narrow and parking lots are inadequate. In the face of this reality, the New York City traffic control authorities set up access to effective one-way streets, two adjacent one-way lines generally different directions, separated by a dozen or so streets will generally be set up on the main street two-way lines, thus providing motorists with a variety of options. New York City's financial, commercial and entertainment centers as well as the relevant departments of the city government are concentrated on Manhattan Island, access to several bridges and tunnels on Manhattan Island often become traffic bottlenecks. The New York traffic authorities have converted the up and down lanes of the bridges and tunnels connecting Manhattan to the surrounding boroughs into island access lanes in order to channelize the large number of vehicles entering the island during the morning rush hour. To encourage people to hitchhike and reduce traffic, the lanes were made available only to vehicles with two or more occupants, and single-occupancy vehicles were prohibited from using certain bridges and tunnels into the island during rush hour.
Britain: modern facilities to monitor traffic
Britain according to their own country's road characteristics, traffic flow patterns and vehicle characteristics, short cycle, multi-stage configuration of signal timing, so that vehicles on the highway is always in the uninterrupted movement, and can quickly through the intersection. Britain basically every city has a very complex set of road monitoring center. Southampton, England, for example, the city in the highway and the main arteries, buried underground detectors or installed microwave detectors, real-time detection of vehicle speed in the road, such as vehicle speed is lower than 30 kilometers per hour, the traffic control center of the electronic map will have a yellow indicator light flashes, and if there is a stopping situation, there will be a red indicator light flashes. At the same time, in terms of traffic engineering system coordination, the British municipal authorities according to the road carrying capacity and automobile traffic flow, designed to meet the special local conditions of the control program, and in the implementation of the process of constantly adjusting the traffic flow and the frequency of signal change, so that the signal control system is always able to be similar to the road surface conditions.
Part D: Comprehensive management of the effectiveness
Paris: more cars do not block
Paris car private ownership of the high by no means below the Beijing, Paris streets are not as wide as the streets of Beijing grace, but in the peak hours of the workplace is not a mixture of people and cars in the traffic congestion. Even in the Seine River on both sides of the main road, the car can be close to 80 kilometers per hour speed fast driving. This feeling of pain, in Beijing may only be able to experience at midnight. The main reason for the smooth flow of traffic on Paris's narrow roads is that some of the following factors play a good role.
First, traffic signals really play a role in regulating traffic, and it's hard to see traffic police busy in the early morning rush hour. Here, pedestrians crossing the road, must be green light, must use the crosswalk, and cars never run the red light. When pedestrians cross on a green light, they fully enjoy the right of way and do not have to look to the right or to the left for fear that a car will suddenly rush over. To the car green light, pedestrians are also waiting for the rules do not break the red light, the car drivers can rest easy to increase horsepower, quickly through the intersection, without having to be careful, and fear of pedestrians running to the car. Because the car through the intersection speed, so it is difficult to see the streets of Paris up to several kilometers of the long line of cars, waiting for the traffic light intersection. Traffic signals regulate the order of the road very well.
Secondly, the well-developed public **** transportation eases the number of cars in the road traffic. In Paris, the real crowd is underground. Paris's subway and city railroad are well connected and can be extended to every corner of this modern city. Every morning, the black crowd in the subway entrance, the Paris subway has assumed the city's most important task of transporting people. Because it is a public **** underground transportation, frequent trips, so the realization of a large number of people are not crowded, private cars and cars on the road less. Because it is punctual, thrifty and convenient, the public chooses to leave their cars at home or at suburban subway and metro stations.
Thirdly, pedestrians come first. In Europe, the idea of pedestrian supremacy is upheld by pedestrians and automobile drivers*** together. Pedestrians and drivers are accustomed to abide by traffic rules, pedestrians will never grab the road or jaywalking, because pedestrians are aware that only their own self-discipline, to comply with the rules to truly realize the pedestrian supremacy, and drivers for the occasional pedestrian violation also maintain a calm mind, not a wildly press the horn, accelerated rush, which is also to a large extent to ensure that the traffic flows smoothly.
Seoul: Penalty for jaywalking
Nearly no one jaywalks in Seoul, and no one crosses at intersections without a green light. South Koreans who have been to Beijing often told reporters that a major reason for traffic jams in Beijing is that people have little traffic awareness, and casually cross the road and cross intersections as they please. A South Korean lawyer said that Seoul in the mid-1980s also had a large number of people casually crossing the road, not only causing traffic jams, but also many car accidents. The courts always favored pedestrians at first when dealing with traffic accidents, but the results were not satisfactory. Subsequently, the courts formulated new rules in the light of the actual situation, that is, it is prohibited to cross the road for no reason and one is responsible for any car accidents. The traffic police also published typical cases in newspapers and other media to publicize them widely. This move, indeed, the effect is obvious, crossing the road is basically extinct. In addition, the rules also provide that when crossing the crosswalk, if the pedestrian does not comply with the rules, traffic accidents, the responsibility mainly belongs to the pedestrian. Whether pedestrians violate traffic rules, installed at major intersections of the unmanned monitors have video evidence.