(Hope it will be adopted, give some points =v=)
Compulsory 2 Human Geography
Chapter 1 Population
1. Population growth
1. The main factors affecting population growth: productivity level, medical and health conditions and education level affect the mortality and birth rate of the population, which in turn affect the growth pattern of the population. In addition, policies, social welfare, natural disasters, etc. will also affect population growth.
2. Population growth model (population reproduction model): high-low-high (developing countries with lower levels), three-low (developed countries), transition from "high-low-high" to "three-low" (low-level developing countries) high developing countries).
3. World population growth: Africa has the highest natural population growth rate and Europe has the lowest; Asia has the largest net increase in population.
4. Population problem - population growth is too fast: population pressure is high - population control (China implements family planning)
Population growth is too slow: population aging - encourage childbirth , accept immigrants (China relies on developing productivity)
2. Population migration
1. The main reasons for population migration: economic (from backward areas to developed areas), politics (political persecution, war) , national organized population migration), social culture (religious persecution, ethnic discrimination), ecological environment, other factors (family wealth and marriage, seeking relatives and friends, escaping discrimination).
2. The significance (effect) of population migration
(1) Benefits: ① Strengthen ethnic unity and promote ethnic integration ② Strengthen cultural exchanges ③ Reduce population pressure in the place of relocation ④ Relocation provides cheap labor.
(2) Disadvantages: ① Causes brain drain in the place of relocation ② Increases the difficulty of social management in the place of relocation
3. Population distribution and population capacity
1. Population and environmental carrying capacity: the maximum number of people that a certain region can support in a certain period of time.
Reasonable population capacity: the number of people that can be sustained. The reasonable population capacity is smaller than the population carrying capacity.
2. Factors affecting environmental population capacity (environmental carrying capacity): resource status, productivity level, openness and consumption level.
IV. Regional Culture and Population
Chapter 2 Urban Spatial Structure and Urbanization
1. Urban Spatial Structure
1 , Urban functional zoning - the same urban land type agglomeration
(1) Commercial area: located in the city center, on both sides of the main traffic lines - convenient transportation, developed communications, large flow of people; strong rent payment ability.
★Central Business District (CBD): densely built, densely populated with high-rise buildings, and convenient transportation - limited area, but large demand
(2) Industrial areas: generally distributed on the edge of the city , transportation is convenient, with rivers, railways, and highways passing through most of them.
(3) Residential area: It is the most extensive land use in the city.
(4) Cultural area: It generally requires a beautiful environment and is far away from industrial areas and commercial areas. In urban construction, attention should be paid to protecting cultural relics and historic sites.
2. Reasons for the formation of urban regional functional zoning: historical factors, economic factors, social factors, administrative factors
3. Urban scale, regional structure, and service scope
★Small cities: The differentiation of geographical structure is not obvious, the types of services provided are few, the level is low, and the scope of services is small.
★Big cities: The geographical structure is obviously differentiated, and the services provided are many types, high levels and wide range of services.
2. Location factors affecting cities
(1). Natural aspects
1. Topography - high urban density in plain areas
2. Climate - areas with warm and humid climates have high urban density
3. Rivers - the water supply and transportation functions of rivers determine the location of cities.
(2) Social and economic aspects
1. Agricultural basis
2. Transportation conditions: Cities can be formed along the coast, along the river, along the railway lines, and along the highway axis.
Most of the northern cities are at the confluence of avenues.
★Changes in transportation lines will have an impact on urban development. (For example, Yangzhou: prospered when the canal was open to navigation, but declined after the canal was blocked).
3. Politics (such as administrative centers), military defense, religion, science and technology, tourism, etc. can also promote the formation and growth of cities.
3. Urbanization
1. Symbols of urbanization: ① increase in urban population, ② increase in the proportion of urban population in the total population, ③ expansion of urban land scale. The most important indicator is the urban population as a percentage of the total population.
2. Characteristics of urbanization after the end of World War II: ① The development speed of large cities exceeds that of small cities; ② The number of large cities continues to increase; ③ Megacities with a population of more than 1 million develop rapidly. ——Trends of urbanization
3. Urbanization in developed countries
① Characteristics: Early start, high level, slow speed, counter-urbanization phenomenon.
② Reasons for counter-urbanization: increasing requirements for environmental quality, and the gradual improvement of infrastructure in rural areas and small towns. ”
4. Urbanization in developing countries
① Characteristics: late start, low level, fast speed, obvious trend of urbanization.
② my country’s cities
③ Urban development is irrational: large cities are expanding rapidly, small and medium-sized cities are developing slowly, and the population is concentrated in a few large cities.
5. General laws of urbanization: Urbanization - suburban urbanization - counter-urbanization - re-urbanization
IV. The impact of urbanization on the natural environment
1. The impact of urbanization on the natural environment
(1) Impact on climate: heat island effect, rain island effect, suburban thermal circulation, serious air pollution
(2) Impact on hydrology: groundwater - infiltration amount Reduced, the scope and depth of the groundwater funnel area increased.
For river water - the flow rate of water on the slope is accelerated, the river water collection time is shortened, and it is easier to form a flood peak.
For water quality - —Urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage cause pollution of urban water sources.
(3) Impact on organisms: lawns and artificial forests are of a single variety; biological habitats are destroyed and biological diversity is reduced.
2. Protect and improve the urban environment - "ecological city"
① Establish satellite cities, develop new areas, and decentralize urban functions
② Improve urban transportation and living environment. Widen main roads, build ring roads, and build elevated roads, subways, and light rail transportation.
③ Protect and improve the urban environment.
5. Regional culture and cities. Development
Chapter 3 Human Production Activities and Regional Connections
1. Agricultural location factors
1. Natural factors (climate, water source, terrain, soil): Transformation - greenhouse agriculture, terraces, fertilization, watering
2. Social and economic factors (market, transportation, land rent, policy, labor force)
★The market determines the type of agriculture. and scale.
★The development of transportation conditions (especially fresh-keeping and refrigeration technology) has expanded the impact of the market on agricultural location
3. Technical factors (breeding, machinery, chemical fertilizers, pesticides)
★Cultivation of improved varieties (high-yield, drought-resistant, cold-resistant, storage-resistant varieties): conducive to expanding planting area
★Mechanization: can improve labor productivity.
★Application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc.: can increase the yield per unit area
2. Main types of agricultural regions
1. Commercial grain agriculture
(1) Distribution: Mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and other countries.
(2) Main varieties: wheat, corn (dryland crops, convenient for mechanized production).
(3) Formation conditions: ★Natural conditions: flat terrain, vast cultivated land, sparsely populated land.
★Socioeconomic conditions: developed transportation, high technical level
★Technical conditions: high degree of mechanization.
(4) Characteristics: large scale of production; high degree of mechanization; mainly family farms
2. Rice planting industry:
Distributed in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia Monsoon area
Typical area
Asian location conditions climate monsoon climate, rain and heat at the same time, suitable for rice growth
Terrain Plains downstream of rivers or estuary deltas, flat terrain, soil The soil is deep and conducive to farming
The labor force (labor-intensive agriculture) is densely populated and the labor force is abundant, which is conducive to intensive farming
Historical planting has a long history and rich traditional experience
Main features and reasons for the formation
Small farmers operate as a family unit, with less cultivated land per capita
High yield, low commodity rate, intensive farming, but there are many people in rural areas, and self-sufficiency is the mainstay
Low mechanization level, low economic level, mainly manual labor
Large amount of water conservancy projects, monsoon climate, frequent floods and droughts
Low level of science and technology, long history, rich traditional experience
3. Mixed agriculture
(1) Mainly mixed agriculture of livestock and grains. The pond production in my country's Pearl River Delta is mainly a mixed agriculture of fishery and forestry.
(2) Distribution: Europe, North America, Australia ("a country riding on a sheep's back", "a country sitting on a mine cart"), etc.
(3) Characteristics (take the "Wheat-Sheep Belt" in the Murray-Darling Basin as an example)
① Benign agricultural ecosystem:
★Mutual benefit: The planting industry provides feed for the livestock industry, and the animal husbandry provides fertilizer for the planting industry
★Fallow and crop rotation (helping to restore soil structure and improve soil fertility), planting, and pasture.
② Effective and reasonable farming arrangements: the busy time of wheat farming (May-June for sowing, November-December for harvest) and the free time for formal grazing.
③ Flexible production options: Determine whether to plant more wheat or grazing more sheep according to the market.
4. Other agricultural regional types
The main characteristics of the formation of regional type distribution areas
The productivity level of some primitive tribal areas in migratory agriculture is low, and the impact of "slash and burn" Biodiversity; climate deterioration
Developed countries with a dairy industry, such as those around my country’s big cities, have a high level of urbanization. The big cities have developed economies and concentrated populations, and the demand for milk and its products is high. High; high level of mechanization;
Greatly affected by urban distribution;
High degree of intensification, etc.
3. Impact of agricultural production activities on the geographical environment
1. Impact on organisms: ① Reclamation of cultivated land, deforestation, etc.; ② Artificial cultivation of improved seeds; ③ Overgrazing leading to pasture destruction , desertification occurs; ④ The application of pesticides will contaminate agricultural products, leading to a decrease in the quality of agricultural products.
2. Impact on soil: ① Flood irrigation leads to soil salinization; ② Long-term application of chemical fertilizers will cause the soil to harden, become acidic and hard.
3. Impact on climate: Deforestation and afforestation, construction of reservoirs and water diversion for irrigation have all changed the properties of the underlying surface and changed the heat and water source conditions of the atmosphere.
4. Impact on hydrological characteristics: ① Construction of reservoirs and water diversion for irrigation: changing the flow process of river runoff;
② Reclamation of terraces, deforestation, and afforestation: affecting the content of rivers Amount of sand.
IV. Industrial location factors
1. Factors affecting industrial location
(1) Natural factors: minerals, land, water sources, climate, etc.
(2) Economic factors - close to raw materials, fuels (such as non-ferrous metal smelting, heavy chemical industry bases), markets - saving freight.
(3) Labor and technology: For industries that require a large amount of labor, wages account for a high proportion of product costs (labor-intensive industries), and factories should be located where there is a large amount of cheap labor. Technology-intensive industries should be located close to places where higher education and technology are developed.
(4) Industrial and agricultural foundations and collaboration conditions: including production collaboration and social collaboration
(5) Environment: Industrial layout should pay attention to economic, social and environmental benefits. ①Wind direction ②Water source ③Distance from the city
2. Changes in industrial location factors:
(1) The influence of raw material areas on factories is gradually weakening, and the influence of the market on factory locations is gradually increasing strengthen. Reasons: The range of raw materials used in industry is getting wider and wider, and transportation conditions are improving;
(2) Transportation: Ports along the coast and rivers, railway hubs, and areas along highways have a great impact on industry. Attractiveness (in recent years, transportation in some developed countries has been quite complete, and transportation is no longer the main factor they consider);
(3) The importance of the accessibility of information and communication networks as an industrial location factor becoming more and more prominent;
(4) The influence of labor quality is gradually increasing.
3. Industrial location orientation type
Industrial type, industrial characteristics, location selection principles, main industrial sectors (examples)
Raw material orientation type is inconvenient for long-distance transportation or transportation of raw materials The cost of raw materials is high, close to the origin of raw materials, mining industry, sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, fruit processing industry, etc.
Power-oriented type needs to consume a lot of energy, close to energy base non-ferrous metal smelting plants
Market-oriented products are inconvenient to transport long distances or the cost of transporting products is high. Consumer markets close to the products include the bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing, printing, petroleum processing industries, etc.
Labor-oriented products require a large amount of labor input and are close to a large number of cheap products. Ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, strapping, umbrella making, shoemaking industries, etc. in labor areas
Technology-oriented technology requirements are high and close to higher education and technologically developed areas such as integrated circuits and precision instruments
5. The formation of industrial regions
1. Industrial agglomeration and the formation of industrial regions
(1) Dominant factors leading to agglomeration: roads, water supply, power supply and other infrastructure; cheap Labor force; resource and energy distribution, etc.
(2) Benefits (function) of agglomeration - economies of scale - (reduce costs, increase profits)
① Can strengthen information exchange and technical collaboration between enterprises;
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② Reduce the transportation costs and energy consumption of intermediate products;
③ ***Also utilize the roads, water supply, power supply, communications and other infrastructure in the industrial zone to save investment in production and construction;
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④ It is conducive to centralized treatment of environmental pollution problems in the production process.
2. Industrial decentralization and industrial regional connections
(1) Reasons for industrial decentralization: In order to give full play to the location advantages of different places (such as multinational companies looking for the best locations around the world) .
(2) Conditions for industrial decentralization: ① Modern transportation methods - convenient, fast and cheap;
② Modern communication technologies and means - the "simultaneity of the world" ".
6. Traditional Industrial Zones
1. Dominant factors in location selection: Traditional industrial zones are mostly formed and developed on the basis of rich coal and iron resources.
★The conditions for the development of Anshan Iron and Steel in my country: rich coal and iron resources, convenient transportation
★The conditions for the development of Baosteel in my country: convenient transportation and a broad market (iron ore is mainly sourced from Australia, India and other countries Import)
2. Existing problems: ① Mainly heavy industry, single production structure;
② Large consumption of raw materials and energy, large transportation volume, declining economic benefits;
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③ Serious environmental pollution, etc.
3. Solutions (taking the Ruhr area in Germany as an example)
(1) Adjust the economic structure: develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, transform the coal and steel industries, and promote the economy Structural diversification
(2) Develop science and technology: develop science and technology, promote tourism, prosper the economy, and promote sustainable development
(3) Optimize the environment: eliminate pollution, plant trees, and beautify the environment
4. Transformation of resource-depleted cities (industrial areas): For resource-depleted cities, the city’s development history and urban resources (whether minerals, land, and human resources) are different. Therefore, we cannot follow a fixed model and must carry out economic transformation according to its own characteristics. For example, the transformation direction of Datong in Shanxi Province is mainly focused on tourism, deep processing of coal and emerging industries. The transformation direction of Pingdingshan in Henan Province is to develop salt chemical industry in addition to coal chemical industry.
5. my country's four major industrial bases
Characteristic favorable conditions and disadvantageous conditions
The heavy industrial base in central and southern Liaoning is rich in coal and iron resources, convenient transportation and lack of water resources
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The largest comprehensive industrial base in the north of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region is rich in iron, oil and sea salt resources, convenient transportation, close to Shanxi energy base, unified power grid and lack of water resources
Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou The largest comprehensive industrial base in the country in the region has a long history and a solid industrial foundation; convenient transportation; strong technical force; rich resources and lack of conventional energy resources
The comprehensive industrial base in the Pearl River Delta region, which mainly focuses on light industry, is close to Hong Kong and Macao, the hometown of overseas Chinese, can easily attract foreign investment; the special economic zones were developed early and have technical and management advantages; they have abundant labor and lack of conventional energy resources
7. Emerging Industrial Zones
1. Main emerging industries Area: "Silicon Valley" in the United States, "Silicon Island" in Japan, etc.
2. The dominant factors in location selection: advanced science and technology, convenient transportation (highways and airports), and beautiful environment
8. The impact of industrial production activities on the geographical environment
1. Impact on the atmosphere: Random discharge of industrial waste gas causes air pollution.
(1) Global climate warming: large-scale burning of fossil fuels and large-scale deforestation, which increases the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere
(2) Acid rain: caused by burning coal and emitting large amounts of SO2 . my country - sulfuric acid type acid rain, developed countries - nitric acid type acid rain
(3) Ozone layer destruction: Factories, mining enterprises, households, etc. use refrigerators, refrigeration equipment, etc., emitting large amounts of chlorofluorocarbons.
(4) Photochemical smog: Hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, etc. emitted from automobile exhaust will undergo photochemical reactions under the action of ultraviolet rays.
★ Governance ideas: Reduce the emission of harmful gases——
① Improve the composition of energy consumption: develop and utilize clean energy such as water energy; develop and utilize new energy such as solar energy and nuclear energy.
② Improve energy efficiency: carry out technical transformation and equipment updating
③ Reduce the emission of harmful substances: comprehensive utilization, clean production, meet emission standards, and find alternatives
2. Water pollution: arbitrary discharge of industrial wastewater causes water pollution - heavy metal pollution, eutrophication of water bodies
3. Solid waste pollution
9. Production activities Regional connections - including transportation, communications, commerce and trade, etc.
1. Importance: Communicate the connections between different regions and promote the flow of people, logistics, and information.
① Political significance - conducive to people's exchanges and cultural exchanges, promoting national unity; conducive to consolidating national defense and security.
②Economic significance - Promote resource development, turn resource advantages into economic advantages; promote commodity production and circulation, and promote economic development.
2. Main modes of transportation: railways, highways, waterways, aviation and pipelines
3. Communications: including postal services (delivering letters, items, etc.) and telecommunications (delivering sounds, images, etc.) Pictures, etc., including telegraph, telephone, Internet).
4. Conditions for the formation of a commercial center: ① stable commodity source area, ② stable sales area, ③ developed transportation.
10. Transportation layout
1. Main location factors: economic factors; natural factors (topography, rivers, natural disasters, etc.); technical factors
★ The overall direction of the line is determined by economic factors, while the specific direction of a certain section may depend on topography, geology or technical conditions.
2. Changes in location factors: In the past, natural factors were the most important influencing factors; with the advancement of science and technology, economic factors are becoming more and more important.
3. The main location factors of Shanghai Port: water conditions (navigation conditions, berthing conditions), land conditions (port building conditions, hinterland conditions, relying on the city)
4 , Airport construction: ① There must be flat and open terrain with appropriate slopes to ensure drainage; ② There must be good geological conditions to ensure foundation stability; ③ Low-humidity locations must be avoided; ④ Keep an appropriate distance from cities: wide land, urban areas There are smoke screens and so on.
5. Highway construction: ① Plain areas: occupy less good land, avoid swamps, and deal with the relationship with farmland water conservancy facilities and urban development.
②Mountain area: It curves in a zigzag shape on steep slopes. Roads in valleys should avoid steep slopes. Make full use of natural conditions and avoid areas with complex topography, geology, and hydrological conditions.
11. The impact of changes in transportation methods and layout on settlements and commercial outlets
1. The impact of changes in transportation methods and layout on settlements
(1) Transportation and the formation of settlements: Places with convenient transportation are conducive to the development of commercial activities and usually form larger residential areas.
(2) Transportation and settlement spatial layout
①The impact of different transportation modes on settlement spatial layout: The south is dominated by waterway transportation, and settlements are laid out near water
②The impact of different environments on the spatial layout of settlements
★The terrain in the north is flat and open, and settlements are mostly in the shape of lumps, with relatively regular shapes and checkerboard-like roads.
★In the plain areas with dense rivers in the south, settlements are distributed along rivers, railways, and roads, and the layout is in a belt shape.
(3) Transportation and urban distribution: Towns are often formed at the starting point and end point of river shipping and at the intersection with other transportation lines.
(4) The impact of changes in transportation methods and layout on settlements: such as changes in the status of canal shipping, the rise and fall of Yangzhou, and the migration of urban centers.
2. The impact of changes in transportation methods and layout on commercial outlets
(1) The impact of transportation on commercial outlets: Convenient transportation is conducive to the distribution of people and logistics.
(2) The impact of changes in transportation and layout on commercial outlets
★With the development of highways, many businesses gather at the junction of highways and cities.
★With the development of transportation and modern logistics industries, various types of specialized markets, supermarkets, chain stores, etc. have emerged.
★With the improvement of urban transportation, people’s travel range has expanded, and some large-scale multi-functional shopping and leisure centers have been born.
★With the development of electronic computers and network technology, online shopping, e-commerce, and unmanned vending have developed.
Chapter 4 Coordinated development of human beings and geographical environment
1. The historical evolution of the development of thoughts on the relationship between man and land:
1. Worship of nature - hunting Civilization - the relationship between man and nature is one of fear and dependence;
2. Transforming nature - agricultural civilization - man's dependence on nature has been greatly weakened and antagonism has increased;
3. Conquest of nature - industrial civilization - the relationship between man and land has become inharmonious, and the contradiction between man and land has rapidly intensified;
4. Seeking coordination between man and land - today's society - the harmonious development of population, resources and environment
2. Main environmental problems faced by mankind
1. Environmental problems - primary environmental problems and secondary environmental problems
★Rational development and utilization of resources:
① Renewable resources: The key lies in "rational development" - control the intensity of development, protect and promote renewal
② Non-renewable resources: The key lies in "rational utilization" - conservation and comprehensive utilization, looking for new substitutes
2. The causes of environmental problems - population pressure, irrational use of resources, and one-sided pursuit of economic growth.
(1) Human production and living activities consume resources faster than their regeneration rate;
(2) The amount of waste discharged by humans into the environment exceeds the self-purification capacity of the environment.
★Environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed countries. The reasons are: ①The environment is under the dual pressure of development and population; ②The economic and technological level is low and there is insufficient ability to protect the environment; ③Developed countries Move polluting industries to developing countries.
(3) Main environmental issues - environmental pollution, ecological damage
1. Environmental pollution:
(1) Air pollution: global warming, Acid rain, ozone layer destruction - pollution sources: industrial production, household life, transportation
①Global warming -
★Main greenhouse gases include CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, etc. . Volcanic ash and afforestation can reduce the trend of climate warming.
★Hazards: Coastal - melting glaciers, rising sea levels, submerging coastal lowlands, reducing cultivated land, and intensifying storm surges and salinization.
Mid-latitudes - evaporation increases, cultivated land and grasslands degrade, desertification expands, and agricultural planting area shrinks.
②Acid rain (fog, snow) - "Aerial Death": Atmospheric precipitation with a pH value less than 5.6.
★Hazards: Impact on water bodies, soil, organisms, and buildings.
③Ozone layer destruction
(2) Water pollution: industrial wastewater; agricultural sewage (from pesticides, chemical fertilizers); domestic sewage (all kinds of washing water, including nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.)
(3) Soil pollution:
(4) Solid waste pollution: industrial waste, agricultural waste, construction waste and municipal waste
★Hazards: pollution Atmosphere, polluted water sources, polluted soil, affecting sanitation and spreading diseases
★Disposal: classified recycling, comprehensive utilization; landfill; composting (fermentation, high temperature sterilization); incineration (power generation), etc.
2. Ecological damage: destroying the ecological balance - reduction of biological species, destruction of forests and grasslands, land desertification, soil erosion, etc.
(1) Sharp decline in biological species
①Current situation: Biodiversity is being destroyed at an increasing rate. (Mass extinctions occur in tropical rainforests).
★The role of living things: ①Economic aspect—providing food, wood, industrial raw materials, etc. to humans.
②Ecological aspects - Promote material circulation and energy flow in the ecosystem, forming a life support system.
②Cause: deforestation, over-hunting, environmental pollution. (Invasion of alien organisms can also lead to species extinction)
③Hazards: destruction of biological diversity, disruption of the food chain, and imbalance of ecological balance.
(2) Destruction of forest resources - Forests are called the "lungs of the earth" and are the main body of terrestrial ecosystems.
Reasons for the reduction of forest area: deforestation, land reclamation, mining, firewood collection, grazing and air pollution
(3) Reduction of wetlands - wetlands are called the "kidneys of the earth"
①The functions of wetlands: Economic functions - providing food, water sources, shipping, breeding, tourism, irrigation, etc.
Ecological functions - protecting biological diversity, conserving water sources, and storing floods. Drought, climate regulation
(The peat in the wetland contains a large amount of undecomposed organic matter, which does not participate in the atmospheric CO2 cycle and becomes a carbon reservoir, which can alleviate the "greenhouse effect")
② Wetland Reasons for the decrease: soil erosion leads to sedimentation; water diversion for irrigation reduces the amount of water entering lakes (swamps); land reclamation from lakes (sea) reduces the area of ??lakes and tidal flats; eutrophication of water bodies weakens or even loses wetland functions.
(4) Land desertification
① Manifestations of desertification: land desertification, rocky desertification and secondary salinization caused by the shrinkage of cultivated land, forestland, grassland and wetland.
②Main distribution areas: arid, semi-arid, semi-humid areas
③Causes of desertification in northwest China:
★Natural causes: dry climate, sparse vegetation, Loose soil; windy (heavy rain, rodent infestation, etc.)
★Man-made reasons: population surge leads to over-cultivation, over-logging, over-grazing, and irrational use of water resources
④ Main measures for prevention and control:
I. Controlling population size: It is conducive to alleviating the contradiction between man and land, and establishing an ecosystem for the coordinated development of population, resources, and environment
II. Ecological restoration and construction:
★Use biological measures and engineering measures to prevent wind and sand fixation
◇Oasis areas: seal sand and cultivate grass (peripheral); plant trees (front); establish farmland protection forest network (internal).
◇In areas lacking water sources: Use firewood and other materials to set up sand barriers in quicksand areas to solidify the quicksand.
★Adjust the land use structure and rationally allocate agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry: plant trees and grass, rationally graze, and return farmland to forests and grassland
★Solve energy problems in multiple ways: such as developing new energy sources, Create firewood forests, build biogas digesters, and promote firewood-saving stoves.
III. Rational use of water resources: Improve farming and irrigation technology, promote water-saving agriculture; rationally allocate water resources in the upper, middle and lower reaches of rivers, taking into account both the development of the upper and middle reaches, and the ecological protection of the lower reaches.
(5) Secondary soil salinization
①Distribution (my country): North China Plain, Northeast Plain and oases (desert areas with water sources for irrigation).
②Causes of secondary salinization: Man-made aspects: backward farming technology, unreasonable irrigation (flood irrigation)
Natural aspects: dry climate, strong evaporation, and easy salt removal Surface gathering
3. Sustainable development
(1) Concept of sustainable development: meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
(2) The connotation of sustainable development - sustainable development of economy, society and ecology
(3) Principles that need to be followed for sustainable development:
① The principle of fairness: fairness between people of the same generation, between generations, between humans and animals, and between different countries and regions.
② Principle of sustainability: Economic activities and social development must be maintained within the carrying capacity of resources and the environment.
③ ***Same-sex principle: The earth is a whole, and regional environmental problems often transform into global problems. Regional decisions and actions should help achieve overall global coordination.
(4) Cleaner production: The traditional method of assessing the environmental impact of products only focuses on end-of-pipe processing. Cleaner production evaluates the impact of products on the environment from the entire process of raw material extraction - production - consumption - waste disposal.
IV. China’s sustainable development path
1. The necessity for China to take the sustainable development path:
④ Huge population pressure:
⑤ Resource shortages are worrying: high population pressure, rapid economic development and low resource utilization.
⑥ Profound environmental crisis: Environmental pollution is rapidly spreading from cities to rural areas, and the scope of ecological damage is still expanding. The ecologically critical areas are located in the eastern region, where population is densely populated, the economy is developed, and human activities are frequent.
2. China's sustainable development strategic framework: In March 1994, the State Council issued "China's Agenda 21"
3. Ecological agriculture is sustainable agricultural development with Chinese characteristics model. Measures to build ecological agriculture in private villages:
① Adjust the agricultural structure: adjust from single planting to comprehensive development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production, and fishery
② Carry out comprehensive utilization : Develop feed processing plants and food processing plants focusing on agricultural and livestock products.
③ Expand the source of energy and develop and utilize new energy: utilization of biogas - raw materials come from straw, human and animal excrement, biogas slurry and biogas residue are returned to fields or fish farming. (Understanding the comprehensive recycling diagram of agricultural and sideline products in Liuminying Village)