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Report producer: CITIC Securities Production City Think Tank-dedicated to sharing high-quality industry insights, hot spot analysis and the latest information on the development of related industries. 20,000 words report, one article to understand how the digital economy can help China's economy create new growth! Audio: 00: 0001:15:15? Click on the audio above and listen to the reading.
"Developing the digital economy is the need of scientific and technological innovation and expanding domestic demand.
Digital resources are the oil of 2 1 century, and digital economy is the core of the fourth industrial revolution.
What is the digital economy? Digital economy is the main economic form after agricultural economy and industrial economy. It is a new economic form with data resources as the key element, modern information network as the main carrier, and information and communication technology integration and digital transformation of all factors as the important driving forces to promote fairness and efficiency. We understand that, based on data as a production factor, China will continuously improve the digital production relations and generate new productive forces including digital industrialization and industrial digitalization. "
Positioning of digital economy: smooth supply and abundant demand.
On the one hand, digital transformation and making good use of data elements will break the time and space restrictions, extend the industrial chain, and thus smooth the economic cycle. Digital economy has the characteristics of high innovation, strong permeability and wide coverage, which can help economic transformation and deepen reform.
On the other hand, digital industrialization and industrial digitalization have created a large number of economic increments and are an important part of high-quality development. These include the vigorous development of digital industry with ICT industry as the core, and a large number of digital consumption upgrades such as digital retail and digital payment.
Generally speaking, the digital economy is an important link under the dual tasks of scientific and technological innovation and expanding domestic demand.
On the one hand, from the perspective of scientific and technological innovation, digitalization is the core feature of the fourth industrial revolution, which matches the national strategy of innovation-driven development:
Frontier research: quantum computing, quantum communication, neural chip, DNA storage. Cross-innovation of basic disciplines such as information science, life science and materials.
Break through the "stuck neck" link: high-end chips, operating systems, key algorithms of artificial intelligence, sensors and other key areas.
Strategic emerging industries are booming: digital industries such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and network security; Advanced manufacturing industries such as communication equipment and core electronic components.
On the other hand, from the perspective of expanding domestic demand, digital technology will empower agriculture, industry and service industry, and become an important field to comprehensively promote consumption and expand investment space:
Further upgrading and expansion of digital consumption: from the booming e-commerce, mobile payment, online entertainment (playing games, socializing, video, etc. ), gradually evolved into a new life scene such as education, medical care and culture. With the help of digitalization, the low efficiency of service industry is changing.
Digital infrastructure has become an important part of new infrastructure: building a high-speed, ubiquitous, integrated, interconnected, safe and efficient infrastructure. Highlights include: 5G network, optical fiber communication, IPV6, Internet of Things, big data center, etc.
Digital scenes are rapidly popularized in social economy, and the transformation of intelligence and digitalization is accelerated: there is a huge space for industrial digitalization. Scenery will be further popularized, including: digital agriculture and industrial Internet of Things, smart cities and digital villages, digital government and digital government, digital logistics and digital trade.
China has gained the advantage of digital competition, and the digital economy is developing vigorously.
In 2020, the scale of digital economy in China has reached nearly 40 trillion yuan, ranking second in the world. Compared with 2005, the scale of digital economy in China increased by 15 times during the period of 15, and the growth rate was amazing. According to the data released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in March, 20021,the average annual growth rate of China's digital economy exceeded 16.6% during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. This is much faster than the average GDP growth rate of 7.4%, which is more than twice. Therefore, after China's economy has entered the stage of high-quality development, the digital economy has become an engine of economic growth that cannot be ignored, and the penetration rate of the digital economy has also been continuously improved. China Academy of Social Sciences pointed out that the scale of digital economy in China is expected to reach 45 trillion yuan in 20021year, accounting for more than 40% of GDP.
With the steady progress of digital industrialization, China's industrial digitalization has developed smoothly. According to the classification of domestic habits, digital economy can be divided into two parts: digital industrialization and industrial digitalization. According to Professor Jiang Xiaojuan's explanation, digital industrialization refers to the industrial application of digital and related technologies, mainly including electronic information manufacturing, telecommunications, software and information technology services, data services and so on. In 2020, the added value of core industries of digital economy in China will account for 7.8% of GDP. The so-called industrial digitalization refers to the output growth and efficiency improvement brought by the application of digital technology in various industries, including digital agriculture, digital manufacturing, digital service industry, digital integration and other extensive industrial fields. In terms of proportion, digital industrialization and industrial digitalization account for about 1/5 and 4/5 of the digital economy respectively.
But objectively speaking, China's digital economy is still big but not strong.
On the one hand, although China's digital economy ranks second in the world, according to the digital economy index of 20 18-20 19, China scores 36.2, ranking ninth in the world, while Germany, Britain and the United States all exceed 40.
On the other hand, the development level of China's digital economy is also different. The digital economy in Beijing and Shanghai accounts for more than 50%; The growth rate of Guizhou, Chongqing and Fujian will exceed 15% in 2020. The Tenth Five-Year Plan clearly points out that the development of China's digital economy also faces some problems and challenges: the innovation ability in key areas is insufficient, and the situation that the industrial chain supply chain is controlled by people has not fundamentally changed; The digital divide between different industries, different regions and different groups has not been effectively bridged, and there is even a trend of further expansion; The scale of data resources is huge, but the value potential has not been fully released; The digital economy governance system needs to be further improved.
Judging from the objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, China has high hopes for the development of digital economy.
To sum up, the goal of the "14th Five-Year Plan" digital economy basically covers digital industrialization, digital infrastructure, industrial digital transformation, digital government and digital governance, traditional digital consumption (e-commerce) and many other aspects, which reflects the decision makers' hope to blossom and flourish in all aspects.
The added value of the core industry of digital economy (digital industrialization) accounts for an important proportion of GDP, increasing from 7.8% in 2020 to 10% in 2025. Statically, it needs an average annual growth rate of about 5.3%, but considering that the average GDP growth rate is expected to be around 5.3% during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, it is actually about 1 1%, which is twice the growth rate. Especially in the last decade, the digital industrialization in China has developed rapidly, the domestic substitution wave in the ICT field has risen, and a large number of global giants have been born in the Internet field, and the base is not low. So this goal represents China's high hopes for the development of digital economy.
The five-year goal of IPV6 active users has almost doubled. From 460 million households in 2020 to 800 million households in 2025.
Gigabit broadband users' five-year goal is almost ten times. From 6.4 million in 2020 to 60 million in 2025.
The penetration rate of industrial Internet platform has tripled in five years. From 14.7% in 2020 to 45% in 2025. If we consider the continuous growth of the number of enterprises, the actual growth rate is faster. The number of real-name users of online government affairs has doubled in five years. From 400 million in 2020 to 800 million in 2025.
The national online retail sales and e-commerce transaction volume need to increase by 45% and 24% respectively in five years. As the largest online shopping country in the world, China still sets a high growth target. The national online retail sales and e-commerce transaction volume are planned to increase from 1 1.76 trillion yuan and 372 1 trillion yuan in 2020 to 17 trillion yuan and 48 trillion yuan in 2025 respectively.
Digital new infrastructure, the government guides the investment direction, and enterprises grasp the investment intensity.
New infrastructure is an important starting point for the development of digital economy, with a high degree of marketization.
The concept of "new infrastructure" originated from the Central Economic Work Conference in 20 18, and its related connotation and extension have been evolving in recent years. The word "new infrastructure" was first mentioned at the Central Economic Work Conference on June 20 18. On June 20 19, the National Development and Reform Commission defined the scope of new infrastructure construction, including information infrastructure, comprehensive infrastructure and innovative infrastructure. 202 1, 1 1, the national development and reform commission further clarified the key contents of new infrastructure, and established the development idea of "accelerating the construction of information infrastructure, steadily developing converged infrastructure, and appropriately deploying innovative infrastructure ahead of schedule".
New infrastructure is integrated into the whole process of digital industrialization and industrial digitalization. To sum up, the focus is on two major industrial chains: communication facilities industry chain and data computing industry chain. From the new definition of infrastructure given by the National Development and Reform Commission 20 19:
1) Information infrastructure mainly includes three industries: communication network, new technology and computing infrastructure. Specifically, there are typical digital industrialization industries such as 5G, Internet, blockchain, cloud computing and data center, that is, products and services brought by digital technology; 2) Converged infrastructure mainly includes intelligent transportation and smart energy, that is, using digital technology to empower traditional industries and improve their operational efficiency is a typical digital behavior; 3) Innovation infrastructure includes science and technology, science and education and industrial technology innovation infrastructure, and its mode is similar to the construction of scientific research centers, universities and scientific and technological industrial clusters, and the construction of traditional industrial parks and related infrastructure for high-tech institutions and enterprises.
Theoretically, the software application industry in information infrastructure does not belong to the traditional theory of government infrastructure, and its essence belongs to the "elements" that need to be purchased during the transformation of the old infrastructure. In the information infrastructure, apart from the hardware industry, software is not a narrow infrastructure in a strict sense. From the definition of traditional infrastructure, infrastructure refers to physical engineering facilities that provide public services for social production and residents' lives, and is a public service system used to ensure normal social and economic activities in a country or region. Some industries with partial software applications, such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing and blockchain technology, are essentially services to improve the efficiency of public service systems, but they are not public service systems themselves. Converged infrastructure can be regarded as the digital transformation of traditional infrastructure, some information infrastructure is the service element that needs to be purchased in the transformation, and innovative infrastructure is the new infrastructure for the development of traditional infrastructure.
From the perspective of digital economy, the content that the government can directly exert its strength is concentrated in industries that belong to the traditional infrastructure concept. Most new infrastructure projects rely on enterprise investment, and the government plays the role of procurement more:
Part of the digital economy is a supplement to traditional infrastructure, such as relatively "hard" facilities industries such as 5G base stations, data centers and intelligent computing centers. This part is similar to the traditional infrastructure, and the government can take the lead in initiating investment, but in actual construction, China enterprises take a large part of the responsibility instead of the government; The other part is the power and support provided in the process of transforming from traditional infrastructure to new infrastructure. On the one hand, it includes relatively "soft" data application services such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing and blockchain, on the other hand, it involves hardware facilities needed for digital transformation such as transportation and energy. This part of the investment depends more on the enterprise's own investment, and the government's role in it is mainly to buy related services and equipment.
The new infrastructure is more market-oriented. Take Shenzhen's new infrastructure plan in 2020 as an example, 60% of the funds come from the market, and government investment projects only account for 40%. Traditional infrastructure projects such as "Gong Ji Railway" are basically dominated by the government or state-owned enterprises. However, the new infrastructure is different from the old infrastructure. The new infrastructure is closely linked with new industries, new formats and new products, and directly serves vertical industries such as manufacturing. Therefore, new infrastructure projects have a higher degree of market operation. According to the summary of 411600 million new infrastructure investment projects announced by Shenzhen in July 2020, there are 34 social investment projects with a total investment of 244.7 billion yuan; There are 6/kloc-0 government investment projects, with a total investment of167.2 billion yuan. The ratio of social investment to government investment is 64%. In terms of project types, there are 28 information infrastructures such as 5G network, satellite communication and computing facilities, with a total investment of 245.2 billion yuan; There are 42 innovative infrastructures such as integrated circuits, 8K ultra-high definition and biomedicine, with a total investment of101600 million yuan; There are 25 integrated infrastructures such as intelligent manufacturing, intelligent energy and intelligent transportation, with a total investment of 65 1 100 million yuan. By splitting the mainstream investment projects of new infrastructure, we believe that the peak of 5G base station construction is passing, and the data center relies on enterprise investment. Although it is a national strategy, it still needs enterprise-led investment.
5G base station: The three major mobile operators dominate the investment process, and the investment peak is passing.
At present, domestic 5G base station investment is dominated by three major operators, and the growth rate of downstream demand slows down, and the investment peak may have passed. As an asset project of the three major operators, domestic 5G base stations are basically fully invested by them. Judging from the expected indicators of 5G base stations proposed in the 14th Five-Year Plan, it is required that the number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people will reach 26 by 2025, that is, a total of 3.77 million 5G base stations need to be built. By the end of 20021,China had built 6,543,800+4,250 base stations, which means that 586,000 5G base stations will be built every year from 2022 to 2025. According to the goals of the three major operators this year, it is estimated that more than 670,000 base stations will be built in 2022.
Data Center: Enterprises' own investment behavior is still dominant, and local governments provide land finance and tax support.
According to the classification of computing power, data centers can be divided into supercomputing, general intelligent computing and edge computing. For a long time, the data center in China has been dominated by general computing power, and the application and number of supercomputing, intelligent computing and edge data centers need to be increased. At present, general computing power is the main force of data center, accounting for more than 90% by rack size; Supercomputing center is mainly used in national key scientific research fields, and there are few commercial scenarios; The existing scale of intelligent computing center is not high. With the acceleration of China's digital transformation, the demand for edge data centers will further increase. (Source: Future Think Tank)
Supercomputing centers account for a relatively low proportion of government investment, and the proportion is higher.
The input of supercomputing center depends on the will of the government, the guarantee of state funds and the technical support of enterprises. From the international experience, the construction and operation resources of supercomputing center basically come from the government, and the operation management mode can be divided into the system directly under the government represented by the United States and the joint-stock system represented by Europe. The development of China Supercomputer Center is based on the development of supercomputers in the "863" support plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the development of mainframe is signed by manufacturers and ministries in various provinces. In terms of financial guarantee, the Ministry of Science and Technology supports host R&D manufacturers to invest in host R&D through "863" special funds, and local governments need to bear the financial guarantee for subsequent operation and maintenance. Technically, the performance of China Supercomputer is guaranteed by National Defense Science and Technology University, Shuguang Group, Jiangnan Computing and Inspur Group.
The main investor of local super-computing center is local government, and the source of funds comes from special debt. In 2020, Shandong special debt (14th issue) will raise 200 million yuan to support the construction of Jinan Supercomputing Center, with the project capital of 9120,000 yuan and other financing methods of 65,438,049,300 yuan.
Among them, only the Capital City Supercomputing Center project takes the operating income of computing and storage resources during the operation period as the repayment source, and the other two projects all use the rental and sale income of properties such as factories and office buildings as the repayment source. The fund-raising construction plan does not highlight the characteristics and advantages of the data center project, which shows that the main body of the project lacks judgment on the business prospects at present, which is a common phenomenon in the whole country, and this is also the most prominent problem for local governments to build local government data centers.
General centers, accounting for 90%, mainly rely on corporate investment.
The overall investment of the general data center is mainly based on market investment, supporting multi-subjects to participate in the construction, with the government as assistance and guidance. According to Guangzhou Data Center Construction Guidance, Construction Guide and Green Data Center Evaluation Standard, it is necessary to adhere to the marketization of data center investment, support multiple subjects to participate in the construction, coordinate resources such as land, electricity, network and energy consumption indicators, rationally arrange and construct various data centers, and optimize the stock resources of data centers. The government can support the universal data center in the following aspects:
1) Land, loan and energy consumption indicators: Both central and national documents emphasize that local governments should improve supporting policies on land, loan and energy consumption. Jiangsu Province put forward in the "Several Policies and Measures on Accelerating the Construction of New Information Infrastructure and Expanding Information Consumption" that the quota of land use and energy consumption should be guaranteed and the power supply should be changed to direct power supply. In the "Several Policies for Promoting the Development and Application of Big Data in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region", Inner Mongolia proposed that the proceeds from the transfer of state-owned land use rights involved in the construction of data center projects with an investment of more than 654.38 billion yuan in the autonomous region will remain in cities and counties (cities, districts) after various special funds are set aside to support the project construction.
2) Preferential tariffs: In the Opinions of Shandong Province on Supporting the Development of Data Economy, Shandong Province proposed to implement two-part tariffs for qualified data centers, disaster recovery centers, supercomputing centers and communication base stations. For regional and industrial data centers that meet the planning layout and serve the whole province and even the whole country, the electricity price will be halved on the basis of 0.65 yuan/kWh, and will be reduced to about 0.33 yuan through financial awards at all levels. According to the actual electricity consumption and the leading role of the industry, support is given in different grades.
3) Guiding layout: Taking Hebei as an example, the document requires optimizing the layout and construction of Internet data centers, guiding super-large and disaster-tolerant data centers to gather in Zhangjiakou, Chengde and other areas with obvious energy and climate advantages, and moderately developing large and medium-sized data centers with low latency and high bandwidth to Shijiazhuang and Langfang. From the perspective of national planning, at present, a large number of digital economy enterprises engaged in data storage and offline data analysis are encouraged to deploy data centers in the western region or purchase cloud services from data centers in the western region, effectively reducing operating costs. In terms of energy saving, Shanghai proposed that the PUE of the reconstructed data center should not be higher than 1.4, and the PUE of the newly-built data center should be below 1.3.
The construction of data center still mainly depends on enterprise investment, and local governments relax investment preferential conditions to attract data center investment. At present, domestic data center operators can be divided into basic telecom operators represented by China Telecom and China Mobile, and third-party data center operators represented by Equinix, Digital Reality Trust and IWC. At present, basic telecom operators and third-party data center operators rely on the advantages of resources, capital and technology research and development to speed up the layout of data centers around the world by cultivating independent brands, broadening international marketing channels and providing all-round supporting data center services. As mentioned earlier, as a new infrastructure, data center is characterized by highly market-oriented operation. What the government can do in the investment process is to provide preferential conditions for production factors and attract manufacturers to invest in data centers.
From east to west: a typical market-oriented new infrastructure project, the government actively cooperates and guides.
Counting the east and the west is the industrial planning of the data center at the national level. From the planning point of view, similar to the previous ideas of South-to-North Water Diversion, West-to-East Gas Transmission and West-to-East Power Transmission, the rational allocation of resources across regions is driven by national guidance. 17 In February, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Central Network Information Office, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the National Energy Administration jointly issued a notice, agreeing to start the construction of national computing hub nodes in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Chengdu-Chongqing, Inner Mongolia, Guizhou, Gansu and Ningxia, and plan 10 national data center clusters.
The western region has a cost advantage over the eastern region, and the green power supply can reasonably complement the data center industry. The degree of economic development in the western region is still at a low level, and there is a broad space for future development. As a high energy-consuming industry, the power cost of data center accounts for more than 50% of the operating cost of data center. Therefore, it is difficult for data centers to expand their business in the first-tier cities in the east and absorb the surplus of new energy power in the west under the requirement of dual control of national energy consumption. With its low land use price, the scheme of "calculating east and calculating west" can bring a win-win situation for data centers and western green power enterprises. In addition to cost and energy consumption, the calculation of "going east and going west" also considers supporting economically backward areas, and the western region is expected to cultivate labor-intensive industries such as background processing and off-line analysis.
The core goals of East-West computing: green, high efficiency, scientific and technological innovation and regional balance. This is clearly stated in the Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of a Collaborative Innovation System for National Integrated Big Data Centers: By 2025, the national data centers will form a reasonable and green intensive infrastructure integration pattern; The east and west data centers have achieved structural balance, and the energy utilization efficiency of large and super-large data centers has dropped below 1.3; The level of intensification, scale and greening of data centers has been significantly improved, and the utilization rate has been significantly improved; The public cloud service system was initially formed, and the acquisition cost of computing power in the whole society was significantly reduced; The data barriers between government departments and between government and enterprises have been further broken, and the vitality of data resources circulation has been significantly enhanced; The collaborative application of big data has achieved outstanding results, and a number of industry data brains and urban data brains have been formed nationwide. The situation of efficient transformation of computing resources and data resources into intellectual resources in the whole society has basically taken shape, and the ability of data security has been steadily improved.
Under the background of "calculating east and calculating west", the investment mode of data center will be transformed into a joint venture between local government and data center enterprises to establish data center industrial park, and the role of government may be limited. As a national plan, the investment mode of data center in the future will shift from self-built/leased data center construction by enterprises to joint venture and cooperation in building data center industrial park/base, and local governments will mainly provide other approval facilities such as land use and energy use. In terms of industrial ecology, the data center industrial park/base established by the local government attracts investment around the upstream and downstream of the data center industrial chain to build a data center industrial cluster. The core equipment of the data center industrial park still depends on the investment of the settled enterprises themselves. The role of the central government is to provide policy direction guidance, and the role of local governments is more to provide land use indicators and loan facilities, network transmission infrastructure construction and rational planning to form industrial ecological clusters, and to promote the development of settled enterprises.
Similar to major national plans such as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project, and the Three Gorges Project, enterprises need to become the main force of investment and financing.
The investment scale of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project is about 500 billion yuan. At first, it relied on capital investment in the central budget and syndicated loans from state-owned banks, and in 2003, it used long-term construction of special government bonds. The South-to-North Water Diversion Group was formally established in 2020, and is responsible for the preliminary work, fund raising, development, construction and operation management of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the safety of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the safety of its operation and water supply, and the financing of subsequent projects.
The Three Gorges Project of the Yangtze River has created the "Three Gorges Model". The overall construction fund of the Three Gorges Project exceeds 200 billion yuan. At the beginning of the project, the following investment and financing schemes were formulated: the first part is the profit of Gezhouba Power Plant, which is about 600 million yuan a year, and the profit after the Three Gorges Project started to generate electricity in 2003 will also be used as the capital investment of the Three Gorges Project; The second part is the Three Gorges Fund, which raises the electricity price by 4% to 8% per kWh nationwide, with an annual income of nearly 4 billion yuan; The third part is commercial bank loans and buyer's credit for purchasing foreign equipment, of which foreign credit is more than one billion dollars; The fourth part is the issuance of bonds. Three Gorges Corporation has issued five corporate bonds to the society so far, raising 654.38+0.4 billion yuan. The fifth part of the funds comes from the IPO of Yangtze Power Company for equity financing.
The second phase of the West-to-East Gas Pipeline Project has a total investment of more than 300 billion yuan, and central enterprises such as China Petroleum and China Petrochemical are leading the investment and financing activities. Subsequently, collective insurance investment was launched twice in 20 12 and 20 13. 20 19 national pipeline network company was formally established, which is responsible for the investment, construction and operation of infrastructure such as oil and gas trunk pipeline network, gas storage and peak regulation, the interconnection between trunk pipeline network and social pipeline, and the operation and scheduling of national oil and gas pipeline network.
The investment scale of the West-to-East Power Transmission Project exceeds 500 billion yuan, and central enterprises such as State Grid and China Southern Power Grid take the lead in carrying out investment and financing activities. The investment in UHV and large-scale energy bases is also invested by major central enterprises for bidding construction.
The policy significance lies in guiding planning, rather than individual ending planning. The innovation of "east calculation and west calculation" is that the marketization factor of this investment will be more prominent. In the future, many types of enterprises, including central enterprises, local state-owned enterprises and large internet enterprises, will strengthen their construction around the policy direction of "calculating east and calculating west". In the past, the investment layout of data centers was mainly based on user demand and local comprehensive factors. Enterprises make their own decisions mainly according to market behavior, which is easy to be out of order and is not conducive to the allocation of resources and effective allocation. After the introduction of "east calculation and west calculation", the new data center will be laid out as far as possible according to the policy direction. At present, there are two main modes of data center construction: self-construction and leasing. East-west computing has begun to form industrial clusters, which will further encourage enterprises with massive data scale to adopt self-built mode. The role of the government is to guide the investment direction and provide supporting facilities. The short-term mode of direct government participation in data center construction is expected to be less. Judging from the existing cases, the three major operators, Internet companies and local state-owned enterprises are scrambling to establish data centers in the west.
Digital industrialization innovation: the key to break through the bottleneck
Core technology is the cornerstone of digital economy construction, but China's digital key technology has been controlled for a long time.
The core digital technology can be divided into three levels. At present, the breakthrough of basic digital software and hardware is the key to achieve the breakthrough of digital technology. The related fields of digital economy are complicated, and we think that its core technologies can be divided into three main levels, which also represent three major steps to promote the development of digital economy, namely, completing key basic technologies, expanding core industrial technologies, and laying out the next generation of cutting-edge technologies. The breakthrough of core technology is the key to promote digital industrialization and industrial digitalization, and the breakthrough in research and development of basic software and hardware and iterative application are the basis for the development of all digital technologies.
At present, the basic software and hardware of China's digital economy, especially high-end chips, integrated circuits, industrial software and other fields, have long been subject to people. According to IC insights, among the top 15 semiconductor manufacturers in the world, there are 8 in the United States, and none in Chinese mainland is on the list.
In terms of basic hardware, at present, China's key core technologies are still unable to achieve autonomous control, which seriously restricts the development of digital economy.
From components, complete sets of equipment, software, testing to assembly, China is currently at the low end of the global value chain, and key core technologies cannot be independently controlled, which objectively restricts the integration of digital economy and real economy.
At present, American semiconductor companies maintain an absolute advantage in microprocessors and other leading equipment, and maintain a leading position in research and development, design and process technology. At present, American companies have the largest market share in the global semiconductor field, reaching 46.3%, while other countries/regions account for 7% to 265,438+0% of the global market. In 20021year, none of the top ten conductor suppliers in the world came from Chinese mainland. In this ranking of 20 19, China Haisi once ranked ninth in the world with the revenue of115.5 million USD, with a market share of 2.8%. Due to US trade sanctions, Hisilicon has withdrawn from the top 25 semiconductor suppliers in the world. According to IC insights data, the self-sufficiency rate of semiconductors in China may be around 15.9% in 2020, among which the self-sufficiency rate of automobile chips is less than 5%. Excluding non-mainland companies that set up factories in Chinese mainland, such as TSMC, Samsung and SK Hynix, the figure will be only 6%.
In terms of basic software, at present, China lacks competitive advantages in application fields such as operating system and industrial software. The research and development of basic software of digital economy, such as operating system and industrial software, is difficult, with high technical threshold and high reliability requirements, which leads to long research and development cycle, high research and development cost and slow iteration speed. High R&D investment and long R&D cycle have formed high industry barriers, and users have also formed a strong dependence on head software. Therefore, the basic software of information technology has formed an industry pattern that the stronger the stronger, the winner takes all. Take the operating system as an example. In 20 19, 88% of the domestic PC-side operating system market was occupied by Windows, 9% by macOS, and the share of other vendors was less than 4%.
China is basically monopolized by foreign software in the field of high-end industrial software, and the competitiveness of industrial software in China is seriously insufficient. Taking industrial software as an example, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology organized and implemented the industrial base reconstruction project, which merged the industrial base software, an important part of industrial software, with the traditional "four bases" into the new "five bases". Industrial software is the core component of modern industry, while most of China's industrial software relies on overseas products. Specifically:
R&D and design: The localization rate of R&D and design industrial software is only 5%, and the domestic available R&D and design products can only be used in the fields with simple industrial organization, single system function and low industrial complexity, such as domestic CAD applications and molds, furniture and household appliances, general machinery, electronic appliances and other industries. In the high-end field, China EDA market has long been monopolized by Cadence, Synopsys and Siemens EDA, and the overall market concentration is high, with the top three accounting for more than 70%.
Manufacturing industry: The manufacturing industry software accounts for half of the domestic market, but it is at the high end.