The Earth's water reserves are very rich, *** as much as 1.45 billion cubic kilometers. Earth's water, despite the huge amount, and can be directly utilized by people's production and life, but much less. First of all, seawater is salty and bitter, not drinkable, not watering the land, and difficult to use for industry. Secondly, the Earth's freshwater resources account for only 2.5 per cent of its total water, and of this very small amount of freshwater resources, more than 70 per cent is frozen in the Antarctic and Arctic ice caps, together with the difficult-to-utilize mountain glaciers and permafrost snow, 87 per cent of the freshwater resources are difficult to use. The freshwater resources that human beings can really utilize are part of the rivers, lakes and groundwater, accounting for about 0.26% of the total amount of water on earth. Global freshwater resources are not only in short supply, but also very unevenly distributed regionally. According to regional distribution, nine countries, including Brazil, Russia, Canada, China, the United States, Indonesia, India, Colombia and the Congo, account for 60% of the world's freshwater resources. About 1.5 billion people in 80 countries and regions, which account for about 40% of the world's total population, have insufficient fresh water, and about 300 million people in 26 of these countries suffer from extreme water scarcity. More frighteningly, it is projected that by 2025, 3 billion people in the world will face water shortages, and 40 countries and regions will have severe freshwater shortages.
[edit]Status of China's water resources
China's total water resources are 2.8 trillion cubic meters. Of which 2.7 trillion cubic meters of surface water, groundwater 0.83 trillion cubic meters, due to the surface water and groundwater conversion, mutual recharge, deducting the double-counting of the two amount of 0.73 trillion cubic meters, and river runoff does not duplicate the amount of underground water resources is about 0.1 trillion cubic meters. According to internationally recognized standards, water resources per capita of less than 3,000 cubic meters is mild water shortage; water resources per capita of less than 2,000 cubic meters is moderate water shortage; water resources per capita of less than 1,000 cubic meters is severe water shortage; water resources per capita of less than 500 cubic meters is extreme water shortage. At present, there are 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China whose per capita water resources (excluding transit water) are lower than the severe water shortage line, and 6 provinces and regions (Ningxia, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and Jiangsu) whose per capita water resources are lower than 500 cubic meters. China's total water resources are not much, ranking 6th in the world, while the per capita share is even less, 2,240 cubic meters, ranking 88th out of 153 countries in the World Bank's statistics. The regional distribution of China's water resources is also very unbalanced, the Yangtze River Basin and the area south of it, with a land area of only 36.5% of the country, has 81% of the country's water resources; and the area north of it, with a land area of 63.5% of the country, has only 19% of the country's water resources.
[edit]How to save water
Faced with this grim situation of water resources, we should do something:
1, to have a sense of water, only to realize that "saving water is glorious, wasting water is shameful", in order to be able to pay attention to water conservation at all times. Start from the small things around you,
2, develop good habits, such as turning off the dripping faucet and so on.
3, the use of water-saving appliances,
4, check the leakage plug flow, in terms of production, especially for some high consumption of water industry, we have to focus on how to optimize the operation of the water system, how to improve the concentration of circulating water multiplier, how to improve the recycling of water resources as the focus of water conservation work, and actively organize technological research, to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of water; and at the same time, to develop a practicable At the same time, the development of a practical operating system, the implementation of product water consumption quota management, and as a technical and economic indicators for assessment, to reduce waste.
Many people imagine the earth as a blue planet, 71% of its surface area covered with water. In fact, 97.5% of the water on Earth is salt water, only 2.5% is fresh water. Of the fresh water, nearly 70% is frozen in the Antarctic and Greenland water pollution information in the ice cap, and most of the rest is moisture in the soil or deep groundwater, which is difficult to exploit for human use. Rivers, lakes, reservoirs and shallow groundwater and other sources of water is easier to mine for direct human use, but its quantity is less than 1% of the world's freshwater, accounting for about 0.007% of all water on Earth. Global annual water data landed on the continent's precipitation is about 110 trillion cubic meters, deducting atmospheric evaporation and the amount of water absorbed by plants, the world's river runoff is about 42.7 trillion cubic meters, according to the world's population in 1995, each person has access to an average of 7,300 cubic meters of water per year. This average has declined by 37% from 1970 due to the increasing world population.
[edit]Water Pollution in China
If it is not yet cherished, the last drop of water will be equal to blood (nature's cry of anguish)
The seven major river systems of the Haihe River, the Liaohe River, the Huaihe River, the Huanghe River, the Songhua River, the Yangtze River, and the Pearl River are all subjected to varying degrees of pollution.
The situation of the sea border is also not optimistic, red tide year after year as scheduled. In the beautiful Bohai Bay, the turbid flow splash, floating on the surface of the oil like a black torch to burn the life in the ocean.
With the gradual development of scientific endeavors, the gradual increase in the number of high-rise factories, water shortages are becoming more and more serious. With the destruction of human beings, the original azure "crystal ball" is no longer clear, no longer blue, is about to dry.
Although 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water, but in fact, freshwater resources only account for the Earth's total water volume of about 2%, and can be utilized by mankind's freshwater only accounted for the Earth's total water volume of three-tenths of a million, accounting for the total volume of freshwater savings of 0. 34%. It can be seen that the earth's water can be utilized is not as much as human imagination, if they continue to be destroyed by human beings, sooner or later, one day, it will disappear.
First of all, to set up a water consciousness, water resources warning education. For a long time, most people generally believe that water is inexhaustible, inexhaustible "treasure bowl", the use of wasteful waste, do not know consciously cherish. In fact, the earth's water resources are not inexhaustible, especially China's per capita water resources are not rich, regional distribution is not uniform, and the year is unpredictable, the inter-annual difference is very large, coupled with serious pollution, resulting in more scarce water resources, the Yellow River water more than many times is a vivid embodiment of the cut-off. The state initiated the "Yellow River diversion project", "South-to-North Water Transfer" and other water resources utilization issues, the purpose is to solve the problem of water shortages in some areas, but it should cause us to think y: the Yellow River water depletion to where the "yellow"? "? Southern water pollution how to "north"? Therefore, people must establish a crisis awareness of water resources, water conservation as our conscious code of conduct, to take a variety of forms of water resources warning education.
Secondly, we must rationalize the development of water resources, to avoid the destruction of water resources. The development of water resources including surface water resources development and groundwater resources development. Water in the exploitation of groundwater, due to the water quality of the aquifer is different, should be exploited layer by layer; has been contaminated diving and pressurized water shall not be mixed mining; on the exposure and penetration of the water layer of the exploration project, must be in accordance with the relevant provisions of the strict layer of water and sealing work, effective prevention of water resources pollution, to ensure that the water body of its own sustainable development.
Modern water conservancy projects, such as flood control, power generation, navigation, irrigation, breeding water supply, etc. in the play of one or more economic benefits at the same time, on the project site, upstream and downstream, the estuary and even the entire basin of the natural environment and the social environment will have a certain negative impact, but also may result in a certain range of water resources damage. In addition, some of the mining industry on the destruction of water resources can not be ignored, such as coal mining in every ton of coal mining to drain 0.88 cubic meters of water, according to the province's annual coal mining 300 million tons of calculations, each year only due to the loss of coal mining groundwater resources as much as 2.5 billion cubic meters, and the geological structure of the groundwater body caused great damage. Another example is the unlimited indiscriminate cutting and logging, resulting in serious damage to vegetation, water and soil moisturizing and water resources of the surface of the buried will also have a certain impact.
Third, improve the utilization of water resources, reduce water waste. The key to effective water conservation is the use of "water" to achieve the reuse of water resources. In addition, the use of economic leverage to regulate the effective use of water resources. Due to the lack of water management, many places have the phenomenon of long running water, and some places will "hold the bowl and pray to heaven", therefore, it is necessary to install effective water metering devices, the implementation of the principle of more water more billing, to achieve the purpose of water conservation. Urban water quota management is an internationally accepted approach, it is in the scientific approval of the premise of the amount of water, adhere to the principle of categorization, the public living water, industrial and commercial enterprises water, water institutions and organizations to implement different water prices, quota within the flat price, the excess part of the appropriate price increase, in order to cultivate citizens to save the habit of water.
While saving water resources should avoid ineffective waste. Northern winter, the water pipe is easy to freeze and crack, resulting in serious leakage, special attention should be paid to the prevention and inspection; with the accelerated socio-economic development and urbanization, in order to alleviate the situation of water resource constraints, in addition to vigorously focus on the conservation and protection of water resources, the inter-basin transfer of water has become an inevitable choice of the northern cities of our country, inter-basin transfer of water will inevitably bring about a change in the relationship between the demand and supply of water resources, so the water rights trading Must be implemented; because our country has been the implementation of "welfare water" system, water has not been treated as an economic commodity, so, in the allocation of water resources, the market mechanism is usually replaced by regulatory methods, the current should change the concept of water resources to recognize the natural attributes and commodity attributes, follow the laws of nature and the law of value, indeed water as a commodity, the rational application of market mechanisms. As a commodity, the rational application of market mechanisms to allocate water resources, reduce resource waste.
Fourth, water pollution prevention and control, to achieve the comprehensive utilization of water resources. Water pollution, including surface water pollution and groundwater pollution in two parts, the production process of industrial wastewater, industrial waste, industrial waste gas, sewage and domestic waste can be caused by different penetration of water pollution, for a long time, due to the industrial production of sewage discharged directly to the environment caused by the incident is not uncommon, which gives the human production, life brought about by the extremely bad influence, therefore, should be the production, living Therefore, production and living sewage should be effectively prevented and controlled. In the city can take the centralized sewage treatment way; industrial enterprises must implement environmental protection "three simultaneous" system; production of sewage according to the nature of the different sewage treatment measures. In short, we must resolutely implement the supervision and management system of water pollution prevention and control, we must adhere to the principle of who pollutes who manages, strictly enforce the environmental protection one-vote veto system, promote the enterprise sewage treatment work, and ultimately realize the comprehensive utilization of water resources.
Water is the material basis for the existence of the earth's living creatures, water resources is the primary condition to maintain the sustainable development of the earth's ecological environment, therefore, the protection of water resources is the greatest and most sacred vocation of mankind.
According to statistics, the country's 660 cities have more than 400 cities lack of water, two-thirds of the cities have insufficient water supply, the annual water shortage of the national city of about 6 billion cubic meters, of which there are 110 cities with more serious water shortage. A large amount of freshwater resources are concentrated in the south, and the freshwater resources in the north are only 1/4 of the water resources in the south. in addition to the water shortage, the water pollution problem is also more prominent. According to the seven major water systems in China in 2001 to monitor the cross-section of the water quality of the three types of water quality can be entered into the minimum requirements of the water plant accounted for only 29.5%, while the poor quality of five types of water is as high as 44%; in addition, China's shallow groundwater resources are more generally polluted, the country's shallow groundwater in about 50% of the area has been polluted to a certain extent, about half of the urban areas of the city's groundwater is more seriously polluted. As a result of the wanton discharge of industrial wastewater, more than 80% of surface water and groundwater have been polluted. At present, China's urban water supply is dominated by surface water or groundwater, or a mixture of the two water sources, and some areas of China have been overdrafting groundwater for a long time, resulting in the emergence of regional groundwater level decline, and ultimately the formation of the regional groundwater level of the descent of the funnel. At present, the country has formed more than 100 regional groundwater descent funnel, an area of 150,000 square kilometers, some cities have formed hundreds of square kilometers of large funnel, so that seawater backed up tens of kilometers.
1, vigorously develop greening, increase the forest area to contain water. Forests have the role of water conservation, reduce ineffective evaporation and regulate microclimate, with the significance of throttling. The forest area and the edge of the forest area has the potential to increase precipitation, has the significance of open source.
2, improve the comprehensive utilization of water resources, water in the same space is characterized by comprehensive utilization. Reservoirs can store floods, but also aquatic plants and animals can be farmed, large water surface can be navigable, some water bodies can also be opened up for tourism. Water used for hydropower generation can be used for irrigation. Water leaking from canals and fields can be pumped underground and utilized, and water pumped from underground can also be pumped downstream of the irrigation area and reused repeatedly. Xinjiang is an arid region, there is no irrigation without agriculture, managed to increase the rate of river diversion, to line up the upstream and downstream water relations, equal to the opening up of water sources.
3, water transfer project. Due to geographical and climatic characteristics, the distribution of water between regions is not balanced. The use of natural factors and artificial transformation, the water transfer to the water-scarce areas of water-abundant areas, is to solve the problem of insufficient water, to open up new economic areas of effective means.
4, the protection of water resources. Water resources are polluted, so that the water that could have been used to become unavailable water, is actually equal to the reduction of water resources. At present, 40% of the world's rivers have different degrees of pollution, and there is a rising trend.
5, urban development and utilization of sewage resources, the development of water treatment, sewage reuse technology. Part of the city's industrial production and living in high-quality miscellaneous drainage water after treatment and purification, can reach a certain water quality standards, as non-potable water used in greening, sanitation and other aspects of water.
6, the development and promotion of water-saving appliances. According to incomplete statistics, China currently has nearly 40 million sets of toilet tanks and a large number of other sanitary appliances, the annual loss of water due to toilet tank leakage of hundreds of millions of cubic meters.
7, strengthen the protection of water resources, water conservation and publicity of the legal system, enhance the awareness of the whole population of water conservation, so that people consciously realize that water is a precious resource, to abandon the "inexhaustible, inexhaustible" stereotypes, a treasure water resources, water conservation and protection of water resources, a good social trend began to be formed. The water is a precious resource.
The protection of water resources, first of all, to mobilize the whole society, change the traditional concept of water. To make everyone realize that water is valuable, every flush of the toilet water, equivalent to some developing countries per capita daily water consumption; summer shower a cool bath, the use of water is equivalent to dozens of water-scarce countries daily water consumption; faucet is not screwed tightly, a night of water loss is equivalent to the total amount of drinking water for residents of a village in water-scarce areas of Africa or Asia daily water This is by no means sensationalized, but the relevant United Nations bodies This is not sensationalism, but the results of years of investigation by the relevant United Nations agencies. Therefore, the whole society should call for water conservation, multi-purpose water, make full use of recycled water.
Reform of the current water system, strengthen the government's macro-control, and increase the control of pollution and environmental protection efforts, is an effective way to protect the use of water resources. At present, reform efforts should be increased to break the monopoly of the industry, a sound organization, unified management, the establishment of a bottom-up water inspector system in the country. Further reform of water prices, the implementation of seasonal water prices, in water shortage areas to impose a relatively high consumption tax to limit the use of water and so on. Only in this way can it be beneficial to environmental protection and cost reduction, and can take the road of sustainable development.
Make full use of the market mechanism, the development of water market with Chinese characteristics, so as to optimize the allocation of water resources, but also to protect the use of water resources is also an important element of the 21st century is known as the century of the water. China's water industry has ushered in unprecedented development opportunities. It is predicted that China's water industry should have more than one trillion yuan of space, by 2005 only one of the sewage treatment will have 400 billion yuan of market share. Over the years, due to the "water" with a strong social welfare color, is not really a commodity, the value of water and the price of water deviation, a serious constraint on the development of the water industry, water resources are not effectively protected. This situation in the new historical situation, should be changed.
China is an arid country with serious water shortage. The total freshwater resources of 2,800 billion cubic meters, accounting for 6% of global water resources, second only to Brazil, Russia and Canada, ranking fourth in the world, but only 2,200 cubic meters per capita, only 1/4 of the world average, the United States of America's 1 / 5, ranked 121 in the world, is the world's 13 per capita water resources, one of the most impoverished countries.
According to the monitoring, most of the cities in the country's groundwater by a certain degree of point and surface pollution, and there is a tendency to aggravate year by year. The increasingly serious water pollution not only reduces the use function of water bodies, further exacerbates the contradiction of water shortage, and has a serious impact on the sustainable development strategy being implemented in China, but also seriously threatens the safety of drinking water for urban residents and the health of the people.
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